AQA Level 3 Advanced GCE in History
Official qualification regulated by Ofqual, awarded by AQA. Classified as a GCE A Level.
Course Syllabus & Study Modules
Complete breakdown of verified curriculum topics and learning objectives.
1A The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204 – consequence in this period through the following key questions:
How did the Byzantine Empire, Outremer and the Latin West change and what influenced relations between them?
- Describe the key political and economic changes within the Byzantine Empire, Outremer, and the Latin West between 1071 and 1204.
- Analyse the religious, economic, and political factors that influenced relations between these three regions.
- Evaluate the impact of specific events, such as the Second and Fourth Crusades, on the diplomatic ties between East and West.
1A The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204 – consequence in this period through the following key questions:
How important was the role of key individuals and groups and how were they affected by developments?
- Identify the key individuals and groups that shaped the Crusading period between 1071 and 1204.
- Evaluate the extent to which these individuals and groups influenced the political and military landscape of the era.
- Analyse how major historical developments, such as crusade failures or Islamic unification, impacted the power and roles of these figures and factions.
1A The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204 – consequence in this period through the following key questions:
How important were faith and ideas for Christians and Muslims?
- Explain the theological concepts that motivated Christian participation in the Crusades.
- Trace the development and political use of Jihad in the Muslim Near East between 1071 and 1204.
- Evaluate the relative importance of religious faith compared to secular motivations for both Christians and Muslims.
1A The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204 – consequence in this period through the following key questions:
What problems faced the states in Outremer and how successfully were these problems addressed?
- Identify the primary geographical, demographic, and political problems threatening the survival of the Outremer states.
- Evaluate the effectiveness of the Military Orders and castle-building in addressing the chronic manpower shortage.
- Assess the extent to which internal factionalism undermined the Frankish ability to resist the unified Muslim counter-crusade.
1A The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204 – consequence in this period through the following key questions:
What was the impact of the crusades on the Muslim Near East?
- Describe the political state of the Muslim Near East at the time of the First Crusade.
- Explain how the presence of the Crusader States contributed to the rise of unified Muslim leadership.
- Evaluate the ideological and cultural changes within the Muslim Near East resulting from the Crusades.
1A The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204 – consequence in this period through the following key questions:
What were the motives of the crusaders and the counter-crusaders?
- Categorise the religious, political, and economic motives of the crusaders.
- Explain the development and application of jihad as a motivating force for the counter-crusaders.
- Compare the extent to which religious ideology masked political ambitions for both crusader and counter-crusader leadership.
1A The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204 – The foundation of new states and the Second Crusade, c1099–1149
Establishing the states of Outremer: Kings Baldwin I, II and Queen Melisende; expansion and conquest; trade and pilgrimage
- Analyse the territorial expansion achieved by Kings Baldwin I and Baldwin II.
- Evaluate the political impact of Queen Melisende's reign on the stability of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
- Explain the interconnected roles of trade and pilgrimage in sustaining the economy and defence of Outremer.
1A The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204 – The foundation of new states and the Second Crusade, c1099–1149
Relations of the Crusader states with the Byzantine Empire, the Latin West, the Muslim Near East and indigenous peoples
- Analyse the changing diplomatic relationship between the Crusader states and the Byzantine Empire.
- Evaluate the extent to which the Crusader states relied on the Latin West for survival.
- Explain the methods used by the Franks to govern and interact with indigenous populations and neighbouring Muslim states.
1A The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204 – The foundation of new states and the Second Crusade, c1099–1149
The foundation of the military orders: Templars and Hospitallers; their military, religious and economic roles
- Compare the foundational purposes and subsequent militarisation of the Templars and Hospitallers.
- Evaluate the contribution of the military orders to the defence of the Crusader states.
- Analyse how the economic networks of the military orders in Western Europe sustained their activities in Outremer.
1A The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204 – The foundation of new states and the Second Crusade, c1099–1149
The impact of the Second Crusade on the Muslim Near East, the Byzantine Empire, the Latin West and Outremer by 1149
- Explain the political and ideological benefits the Muslim Near East gained from the crusade's failure.
- Evaluate the deterioration of relations between the Byzantine Empire and the Latin West by 1149.
- Assess the strategic vulnerabilities facing Outremer following the disastrous siege of Damascus.
1A The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204 – The foundation of new states and the Second Crusade, c1099–1149
The Islamic response to the Crusader states: Islamic politics and the rise of ideas of jihad under Zengi
- Explain the political and religious divisions that characterised the early Islamic response to the Crusader states.
- Analyse how Zengi used the concept of jihad to consolidate his political power in Syria.
- Evaluate the impact of the fall of Edessa on both the Islamic Near East and the Crusader states.
1A The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204 – The foundation of new states and the Second Crusade, c1099–1149
The preaching of the Second Crusade; its course and outcome
- Describe the methods used by Bernard of Clairvaux to preach the Second Crusade.
- Trace the routes and military engagements of the French and German armies during the crusade's course.
- Analyse the reasons for the failure of the siege of Damascus and the overall outcome of the expedition.
1A The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204 – The Muslim Counter-Crusade and Crusader states, 1149–1187 (A-level only)
Internal divisions within Outremer, including the reign of Baldwin IV and his successors
- Identify the key figures and factions that divided the nobility of Outremer during the reign of Baldwin IV.
- Analyse how the succession crises involving Baldwin V and Guy of Lusignan destabilised the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
- Evaluate the extent to which internal divisions contributed to the defeat at the Battle of Hattin.
1A The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204 – The Muslim Counter-Crusade and Crusader states, 1149–1187 (A-level only)
Outremer from 1149: political developments, military strengths and weaknesses
- Identify the key political conflicts and succession crises in the Kingdom of Jerusalem after 1149.
- Evaluate the defensive strategies and military assets employed by the Crusader states.
- Analyse the structural and demographic weaknesses that limited Outremer's military capabilities.
1A The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204 – The Muslim Counter-Crusade and Crusader states, 1149–1187 (A-level only)
Relations between Outremer and wider Christendom, the Latin West and the Byzantine Empire
- Analyse the reasons for the Latin West's reluctance to support Outremer between 1149 and 1187.
- Evaluate the significance of the alliance between Jerusalem and the Byzantine Empire under Manuel I.
- Explain how changes in Byzantine leadership after 1180 impacted the security of the Crusader states.
1A The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204 – The Muslim Counter-Crusade and Crusader states, 1149–1187 (A-level only)
The context of Islamic power in the Near East from 1149; the rise of Nureddin in Syria and Egypt and the growth of jihad
- Trace the chronological expansion of Nureddin's power across Syria and Egypt.
- Analyse the methods used by Nureddin to cultivate and weaponise the concept of jihad.
- Evaluate the impact of Islamic unification on the strategic position of the Crusader states.
1A The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204 – The Muslim Counter-Crusade and Crusader states, 1149–1187 (A-level only)
The crisis of Outremer: the consequences of Saladin’s capture of Jerusalem
- Describe the extent of territorial losses suffered by Outremer during Saladin's 1187 campaign.
- Explain the economic and political consequences of these losses for the surviving Crusader enclaves.
- Analyse the reaction of Western Christendom to the capture of Jerusalem and its role in launching the Third Crusade.
1A The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204 – The Muslim Counter-Crusade and Crusader states, 1149–1187 (A-level only)
The rise of Saladin: religion, politics and military expansion; victory at Hattin
- Explain how Saladin used the concept of jihad to consolidate his political authority.
- Trace the geographical and military steps Saladin took to encircle the Crusader states.
- Analyse the causes and immediate consequences of the Battle of Hattin.
1A The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204 – The origins of conflict and the First Crusade, c1071–c1099
Christianity in western Europe c1071; the role of the Church in the late 11th century; the rising influence of the Papacy
- Describe the religious and social landscape of Christianity in western Europe around 1071.
- Explain the political and spiritual roles of the Church in the late 11th century.
- Analyse the factors contributing to the rising influence of the Papacy, including the Gregorian Reforms.
1A The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204 – The origins of conflict and the First Crusade, c1071–c1099
Islam c1071: Muslim expansion and the rise of the Seljuk Turks
- Outline the political and religious state of the Islamic world in c1071.
- Trace the territorial expansion of the Seljuk Turks across the Middle East and Anatolia.
- Assess the impact of the Seljuk victory at Manzikert on the Byzantine Empire and the wider geopolitical landscape.
1A The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204 – The origins of conflict and the First Crusade, c1071–c1099
The Byzantine Empire c1071: the internal problems of the Byzantine Empire; the impact of defeat in the Battle of Manzikert
- Analyse the political and economic internal problems facing the Byzantine Empire by 1071.
- Explain the events and immediate political fallout of the Battle of Manzikert.
- Evaluate the long-term strategic and economic impact of the loss of Anatolia on the Byzantine Empire.
1A The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204 – The origins of conflict and the First Crusade, c1071–c1099
The course and impact of the First Crusade and its impact on the Muslim Near East, the Byzantine Empire and the Latin West by 1099
- Trace the military course of the First Crusade, identifying key battles and sieges up to the capture of Jerusalem in 1099.
- Analyse the impact of the crusade on the Muslim Near East, specifically regarding territorial loss and political fragmentation.
- Evaluate the consequences of the crusade for the Byzantine Empire and the Latin West, including diplomatic shifts and ideological triumphs.
1A The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204 – The origins of conflict and the First Crusade, c1071–c1099
The motives of the crusaders; Raymond of Toulouse and the Frankish knights; popular movements
- Analyse the diverse religious, economic, and social motives that drove different classes to join the First Crusade.
- Evaluate the specific motivations and leadership ambitions of Raymond of Toulouse and the Frankish knights.
- Assess the causes and characteristics of the popular movements, including the role of Peter the Hermit.
1A The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204 – The origins of conflict and the First Crusade, c1071–c1099
Urban II: the reasons for the calling of the First Crusade; responding to the call for help from the Byzantine Empire; the political and religious motives of the Papacy
- Explain the nature of the Byzantine appeal for help and how Urban II responded to it.
- Analyse the religious innovations introduced by Urban II, including the indulgence and armed pilgrimage.
- Evaluate the political motives of the Papacy in the context of the Investiture Controversy and the Great Schism.
1A The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204 – The Third and Fourth Crusades, 1187–1204 (A-level only)
Preaching and preparing for the Third Crusade: motives of Pope Gregory VIII; Henry II and Richard I of England; Philip II of France; Frederick Barbarossa
- Analyse the theological arguments used by Pope Gregory VIII to preach the Third Crusade.
- Compare the differing personal and political motives of Richard I, Philip II, and Frederick Barbarossa.
- Evaluate the effectiveness of the financial and logistical preparations undertaken by the European monarchs.
1A The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204 – The Third and Fourth Crusades, 1187–1204 (A-level only)
The course of the Fourth Crusade: military preparations; the diversion to Zara; the failure to make any impact on Muslim power
- Explain the military and financial preparations for the Fourth Crusade, including the Treaty of Venice.
- Analyse the reasons for and consequences of the diversion to Zara.
- Evaluate why the Fourth Crusade failed to make any impact on Muslim power in the Near East.
1A The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204 – The Third and Fourth Crusades, 1187–1204 (A-level only)
The course of the Third Crusade: leadership and internal rivalries of the Crusaders; the reasons for the military outcome
- Trace the key military events of the Third Crusade, including the sieges of Acre and the Battle of Arsuf.
- Analyse the causes and consequences of the internal rivalries between the crusader leaders.
- Evaluate the strategic, logistical, and political reasons for the final military outcome and the Treaty of Jaffa.
1A The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204 – The Third and Fourth Crusades, 1187–1204 (A-level only)
The impact of the Third Crusade; Saladin’s power and prestige in the Muslim Near East
- Explain the territorial and political outcomes of the Third Crusade for the Crusader States.
- Analyse the impact of the Third Crusade on Saladin's reputation as a leader of jihad.
- Evaluate the extent of Saladin's political and financial power in the Muslim Near East by 1193.
1A The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204 – The Third and Fourth Crusades, 1187–1204 (A-level only)
The legacy of the Crusades by 1204: the Muslim Near East, the Byzantine Empire and the Latin West
- Evaluate the political and ideological legacy of the crusades on the Muslim Near East by 1204.
- Analyse the impact of the crusading movement and the events of 1204 on the Byzantine Empire.
- Assess the economic, political, and religious legacy of the crusades on the Latin West.
1A The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204 – The Third and Fourth Crusades, 1187–1204 (A-level only)
The origins of the Fourth Crusade; the papacy of Innocent III; the weakness of the Byzantine Empire; the role of Venice
- Explain Pope Innocent III's original objectives and strategies for the Fourth Crusade.
- Analyse how the financial agreement with Venice altered the trajectory of the crusade.
- Evaluate the internal political weaknesses of the Byzantine Empire that facilitated the sack of Constantinople.
1B Spain in the Age of Discovery, 1469–1598 (A-level only) – consequence in this period through the following key questions:
How and to what extent did the economy and society develop and change?
- Explain the causes and consequences of the Price Revolution in sixteenth-century Spain.
- Compare the economic development and fiscal policies of Castile with those of Aragon during this period.
- Evaluate the extent to which the social hierarchy and opportunities for mobility changed between 1469 and 1598.
1B Spain in the Age of Discovery, 1469–1598 (A-level only) – consequence in this period through the following key questions:
How important was the role of key individuals and groups and how were they affected by developments?
- Assess the impact of key monarchs and ministers on the political trajectory of Spain.
- Analyse how economic and political developments altered the power and status of the nobility.
- Evaluate the consequences of religious and economic policies on marginalised groups such as conversos and the peasantry.
1B Spain in the Age of Discovery, 1469–1598 (A-level only) – consequence in this period through the following key questions:
How important were religious and other new ideas in Spain's development?
- Analyse the motives behind and the consequences of the monarchy's drive for religious uniformity in Spain.
- Evaluate the impact of the Spanish Inquisition on intellectual, cultural and political development.
- Explain the influence of Renaissance humanism on Spanish thought and the reasons for its eventual decline.
1B Spain in the Age of Discovery, 1469–1598 (A-level only) – consequence in this period through the following key questions:
To what extent did Spain become a ‘Great Power’?
- Define the criteria for a 'Great Power' in early modern Europe.
- Evaluate the factors that contributed to Spain's rise to international dominance.
- Analyse the economic and structural limitations that undermined Spanish hegemony.
1B Spain in the Age of Discovery, 1469–1598 (A-level only) – consequence in this period through the following key questions:
What were the political issues and how well did rulers handle them?
- Identify the main political issues facing Spanish monarchs between 1469 and 1598.
- Analyse the methods used by Ferdinand and Isabella, Charles I, and Philip II to manage political challenges.
- Evaluate the overall success of each ruler in strengthening royal authority and maintaining political stability.
1B Spain in the Age of Discovery, 1469–1598 (A-level only) – consequence in this period through the following key questions:
Where did opposition come from and how was it dealt with?
- Identify the key groups and regions that opposed the Spanish monarchs between 1469 and 1598.
- Explain the specific causes of major rebellions, including the Comuneros, Germania, and Morisco revolts.
- Evaluate the effectiveness of the methods used by the Crown, including the Inquisition and military force, to deal with opposition.
1B Spain in the Age of Discovery, 1469–1598 (A-level only) – Spain: The 'Great Power', 1556–1598 (A-level only)
Control of the Mediterranean: challenging the Turks; the conquest of and relationship with Portugal
- Explain the causes and consequences of the Battle of Lepanto in the context of Mediterranean control.
- Analyse the methods used by Philip II to conquer and govern Portugal from 1580.
- Evaluate the extent to which Spain achieved dominance in the Mediterranean and the Iberian Peninsula by 1598.
1B Spain in the Age of Discovery, 1469–1598 (A-level only) – Spain: The 'Great Power', 1556–1598 (A-level only)
Philip’s inheritance and ambitions; ideas and pressures; the Spanish army and navy
- Describe the territories Philip II inherited and the strategic challenges they presented.
- Analyse the ideological and financial pressures that influenced Philip's foreign policy.
- Evaluate the strengths and limitations of the Spanish army and navy during Philip's reign.
1B Spain in the Age of Discovery, 1469–1598 (A-level only) – Spain: The 'Great Power', 1556–1598 (A-level only)
Revolt in the Netherlands; relations with England: conflict in Europe and the Caribbean
- Identify the political, religious, and economic causes of the Revolt in the Netherlands.
- Explain how English privateering in the Caribbean escalated tensions between Philip II and Elizabeth I.
- Evaluate the interconnected nature of the conflicts in the Netherlands, England, and the Caribbean.
1B Spain in the Age of Discovery, 1469–1598 (A-level only) – Spain: The 'Great Power', 1556–1598 (A-level only)
Spain in the New World: expansion, settlement and trade; the impact of empire
- Describe the methods used by Spain to expand and settle the New World during Philip II's reign.
- Explain the organisation of Spanish colonial trade and the role of the silver fleets.
- Analyse the economic and political impact of the New World empire on Spain itself.
1B Spain in the Age of Discovery, 1469–1598 (A-level only) – Spain: The 'Great Power', 1556–1598 (A-level only)
Spain’s international position by 1598: the extent of Spain's power; illusion or reality
- Identify the key strengths of Spain's international position at the end of Philip II's reign in 1598.
- Explain the military and economic weaknesses that undermined Spanish hegemony.
- Evaluate the historical debate over whether Spain's power in 1598 was an illusion or a reality.
1B Spain in the Age of Discovery, 1469–1598 (A-level only) – Spain: The 'Great Power', 1556–1598 (A-level only)
The eclipsing of French power: Italy; war and interference in France
- Explain how the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis secured Spanish dominance in Italy and eclipsed French power.
- Analyse the reasons for and methods of Spanish interference in the French Wars of Religion.
- Evaluate the strategic and financial consequences of Philip II's involvement in France.
1B Spain in the Age of Discovery, 1469–1598 (A-level only) – The 'Golden Age', 1556–1598 (A-level only)
Economic developments; royal finances, policies and impact of overseas empire
- Explain the structural weaknesses of royal finances under Philip II and the causes of state bankruptcies.
- Analyse the economic impact of the overseas empire, particularly the influx of American silver.
- Evaluate the consequences of royal economic policies on domestic agriculture and manufacturing.
1B Spain in the Age of Discovery, 1469–1598 (A-level only) – The 'Golden Age', 1556–1598 (A-level only)
Opposition of individuals and groups: faction and curbing internal rebellions
- Identify the main individuals and groups that opposed Philip II's rule.
- Explain the ideological differences between the major court factions and how Philip managed them.
- Evaluate the methods Philip II used to curb internal rebellions in the Alpujarras and Aragon.
1B Spain in the Age of Discovery, 1469–1598 (A-level only) – The 'Golden Age', 1556–1598 (A-level only)
Philip II as ruler: character; inheritance; change and continuity in government; administration and policy
- Describe the key traits of Philip II's character and how they influenced his administrative style.
- Analyse the political and financial inheritance Philip received from Charles V in 1556.
- Evaluate the extent of change and continuity in the Spanish government and conciliar system under Philip II.
1B Spain in the Age of Discovery, 1469–1598 (A-level only) – The 'Golden Age', 1556–1598 (A-level only)
Religion and society; the Jesuits, Inquisition and relations with the Papacy
- Analyse the methods used by the Spanish Inquisition to maintain religious and social control.
- Evaluate the contribution of the Jesuits to Spanish society and the Counter-Reformation.
- Explain the causes and consequences of jurisdictional conflicts between Philip II and the Papacy.
1B Spain in the Age of Discovery, 1469–1598 (A-level only) – The 'Golden Age', 1556–1598 (A-level only)
Social and cultural developments of the ‘Golden Age’; impact of new ideas and intellectual movements
- Describe the key characteristics of Golden Age art and literature using specific historical examples.
- Explain how the doctrine of limpieza de sangre affected social structures and mobility in late sixteenth-century Spain.
- Analyse the impact of the Counter-Reformation on Spanish intellectual movements and the spread of new ideas.
1B Spain in the Age of Discovery, 1469–1598 (A-level only) – The 'Golden Age', 1556–1598 (A-level only)
The condition of Spain in 1598: political, economic and social strengths and weaknesses
- Identify the main political strengths and administrative weaknesses of the Spanish government at the end of Philip II's reign.
- Explain the structural causes of Spain's economic difficulties in 1598, including inflation and royal debt.
- Evaluate the social condition of Spain, focusing on the impact of taxation and social stratification on different classes.
1B Spain in the Age of Discovery, 1469–1598 (A-level only) – The drive to 'Great Power' status, 1516–1556
Charles' inheritance; opposition and consolidation; revolts of the Communeros and Germania
- Describe the geographical and political extent of Charles's inheritance in 1506, 1516, and 1519.
- Compare the causes, events, and outcomes of the Comuneros and Germania revolts.
- Analyse the strategies Charles employed to consolidate his authority in Spain after 1522.
1B Spain in the Age of Discovery, 1469–1598 (A-level only) – The drive to 'Great Power' status, 1516–1556
Foreign relations within Europe; campaigns against the Turks
- Analyse the causes and outcomes of the Habsburg-Valois conflicts in Italy.
- Evaluate the success of Charles I's military campaigns against the Ottoman Empire in the Mediterranean.
- Assess the impact of Charles's European foreign policy on Spain's domestic finances and resources.
1B Spain in the Age of Discovery, 1469–1598 (A-level only) – The drive to 'Great Power' status, 1516–1556
Religious policies and the Church in Spain
- Explain the transition from Erasmian influence to strict Catholic orthodoxy in Charles I's Spain.
- Evaluate the methods used by the Spanish Inquisition to enforce religious conformity.
- Analyse the mechanisms by which the Crown controlled the Spanish Church and extracted financial resources from it.
1B Spain in the Age of Discovery, 1469–1598 (A-level only) – The drive to 'Great Power' status, 1516–1556
The expansion of Empire: the conquistadores; economic and social impact of the New World on Spain
- Describe the role of the conquistadores in the expansion of the Spanish Empire.
- Analyse the economic effects of New World bullion on Spain's domestic economy and foreign policy.
- Evaluate the social consequences of empire-building on different classes within Spanish society.
1B Spain in the Age of Discovery, 1469–1598 (A-level only) – The drive to 'Great Power' status, 1516–1556
The political, economic, social and religious condition of Spain in 1556
- Evaluate the political and administrative structure of Spain at the end of Charles V's reign.
- Analyse the economic challenges facing Spain in 1556, including debt and inflation.
- Describe the social and religious tensions present in Spanish society, focusing on the Inquisition and class divisions.
1B Spain in the Age of Discovery, 1469–1598 (A-level only) – The drive to 'Great Power' status, 1516–1556
The workings of Empire: ideas and image; conciliar government; individuals and domestic policy
- Explain the ideological foundations of Charles V's empire and how this image was projected.
- Map the structure of the conciliar government, distinguishing the roles of nobles and letrados within it.
- Evaluate the influence of key individuals like Gattinara and Cobos on the administration of domestic policy.
1B Spain in the Age of Discovery, 1469–1598 (A-level only) – The forging of a new state, 1469–1516
Economic stagnation and change: trade and exploration in Europe and North Africa; discovery and first settlements in the New World
- Explain the causes of economic stagnation in domestic Spanish agriculture and industry.
- Describe the expansion of Spanish trade and exploration in Europe and North Africa.
- Analyse the impact of the discovery and initial settlement of the New World on Spain's economic trajectory.
1B Spain in the Age of Discovery, 1469–1598 (A-level only) – The forging of a new state, 1469–1516
Muslims/Moriscos; the Reconquista; Jews/conversos and anti-Semitism
- Trace the shift in royal policy towards Muslims from the conquest of Granada to the forced conversions of 1502.
- Explain the causes and consequences of the 1492 Alhambra Decree expelling the Jews from Spain.
- Analyse the relationship between anti-Semitism, the conversos, and the establishment of the Spanish Inquisition.
1B Spain in the Age of Discovery, 1469–1598 (A-level only) – The forging of a new state, 1469–1516
Social issues and policies: the nobility, the peasantry, urban communities and the Church
- Explain how Ferdinand and Isabella altered the political and economic status of the nobility.
- Compare the social conditions and royal policies affecting the peasantry in Castile and Aragon.
- Analyse the methods used by the Crown to exert control over urban communities and the Church.
1B Spain in the Age of Discovery, 1469–1598 (A-level only) – The forging of a new state, 1469–1516
The degree of political unity and social and economic change by 1516
- Assess the limitations of political unity between Castile and Aragon by 1516.
- Analyse the social changes resulting from the Catholic Monarchs' pursuit of religious uniformity.
- Evaluate the balance between economic stagnation and change in Spain at the end of Ferdinand's reign.
1B Spain in the Age of Discovery, 1469–1598 (A-level only) – The forging of a new state, 1469–1516
The political, economic, social and religious condition of the Iberian Peninsula in 1469
- Describe the political boundaries and governance structures of the Iberian kingdoms in 1469.
- Compare the economic foundations and social hierarchies of Castile and Aragon.
- Analyze the religious demographics of the peninsula prior to the establishment of the Inquisition.
1B Spain in the Age of Discovery, 1469–1598 (A-level only) – The forging of a new state, 1469–1516
The restoration of royal authority; royal government; unity and confederation; relations with other European powers
- Identify the key institutions and personnel used to restore and exercise royal authority.
- Explain the constitutional differences between Castile and Aragon within the dynastic confederation.
- Evaluate the success of Ferdinand and Isabella's foreign policy in securing their European interests.
1C The Tudors: England, 1485–1603 – consequence in this period through the following key questions:
How did English society and economy change and with what effects?
- Identify the main drivers of economic change in Tudor England, including population growth and inflation.
- Explain the effects of agricultural and commercial developments on different social classes.
- Evaluate the success of Tudor governments in managing poverty, vagrancy, and social unrest.
1C The Tudors: England, 1485–1603 – consequence in this period through the following key questions:
How did relations with foreign powers change and how was the succession secured?
- Compare the foreign policy objectives and achievements of different Tudor monarchs.
- Explain the various methods employed by the Tudors to secure the royal succession.
- Evaluate the extent to which foreign relations were driven by the need to secure the dynasty.
1C The Tudors: England, 1485–1603 – consequence in this period through the following key questions:
How effectively did the Tudors restore and develop the powers of the monarchy?
- Distinguish between the restoration of traditional royal powers and the development of new monarchical authority.
- Evaluate the effectiveness of different Tudor monarchs in expanding and maintaining their power.
- Analyse the institutional changes that facilitated the development of the Tudor monarchy.
1C The Tudors: England, 1485–1603 – consequence in this period through the following key questions:
How far did intellectual and religious ideas change and develop and with what effects?
- Trace the chronological development of religious doctrine and practice from 1485 to 1603.
- Explain the core principles of humanism and identify its impact on Tudor education and culture.
- Assess the political, social, and economic consequences of the English Reformation on the Tudor state and its people.
1C The Tudors: England, 1485–1603 – consequence in this period through the following key questions:
How important was the role of key individuals and groups and how were they affected by developments?
- Identify key Tudor ministers and evaluate their specific contributions to government and policy.
- Analyse the changing social hierarchy, specifically the shifting power dynamics between the nobility, gentry, and lower classes.
- Evaluate the impact of major Tudor developments, such as the Reformation and economic inflation, on the prosperity and influence of different social groups.
1C The Tudors: England, 1485–1603 – consequence in this period through the following key questions:
In what ways and how effectively was England governed during this period?
- Identify the key institutions of central and local government in Tudor England.
- Evaluate the effectiveness of these institutions in maintaining law and order and implementing Crown policy.
- Compare the effectiveness of governance across different reigns within the Tudor period.
1C The Tudors: England, 1485–1603 – Henry VII, 1485–1509
Economic development: trade, exploration, prosperity and depression
- Analyse the importance of the cloth trade to the English economy under Henry VII.
- Evaluate the impact of Henry VII's foreign policy decisions on economic prosperity and depression.
- Assess the significance of early English exploration, specifically the voyages of John Cabot.
1C The Tudors: England, 1485–1603 – Henry VII, 1485–1509
Government: councils, parliament, justice, royal finance, domestic policies
- Describe the structure and function of Henry VII's councils and his use of Parliament.
- Analyse the methods used by Henry VII to improve royal finance and the impact of these methods on his domestic authority.
- Evaluate the effectiveness of Henry VII's justice system, particularly the role of Justices of the Peace, in maintaining domestic order.
1C The Tudors: England, 1485–1603 – Henry VII, 1485–1509
Henry Tudor’s consolidation of power: character and aims; establishing the Tudor dynasty
- Explain the key features of Henry VII's character and how they shaped his aims as king.
- Analyse the immediate steps Henry took to consolidate his power between 1485 and 1486.
- Evaluate the success of Henry's strategies in establishing the Tudor dynasty and securing the succession.
1C The Tudors: England, 1485–1603 – Henry VII, 1485–1509
Relationships with Scotland and other foreign powers; securing the succession; marriage alliances
- Analyse the terms and significance of major treaties signed by Henry VII with Spain, France, and Scotland.
- Evaluate the extent to which Henry VII successfully secured the Tudor succession through marriage alliances.
- Explain how foreign powers used Yorkist pretenders to destabilise Henry VII's regime and how he countered these threats.
1C The Tudors: England, 1485–1603 – Henry VII, 1485–1509
Religion; humanism; arts and learning
- Describe the role and influence of the Catholic Church in English society during the reign of Henry VII.
- Analyse the early impact of Renaissance humanism on English learning and intellectual life.
- Evaluate the cultural achievements in the arts and education under Henry VII's patronage.
1C The Tudors: England, 1485–1603 – Henry VII, 1485–1509
Society: churchmen, nobles and commoners; regional division; social discontent and rebellions
- Describe the hierarchical structure of English society under Henry VII, distinguishing between the roles of churchmen, nobles, and commoners.
- Analyse the causes, events, and consequences of the Yorkshire and Cornish rebellions.
- Explain the nature of regional divisions in Tudor England and how they impacted royal authority.
1C The Tudors: England, 1485–1603 – Henry VIII, 1509–1547
Economic development: trade, exploration, prosperity and depression
- Analyse the growth and impact of the cloth trade on different social groups.
- Evaluate the extent and significance of English exploration during Henry VIII's reign.
- Explain the contrasting causes of prosperity and depression in Henrician England.
1C The Tudors: England, 1485–1603 – Henry VIII, 1509–1547
Government: Crown and Parliament, ministers, domestic policies including the establishment of Royal Supremacy
- Compare the domestic policies and governing methods of Thomas Wolsey and Thomas Cromwell.
- Explain the sequence of parliamentary acts that established the Royal Supremacy.
- Evaluate the impact of the Reformation Parliament on the constitutional relationship between the Crown and Parliament.
1C The Tudors: England, 1485–1603 – Henry VIII, 1509–1547
Henry VIII: character and aims; addressing Henry VII’s legacy
- Describe Henry VIII's personality and how it shaped his early kingship.
- Analyse the specific actions taken by Henry VIII to dismantle his father's financial and political legacy.
- Evaluate the extent to which Henry VIII's early aims were achieved during the first decade of his reign.
1C The Tudors: England, 1485–1603 – Henry VIII, 1509–1547
Relationships with Scotland and other foreign powers; securing the succession
- Analyze the causes and outcomes of Henry VIII's conflicts with Scotland.
- Evaluate the effectiveness of Henry VIII's shifting alliances with European powers.
- Explain the legislative and diplomatic steps taken by Henry VIII to secure the Tudor succession.
1C The Tudors: England, 1485–1603 – Henry VIII, 1509–1547
Religion: renaissance ideas; reform of the Church; continuity and change by 1547
- Evaluate the impact of Renaissance ideas on the English Church.
- Analyse the key structural and doctrinal reforms of the Church under Henry VIII.
- Assess the balance of religious continuity and change in England by the year 1547.
1C The Tudors: England, 1485–1603 – Henry VIII, 1509–1547
Society: elites and commoners; regional issues and the social impact of religious upheaval; rebellion
- Describe the structure of Henrician society and the differing experiences of elites and commoners.
- Analyze the social and economic consequences of the Dissolution of the Monasteries.
- Evaluate the causes, events, and consequences of the Pilgrimage of Grace.
1C The Tudors: England, 1485–1603 – Instability and consolidation: 'the Mid-Tudor Crisis', 1547–1563 (A-level only)
Edward VI, Somerset and Northumberland; royal authority; problems of succession; relations with foreign powers
- Analyse the methods used by Somerset and Northumberland to exercise royal authority during Edward VI's minority.
- Evaluate the causes and consequences of the 1553 succession crisis involving Lady Jane Grey.
- Compare the foreign policies of Somerset and Northumberland, focusing on their relations with Scotland and France.
1C The Tudors: England, 1485–1603 – Instability and consolidation: 'the Mid-Tudor Crisis', 1547–1563 (A-level only)
Elizabeth I: character and aims; consolidation of power, including the Elizabethan Settlement and relations with foreign powers
- Describe the key traits of Elizabeth I's character and her primary political aims upon accession.
- Explain the legislative components and political significance of the 1559 Elizabethan Settlement.
- Analyse how Elizabeth managed early foreign relations to secure her throne and stabilise England.
1C The Tudors: England, 1485–1603 – Instability and consolidation: 'the Mid-Tudor Crisis', 1547–1563 (A-level only)
Mary I and her ministers; royal authority; problems of succession; relations with foreign powers
- Analyse the dynamics between Mary I and her key ministers, including Gardiner and Paget.
- Evaluate the impact of the Spanish marriage on England's relations with foreign powers.
- Explain how the failure to produce a Catholic heir affected the succession and royal authority.
1C The Tudors: England, 1485–1603 – Instability and consolidation: 'the Mid-Tudor Crisis', 1547–1563 (A-level only)
The impact of economic, social and religious developments in the early years of Elizabeth's rule
- Identify the main economic and social crises inherited by Elizabeth I in 1558.
- Evaluate the aims and limitations of the 1563 Statute of Artificers.
- Explain the local impact and challenges of enforcing the new religious settlement across England.
1C The Tudors: England, 1485–1603 – Instability and consolidation: 'the Mid-Tudor Crisis', 1547–1563 (A-level only)
The social impact of religious and economic changes under Edward VI; rebellion; intellectual developments; humanist and religious thought
- Assess the social and economic impact of Edwardian religious reforms and financial policies on the general population.
- Analyse the distinct causes, events, and consequences of the Western and Kett's rebellions of 1549.
- Evaluate the role of evangelical humanism and key reformers in shaping religious thought and intellectual developments during Edward VI's reign.
1C The Tudors: England, 1485–1603 – Instability and consolidation: 'the Mid-Tudor Crisis', 1547–1563 (A-level only)
The social impact of religious and economic changes under Mary I; rebellion; intellectual developments; humanist and religious thought
- Evaluate the social consequences of Mary I's religious changes and the Marian burnings.
- Analyse the causes and consequences of Wyatt's Rebellion in 1554.
- Explain the role of Cardinal Pole in shaping Catholic humanist and religious thought.
1C The Tudors: England, 1485–1603 – The triumph of Elizabeth, 1563–1603 (A-level only)
Economic development: trade, exploration and colonisation; prosperity and depression
- Evaluate the success of Elizabethan trade diversification and overseas exploration.
- Analyse the reasons for the failure of early colonisation attempts.
- Contrast the evidence for prosperity among the elite with the causes of depression among the poor.
1C The Tudors: England, 1485–1603 – The triumph of Elizabeth, 1563–1603 (A-level only)
Elizabethan government: court, ministers and parliament; factional rivalries
- Explain the distinct roles of the court, the Privy Council, and Parliament in Elizabethan government.
- Analyse the methods Elizabeth used to manage her key ministers and control factional rivalries.
- Evaluate the extent to which Parliament challenged Elizabeth's royal prerogative.
1C The Tudors: England, 1485–1603 – The triumph of Elizabeth, 1563–1603 (A-level only)
Foreign affairs: issues of succession; Mary, Queen of Scots; relations with Spain
- Explain how the unresolved succession influenced England's relations with foreign powers.
- Analyse the domestic and international threat posed by Mary, Queen of Scots between 1568 and 1587.
- Evaluate the reasons for the deterioration of Anglo-Spanish relations and the outbreak of war.
1C The Tudors: England, 1485–1603 – The triumph of Elizabeth, 1563–1603 (A-level only)
Religious developments, change and continuity; the English renaissance and ‘the Golden Age’ of art, literature and music
- Analyse the balance of change and continuity in Elizabethan religious practices.
- Evaluate the defining characteristics and key figures of the English Renaissance in art, literature, and music.
- Assess the validity of the term 'Golden Age' in describing late Tudor cultural developments.
1C The Tudors: England, 1485–1603 – The triumph of Elizabeth, 1563–1603 (A-level only)
Society: continuity and change; problems in the regions; social discontent and rebellions
- Analyse the factors driving continuity and change in late Elizabethan society.
- Evaluate the effectiveness of the Crown's management of problems in the regions.
- Compare the causes and impacts of different instances of social discontent and rebellion.
1C The Tudors: England, 1485–1603 – The triumph of Elizabeth, 1563–1603 (A-level only)
The last years of Elizabeth: the state of England politically, economically, religiously and socially by 1603
- Assess the political stability of the English state and the monarchy's authority by 1603.
- Analyse the economic and social challenges of the 1590s and the effectiveness of government responses.
- Evaluate the degree of religious settlement and conformity achieved by the end of Elizabeth's reign.
1D Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, 1603–1702 – consequence in this period through the following key questions:
How effective was opposition?
- Identify the key individuals and groups that formed opposition to the Stuart monarchs.
- Evaluate the methods used by opposition groups to challenge royal authority.
- Assess the short-term and long-term effectiveness of opposition in altering government policy and the constitution.
1D Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, 1603–1702 – consequence in this period through the following key questions:
How far did the monarchy change?
- Compare the theoretical and practical powers of the monarchy in 1603 with those in 1702.
- Analyse the impact of the 1660 Restoration Settlement on the balance of power between Crown and Parliament.
- Evaluate the extent to which the Glorious Revolution created a fundamentally new type of monarchy.
1D Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, 1603–1702 – consequence in this period through the following key questions:
How important was the role of key individuals and groups and how were they affected by developments?
- Evaluate the impact of individual monarchs and political leaders on the stability of the Stuart state.
- Analyse the changing influence of key groups, such as the army and Parliament, between 1603 and 1702.
- Explain how major political settlements affected the power and status of different religious and social groups.
1D Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, 1603–1702 – consequence in this period through the following key questions:
How important were ideas and ideology?
- Identify and explain the core tenets of key political and religious ideologies in Stuart Britain.
- Analyse how ideological differences contributed to the outbreak of the English Civil War.
- Evaluate the long-term impact of radical and constitutional ideas on the settlement of 1689.
1D Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, 1603–1702 – consequence in this period through the following key questions:
To what extent and why was power more widely shared during this period?
- Identify the social and economic groups that gained political influence between 1603 and 1702.
- Explain the causal relationship between the Crown's financial needs and the growing power of Parliament.
- Evaluate the extent to which the emergence of the Whig and Tory parties represented a broadening of political power.
1D Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, 1603–1702 – consequence in this period through the following key questions:
Why and with what results were there disputes over religion?
- Explain the theological differences that caused friction between Arminians and Puritans.
- Analyse the political consequences of monarchs attempting to alter the religious settlement.
- Evaluate the extent to which the 1689 Toleration Act resolved a century of religious disputes.
1D Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, 1603–1702 – From Republic to restored and limited monarchy, 1649–1678 (A-level only)
Charles II and the nature of restored monarchy; rule through parliament and ministers; Clarendon; the Cabal and Danby
- Explain the practical limitations placed on the restored monarchy of Charles II.
- Analyse the changing strategies Charles II used to rule through his ministers (Clarendon, the Cabal, and Danby).
- Evaluate the causes of tension between Charles II's ministers and the Cavalier Parliament.
1D Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, 1603–1702 – From Republic to restored and limited monarchy, 1649–1678 (A-level only)
Cromwell and his aims; the Protectorates; Major-Generals and the relations with the Political Nation
- Explain the inherent contradictions in Cromwell's aims of 'healing and settling' and 'godly reformation'.
- Analyse the reasons for the introduction and subsequent failure of the Rule of the Major-Generals.
- Evaluate the changing relationship between Cromwell and the Political Nation throughout the Protectorates.
1D Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, 1603–1702 – From Republic to restored and limited monarchy, 1649–1678 (A-level only)
Political divisions and experiments: Republicanism and the Rump; Millenarianism and the Parliament of Saints
- Explain the political divisions that led to the failure and dissolution of the Rump Parliament.
- Analyse the impact of millenarianism on the creation and composition of the Parliament of Saints.
- Evaluate the reasons for the collapse of the Parliament of Saints and the end of this political experiment.
1D Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, 1603–1702 – From Republic to restored and limited monarchy, 1649–1678 (A-level only)
Religious divisions and conflicts: the defeat of Millenarianism; the restoration of the Church of England; Protestant Dissenters; conflict over Catholic influence at Court
- Describe the events that led to the defeat of Millenarianism in the early 1660s.
- Analyse the legislation used to restore the Church of England and persecute Protestant Dissenters.
- Evaluate the political impact of perceived Catholic influence within Charles II's Court.
1D Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, 1603–1702 – From Republic to restored and limited monarchy, 1649–1678 (A-level only)
The consolidation of the Republic: Scotland and Dunbar; campaigns in Ireland; Charles II and Worcester
- Explain the strategic objectives and outcomes of Cromwell's campaigns in Ireland.
- Analyse the reasons for the New Model Army's victories at Dunbar and Worcester.
- Evaluate the extent to which these military victories consolidated the power of the English Republic.
1D Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, 1603–1702 – From Republic to restored and limited monarchy, 1649–1678 (A-level only)
The emergence of Court and Country ‘parties’: causes, significance and consequences
- Explain the political and religious causes that led to the formation of the Court and Country factions.
- Analyse the ideological differences between the Court and Country interests.
- Evaluate the consequences of these factions for the stability of Charles II's government.
1D Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, 1603–1702 – Monarchs and Parliaments, 1603–1629
James I: character and views on monarchy; court and favourites; Charles I: character and views on monarchy; court and favourites
- Compare the characters and ideological views on monarchy of James I and Charles I.
- Analyse the differences in the culture, structure, and accessibility of the courts of James I and Charles I.
- Evaluate the political consequences of both monarchs' reliance on royal favourites, particularly the Duke of Buckingham.
1D Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, 1603–1702 – Monarchs and Parliaments, 1603–1629
Relations and disputes with parliaments: parliamentary privileges; finance; religion; foreign affairs
- Analyse the causes and consequences of disputes over parliamentary privileges between 1603 and 1629.
- Evaluate the extent to which financial and religious grievances undermined relations between the Crown and Parliament.
- Assess the impact of foreign affairs and the Duke of Buckingham on the deterioration of Crown-Parliament relations.
1D Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, 1603–1702 – Monarchs and Parliaments, 1603–1629
Religion and religious divisions: challenges to the Church of England from Catholics and Puritans and the development of Arminianism
- Explain the nature of the Catholic and Puritan challenges to the Church of England early in James I's reign.
- Describe the key beliefs of Arminianism and how they differed from mainstream Calvinism.
- Analyse how the development of Arminianism under Charles I deepened religious divisions and provoked Puritan opposition.
1D Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, 1603–1702 – Monarchs and Parliaments, 1603–1629
The financial weakness of the Crown and attempts to reform and strengthen royal finance
- Identify the structural and personal causes of the Crown's financial weakness under James I.
- Explain the key features and ultimate failure of the Great Contract of 1610.
- Evaluate the effectiveness of attempts by Cecil and Cranfield to reform and strengthen royal finance.
1D Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, 1603–1702 – Monarchs and Parliaments, 1603–1629
The Political Nation and the social basis of power: the importance of land ownership; rival forms of wealth including merchants
- Define the composition and size of the Political Nation in early seventeenth-century Britain.
- Explain the relationship between land ownership and political authority at both local and national levels.
- Assess the impact of rising mercantile wealth on the traditional social hierarchy and the distribution of power.
1D Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, 1603–1702 – Monarchs and Parliaments, 1603–1629
The state of relations between Crown and Parliament by 1629 and the reaction of the Political Nation; the extent of breakdown between Crown and Parliament and the Political Nation
- Evaluate the state of relations between the Crown and Parliament at the point of dissolution in 1629.
- Analyse the reaction of the Political Nation to the events of 1629 and the onset of Personal Rule.
- Assess the extent of the breakdown in trust and communication between Charles I and the Political Nation by 1629.
1D Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, 1603–1702 – Revolution, 1629–1649
Divisions over religion: Arminianism and Laudianism; Puritanism and the emergence of Millenarianism
- Define the theological and practical differences between Arminianism, Laudianism, and Puritanism.
- Analyse the impact of Archbishop Laud's reforms on religious conformity and opposition.
- Explain the origins and political significance of Millenarianism during the crisis of the monarchy.
1D Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, 1603–1702 – Revolution, 1629–1649
Political divisions: the Personal Rule and the extent of opposition to it in England, Scotland and Ireland; the Short and Long Parliaments and the leadership of Pym; divisions and the outbreak of Civil War
- Evaluate the causes and extent of opposition to the Personal Rule across England, Scotland, and Ireland.
- Analyse the strategies used by John Pym to challenge royal authority in the Short and Long Parliaments.
- Explain the sequence of events and deepening divisions that transformed a political crisis into the Civil War.
1D Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, 1603–1702 – Revolution, 1629–1649
Post-war divisions between Army and Parliament and the failure to secure a post-war settlement
- Explain the causes of the division between the New Model Army and Parliament in 1646-1647.
- Compare the different settlement terms offered to Charles I by Parliament and the Army.
- Assess the role of Charles I's negotiating tactics in the failure to secure a post-war settlement.
1D Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, 1603–1702 – Revolution, 1629–1649
Regicide: the basis for regicide and the King’s response
- Articulate the ideological and religious arguments used by the Army to justify the trial of Charles I.
- Describe the sequence of events, including Pride's Purge, that enabled the trial to take place.
- Analyse Charles I's legal and rhetorical response to the charges brought against him by the High Court of Justice.
1D Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, 1603–1702 – Revolution, 1629–1649
Social divisions: the emergence of political and religious radicalism in the 1640s; the Levellers and Millenarian groups
- Identify the key political demands of the Leveller movement and their methods of campaigning.
- Explain the core beliefs of Millenarian groups and why the 1640s provided fertile ground for their emergence.
- Evaluate the impact of radical political and religious ideas on the social divisions of the period.
1D Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, 1603–1702 – Revolution, 1629–1649
The First and Second Civil Wars: England, Scotland, Ireland and the reasons for royalist defeat
- Explain the sequence of events that led to the First and Second Civil Wars across the three kingdoms.
- Analyse the structural, financial, and military reasons for the defeat of the Royalist forces.
- Evaluate the impact of Scottish and Irish interventions on the outcome of the English conflicts.
1D Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, 1603–1702 – The establishment of constitutional monarchy, 1678–1702 (A-level only)
Divisions within the Political Nation and the emergence of Whigs and Tories and their impact
- Analyse the causes of the division within the Political Nation during the Exclusion Crisis.
- Compare and contrast the fundamental political and religious ideologies of the early Whigs and Tories.
- Evaluate the impact of the Whig-Tory rivalry on the constitutional development of late Stuart Britain.
1D Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, 1603–1702 – The establishment of constitutional monarchy, 1678–1702 (A-level only)
Government under William and Mary: the importance of political parties and ministers; the changing influence of Crown and Parliament and the reasons for the development of limited monarchy
- Explain the reasons for the development of a limited monarchy under William and Mary.
- Analyse the changing balance of influence between the Crown and Parliament between 1689 and 1702.
- Evaluate the importance of political parties and key ministers in managing government business.
1D Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, 1603–1702 – The establishment of constitutional monarchy, 1678–1702 (A-level only)
Political developments and conflicts: Exclusion, its aims, methods and its failure; James II and the attempts at absolutism and the restoration of Catholicism
- Analyse the aims and methods of the Whigs during the Exclusion Crisis.
- Evaluate the factors that led to the failure of the Exclusion Crisis and the triumph of Charles II.
- Assess the extent to which James II's policies represented an attempt to establish absolutism and restore Catholicism.
1D Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, 1603–1702 – The establishment of constitutional monarchy, 1678–1702 (A-level only)
Religious changes: religious toleration and changes to the position of Anglicans, Protestants and Catholics
- Trace the evolution of religious toleration from the Exclusion Crisis to the Act of Settlement.
- Analyse the changing legal and social position of Protestant dissenters and Catholics between 1678 and 1702.
- Evaluate the impact of the Toleration Act 1689 on the monopoly of the Anglican Church.
1D Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, 1603–1702 – The establishment of constitutional monarchy, 1678–1702 (A-level only)
The ‘Glorious Revolution’: causes and nature; its consolidation in England, Scotland and Ireland
- Explain the long-term and short-term causes that led to the Glorious Revolution.
- Evaluate the historical debate surrounding the nature of the Glorious Revolution.
- Compare the methods and impacts of consolidating the Revolution across England, Scotland, and Ireland.
1D Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, 1603–1702 – The establishment of constitutional monarchy, 1678–1702 (A-level only)
The condition of Britain and its monarchy by 1702: the significance of the Act of Settlement; the balance of power between Crown and Parliament; the condition of the Church of England and non-conformism and Catholicism
- Assess the significance of the Act of Settlement in redefining the balance of power between Crown and Parliament.
- Evaluate the condition and authority of the Church of England by the end of William III's reign.
- Compare the legal and social conditions of Protestant non-conformists and Catholics in Britain by 1702.
1E Russia in the Age of Absolutism and Enlightenment, 1682–1796 (A-level only) – Catherine the Great and Russia, 1762–1796
Catherine: character and aims; extent of influence of the Enlightenment and the impact of the French Revolution on Catherine
- Analyse Catherine's personal character and her primary political aims upon taking the throne.
- Evaluate the extent to which Enlightenment ideas practically influenced her domestic policies.
- Assess the impact of the French Revolution on Catherine's ideological stance and subsequent domestic repression.
1E Russia in the Age of Absolutism and Enlightenment, 1682–1796 (A-level only) – Catherine the Great and Russia, 1762–1796
Changes to society: the importance of landownership and the gentry; Enlightenment and education; reforms to religion
- Explain the significance of the 1785 Charter to the Nobility in securing gentry privileges.
- Analyse the successes and failures of the 1786 Statute on National Education.
- Evaluate the impact of the 1764 secularisation of Church lands on state-church relations.
1E Russia in the Age of Absolutism and Enlightenment, 1682–1796 (A-level only) – Catherine the Great and Russia, 1762–1796
Developments in central and local government: codification of the law; the Great Commission; reform of the Senate; changes to local government in towns and rural areas
- Evaluate the aims and ultimate failure of the Great Commission in codifying Russian law.
- Analyse how the reform of the Senate altered the balance of power in central government.
- Assess the impact of Catherine's reforms on local government structures in both rural provinces and urban towns.
1E Russia in the Age of Absolutism and Enlightenment, 1682–1796 (A-level only) – Catherine the Great and Russia, 1762–1796
Foreign affairs and wars: Sweden; Turkey and Crimea; wars with Poland and its partition
- Evaluate the successes and limitations of Catherine's wars against the Ottoman Empire and the annexation of Crimea.
- Explain the causes and consequences of the Russo-Swedish War of 1788–1790.
- Analyse the process and geopolitical impact of the three partitions of Poland.
1E Russia in the Age of Absolutism and Enlightenment, 1682–1796 (A-level only) – Catherine the Great and Russia, 1762–1796
Opposition and rebellion; plots against her and Catherine’s reaction; the Pugachev Revolt and its consequences
- Describe the nature of early plots against Catherine and her methods of suppressing them.
- Analyse the causes, course, and composition of the Pugachev Revolt.
- Evaluate the political and administrative consequences of the Pugachev Revolt on Catherine's domestic policies.
1E Russia in the Age of Absolutism and Enlightenment, 1682–1796 (A-level only) – Catherine the Great and Russia, 1762–1796
The economy and the persistence of serfdom and its impact on economic development
- Describe the primary mechanisms of serfdom, including obrok and barshchina.
- Explain how the persistence of serfdom restricted the growth of a mobile industrial workforce.
- Evaluate the overall impact of unfree labour on Russia's long-term economic development during Catherine's reign.
1E Russia in the Age of Absolutism and Enlightenment, 1682–1796 (A-level only) – consequence in this period through the following key questions:
How and why did Russian society and the economy develop?
- Describe how the Russian economy developed through state-sponsored industry and taxation reforms.
- Explain how Russian society was transformed by the Westernisation of the elite and the entrenchment of serfdom.
- Analyse the military, political, and ideological reasons why these social and economic developments occurred.
1E Russia in the Age of Absolutism and Enlightenment, 1682–1796 (A-level only) – consequence in this period through the following key questions:
How far were objectives in foreign policy achieved?
- Identify the core foreign policy objectives of Russian monarchs between 1682 and 1796.
- Evaluate the extent to which Peter the Great and Catherine the Great achieved their respective territorial and diplomatic goals.
- Assess the broader impact of achieving these foreign policy objectives on Russia's status as a European great power.
1E Russia in the Age of Absolutism and Enlightenment, 1682–1796 (A-level only) – consequence in this period through the following key questions:
How far were the rulers of Russia able to establish and maintain authority?
- Analyse the methods used by Russian monarchs to establish their initial authority upon taking the throne.
- Evaluate the effectiveness of administrative and military reforms in maintaining autocratic control.
- Assess the extent to which geographical, social, and political factors limited the authority of the rulers.
1E Russia in the Age of Absolutism and Enlightenment, 1682–1796 (A-level only) – consequence in this period through the following key questions:
How important was the role of key individuals and groups and how were they affected by developments?
- Assess the historical importance of key rulers and advisors in shaping Russian domestic and foreign policy.
- Analyse the evolving relationship between the autocratic state and the nobility.
- Evaluate how state reforms, wars, and economic changes affected the living conditions and legal status of the serfs.
1E Russia in the Age of Absolutism and Enlightenment, 1682–1796 (A-level only) – consequence in this period through the following key questions:
How important were ideology and ideas?
- Analyse the impact of Westernisation and Enlightenment ideas on Russian state policy.
- Evaluate the limitations of ideological reforms when confronted with the practicalities of autocratic rule.
- Formulate an argument regarding the relative importance of progressive ideas versus traditional autocracy between 1682 and 1796.
1E Russia in the Age of Absolutism and Enlightenment, 1682–1796 (A-level only) – consequence in this period through the following key questions:
How significant was opposition and how effectively was it dealt with?
- Categorise the different forms of opposition faced by Russian rulers between 1682 and 1796.
- Evaluate the significance and threat level of major uprisings, including the Pugachev Rebellion.
- Analyse the effectiveness of the methods employed by the Tsarist state to suppress dissent and maintain control.
1E Russia in the Age of Absolutism and Enlightenment, 1682–1796 (A-level only) – Establishing authority, 1682–1707
Early reforms: economic and financial; political; military; changes in society
- Identify the military pressures that necessitated Peter's early economic and financial reforms before 1707.
- Explain the function and significance of early administrative changes, such as the Ratusha, in Peter's political restructuring.
- Evaluate the differing impacts of Peter's early societal changes on the nobility and the peasantry.
1E Russia in the Age of Absolutism and Enlightenment, 1682–1796 (A-level only) – Establishing authority, 1682–1707
Foreign affairs and wars: wars against Turkey and Sweden
- Describe the outcomes of the Azov campaigns against the Ottoman Empire in 1695 and 1696.
- Explain the causes and immediate consequences of the Battle of Narva in 1700.
- Evaluate how early conflicts with Sweden and Turkey drove Peter the Great's domestic and military reforms.
1E Russia in the Age of Absolutism and Enlightenment, 1682–1796 (A-level only) – Establishing authority, 1682–1707
Opposition: the Church; the Streltsy
- Identify the key reasons why the Streltsy and the Orthodox Church opposed Peter the Great.
- Describe the methods Peter used to suppress the 1698 Streltsy revolt.
- Analyse the political impact of Peter's decision not to appoint a new Patriarch in 1700.
1E Russia in the Age of Absolutism and Enlightenment, 1682–1796 (A-level only) – Establishing authority, 1682–1707
The political, economic and social position of Russia in 1682: the Tsars and the nobility; economic backwardness and serfdom; Russia as a traditional, Slav society
- Describe the political relationship between the Tsar and the boyar nobility in 1682.
- Explain how the institution of serfdom contributed to Russia's economic backwardness.
- Analyse the cultural and social features that defined Russia as a traditional, Slav society.
1E Russia in the Age of Absolutism and Enlightenment, 1682–1796 (A-level only) – Establishing authority, 1682–1707
The Regency; the role of the Streltsy; Peter as joint ruler and the establishment of sole rule
- Explain the causes and structure of the Regency established under Sophia in 1682.
- Assess the role of the Streltsy in both supporting and undermining political authority during this period.
- Describe the steps Peter took to transition from a sidelined joint ruler to holding sole effective power by 1689.
1E Russia in the Age of Absolutism and Enlightenment, 1682–1796 (A-level only) – Establishing authority, 1682–1707
Westernisation; influences on Peter as a child; the Great Embassy; the reasons for and significance of the development of St Petersburg
- Explain how Peter's childhood in the German Quarter influenced his later policies.
- Analyse the successes and failures of the Great Embassy.
- Evaluate the strategic and cultural significance of the foundation of St Petersburg.
1E Russia in the Age of Absolutism and Enlightenment, 1682–1796 (A-level only) – Increasing the glory of Russia, 1707–1725
Changes to central and local government; the reform of the army and the introduction of the Table of Ranks and the Service State
- Describe the structural changes made to central and local government under Peter the Great.
- Explain the key features of Peter's army reforms and their impact on Russian military capability.
- Analyse the purpose and consequences of the Table of Ranks and the concept of the Service State.
1E Russia in the Age of Absolutism and Enlightenment, 1682–1796 (A-level only) – Increasing the glory of Russia, 1707–1725
Economic and financial reforms and their success
- Describe the key financial and economic reforms introduced by Peter the Great between 1707 and 1725.
- Analyse the impact of the soul tax on both state revenues and the Russian peasantry.
- Evaluate the extent to which Peter's economic policies successfully modernised the Russian economy.
1E Russia in the Age of Absolutism and Enlightenment, 1682–1796 (A-level only) – Increasing the glory of Russia, 1707–1725
Foreign affairs and wars: wars with Sweden and Turkey; involvement in European conflicts
- Describe the key turning points and outcomes of the war with Sweden, including Poltava and Nystad.
- Explain the consequences of the 1711 Pruth Campaign on Russian relations with Turkey.
- Analyse the methods used by Peter the Great to increase Russian involvement in wider European conflicts.
1E Russia in the Age of Absolutism and Enlightenment, 1682–1796 (A-level only) – Increasing the glory of Russia, 1707–1725
Opposition: Astrakhan; Bashkir; Don Cossacks; Tsarevich Alexis
- Identify the specific causes and outcomes of the Astrakhan, Bashkir, and Don Cossack rebellions.
- Explain the role of Tsarevich Alexis as a figurehead for conservative opposition to Peter the Great.
- Compare the varying degrees of threat posed by regional uprisings versus dynastic opposition.
1E Russia in the Age of Absolutism and Enlightenment, 1682–1796 (A-level only) – Increasing the glory of Russia, 1707–1725
Orthodoxy and developments in the Church: attempts to increase the power of the Tsar
- Detail the structural changes made to the Russian Orthodox Church between 1707 and 1725.
- Explain how the creation of the Holy Synod served to increase the autocratic power of the Tsar.
- Assess the impact of the Spiritual Regulation on the traditional authority of the Orthodox clergy.
1E Russia in the Age of Absolutism and Enlightenment, 1682–1796 (A-level only) – Increasing the glory of Russia, 1707–1725
Social developments, Westernisation and extent of change by 1725
- Identify the specific cultural and social practices introduced by Peter the Great to Westernise the Russian elite.
- Explain how social developments under Peter the Great altered the lives of the nobility, women, and the peasantry.
- Evaluate the extent to which Russian society had fundamentally changed by the time of Peter's death in 1725.
1E Russia in the Age of Absolutism and Enlightenment, 1682–1796 (A-level only) – The epoch of palace coups, 1725–1762
Disputed successions and the role of the Supreme State Council and the Preobrazhensky Regiment
- Identify the causes of the disputed successions following the death of Peter the Great.
- Analyse the political objectives and ultimate failure of the Supreme State Council during the 1730 succession crisis.
- Evaluate the influence of the Preobrazhensky Regiment in determining the outcome of palace coups between 1725 and 1762.
1E Russia in the Age of Absolutism and Enlightenment, 1682–1796 (A-level only) – The epoch of palace coups, 1725–1762
Foreign affairs: intervention in Poland; failure to secure the Crimea; involvement in the Seven Years War
- Explain the causes and outcomes of Russian intervention in the War of the Polish Succession.
- Analyse the reasons for Russia's failure to secure the Crimea despite military victories against the Ottoman Empire.
- Evaluate the impact of the Seven Years War and Peter III's withdrawal on Russia's international standing and domestic politics.
1E Russia in the Age of Absolutism and Enlightenment, 1682–1796 (A-level only) – The epoch of palace coups, 1725–1762
Russia by 1762: the extent to which Petrine reforms survived; the accession of Catherine the Great
- Evaluate the extent to which Peter the Great's administrative and military reforms survived up to 1762.
- Analyse the process by which the Russian nobility emancipated themselves from compulsory state service.
- Explain the political, military, and personal factors that enabled Catherine the Great to seize power in 1762.
1E Russia in the Age of Absolutism and Enlightenment, 1682–1796 (A-level only) – The epoch of palace coups, 1725–1762
Social developments: the redefinition of the Service State; serfdom and serf unrest
- Explain the process by which the nobility were freed from compulsory state service by 1762.
- Describe the legal and social changes that entrenched serfdom and increased the power of the nobility over the peasantry.
- Identify the primary economic and social catalysts for serf unrest between 1725 and 1762.
1E Russia in the Age of Absolutism and Enlightenment, 1682–1796 (A-level only) – The epoch of palace coups, 1725–1762
The legacy of Peter the Great: the Service State; the role of the Church; the gentry and serfdom; Russia’s involvement in international affairs
- Explain how the Table of Ranks established the Service State and altered the role of the gentry.
- Analyse the methods by which Peter the Great subordinated the Orthodox Church to the state.
- Evaluate the impact of Peter's foreign policy successes on Russia's subsequent international obligations and domestic burdens.
1E Russia in the Age of Absolutism and Enlightenment, 1682–1796 (A-level only) – The epoch of palace coups, 1725–1762
Tsarina Elizabeth: accession to the throne; education and Westernisation; legal reforms; taxation
- Describe the events and key supporters of Elizabeth's 1741 palace coup.
- Analyse the cultural and educational institutions established during Elizabeth's reign to promote Westernisation.
- Evaluate the effectiveness and social impact of Elizabeth's legal and taxation reforms.
1F Industrialisation and the people: Britain, c1783–1885 – Economy, society and politics, 1846–1885 (A-level only)
Economic developments: the mid-Victorian boom; the 'golden age' of agriculture; industrial and transport developments; impact of increased trade; the Great Depression
- Describe the characteristics and causes of the mid-Victorian economic boom and the golden age of agriculture.
- Explain how transport developments accelerated industrial growth and facilitated increased international trade.
- Evaluate the extent to which the period after 1873 can accurately be described as a 'Great Depression'.
1F Industrialisation and the people: Britain, c1783–1885 – Economy, society and politics, 1846–1885 (A-level only)
Government and democracy: Gladstone, his ministries and ideas and policies; Disraeli, his ministries, ideas and policies; increasing democracy; legislation
- Outline the core political ideas and philosophies of both Gladstone and Disraeli.
- Detail the key legislative acts passed during the ministries of Gladstone and Disraeli.
- Evaluate the extent to which government legislation between 1867 and 1885 succeeded in increasing democracy in Britain.
1F Industrialisation and the people: Britain, c1783–1885 – Economy, society and politics, 1846–1885 (A-level only)
Government and developing political organisation: the development of the political system and party realignment; the emergence of the Liberal Party
- Trace the chronological development of party realignment from the 1846 Corn Law crisis to 1859.
- Identify the distinct political groups that merged to form the Liberal Party.
- Explain the structural changes in government and political organisation during the mid-19th century.
1F Industrialisation and the people: Britain, c1783–1885 – Economy, society and politics, 1846–1885 (A-level only)
Pressure for change: social campaigns, Public Health reform; Chartism; pressure for parliamentary reform; Irish Nationalism
- Explain the catalysts and legislative outcomes of Public Health reform between 1848 and 1875.
- Analyse the transition of working-class radicalism from Chartism to the successful pressure for the 1867 Reform Act.
- Evaluate the differing methods used by Irish Nationalists to pressure the British government.
1F Industrialisation and the people: Britain, c1783–1885 – Economy, society and politics, 1846–1885 (A-level only)
Social developments: prosperity and poverty in towns and countryside; regional divisions; influences including Evangelicalism; 'self-help'; trade unions and education
- Analyse the causes and extent of prosperity and poverty in both urban and rural areas.
- Evaluate the influence of Evangelicalism and 'self-help' on Victorian social attitudes and policies.
- Assess the development and impact of trade unions and the 1870 Education Act on the working classes.
1F Industrialisation and the people: Britain, c1783–1885 – Economy, society and politics, 1846–1885 (A-level only)
The political, economic and social condition of Britain by 1885; the extent of democracy and Britain’s industrial position
- Evaluate the extent to which Britain had become a democratic society by 1885.
- Analyse the strengths and weaknesses of Britain's industrial and agricultural economy in 1885.
- Synthesise political, economic, and social developments to assess the overall condition of Britain at the end of the period.
1F Industrialisation and the people: Britain, c1783–1885 – Government and a changing society, 1812–1832
Economic developments: continuing industrialisation and developments in key industries; agricultural change; economic policies and free trade
- Describe the continuing developments in key industries such as textiles, coal, and iron between 1812 and 1832.
- Analyse the causes and consequences of agricultural change, including the impact of the Corn Laws.
- Evaluate the extent to which government economic policies shifted towards free trade during the 1820s.
1F Industrialisation and the people: Britain, c1783–1885 – Government and a changing society, 1812–1832
Government: Canning, Goderich and Wellington; legislation including the repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts; the metropolitan police force; O’Connell and Catholic Emancipation
- Explain the causes of Tory party instability under Canning, Goderich and Wellington.
- Evaluate the methods used by Daniel O'Connell to achieve Catholic Emancipation.
- Assess the impact of the repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts and the creation of the Metropolitan Police on British society.
1F Industrialisation and the people: Britain, c1783–1885 – Government and a changing society, 1812–1832
Government: Lord Liverpool; the Corn Laws and other legislation; attitudes to reform and repression; the economy; the repeal of the Combination Acts
- Analyse the causes and consequences of the 1815 Corn Laws.
- Evaluate the extent to which Lord Liverpool's government relied on repression between 1815 and 1822.
- Explain the significance of the repeal of the Combination Acts and its impact on the early trade union movement.
1F Industrialisation and the people: Britain, c1783–1885 – Government and a changing society, 1812–1832
Greater democracy: the election of the Whigs; pressure for parliamentary reform; the Great Reform Act and its impact; the state of Britain politically, economically and socially by 1832
- Explain the reasons for the Whig electoral victory and the subsequent pressure for parliamentary reform.
- Analyse the provisions and the immediate political and social impact of the Great Reform Act of 1832.
- Evaluate the political, economic, and social condition of Britain at the close of 1832.
1F Industrialisation and the people: Britain, c1783–1885 – Government and a changing society, 1812–1832
Pressures for change: Luddism and radical agitation; the anti-slavery movement; Methodism; early socialism and the ideas of Robert Owen
- Analyse the causes and methods of Luddism and radical agitation in post-war Britain.
- Evaluate the tactics and success of the anti-slavery movement and the social impact of Methodism.
- Explain the principles of early socialism and Robert Owen's practical applications at New Lanark.
1F Industrialisation and the people: Britain, c1783–1885 – Government and a changing society, 1812–1832
Social developments: the effects of industrialisation; standards of living and working class discontent
- Explain the social effects of industrialisation, including urbanisation and changes to working conditions.
- Evaluate the evidence regarding changes in the standards of living for the working classes between 1812 and 1832.
- Analyse the causes, nature, and consequences of working-class discontent and popular protest during this period.
1F Industrialisation and the people: Britain, c1783–1885 – Political change and social reform, 1832-1846 (A-level only)
Economic developments: the railway 'revolution' and associated economic growth; agriculture and Corn Law repeal
- Describe the development of the railway 'revolution' in the 1840s and its immediate economic impacts.
- Explain the economic rationale behind agricultural protectionism and the conditions leading to the Corn Law repeal in 1846.
- Analyse the relationship between the repeal of the Corn Laws and the economic demands of the industrial sector.
1F Industrialisation and the people: Britain, c1783–1885 – Political change and social reform, 1832-1846 (A-level only)
Government: Grey, Melbourne and the ideas and ideology of the Whig Party; the Tories in opposition and government; Peel and the transformation of the Conservative party
- Articulate the key tenets of Whig ideology under the leadership of Grey and Melbourne.
- Explain the process by which Robert Peel transformed the Tory party into the Conservative Party.
- Compare the effectiveness of the Whigs and Conservatives in both opposition and government during this period.
1F Industrialisation and the people: Britain, c1783–1885 – Political change and social reform, 1832-1846 (A-level only)
Pressure for change: Chartism; Irish radicalism; the Anti-Poor Law League; the Anti-Corn Law League; social reform campaigners including Shaftesbury and Chadwick
- Compare the aims, methods, and outcomes of Chartism and the Anti-Corn Law League.
- Explain the role of Irish radicalism and the Anti-Poor Law League in challenging government policies.
- Evaluate the impact of individual campaigners like Shaftesbury and Chadwick on Victorian social legislation.
1F Industrialisation and the people: Britain, c1783–1885 – Political change and social reform, 1832-1846 (A-level only)
Social developments: conditions in urban Britain; changes in the lives of workers and the poor; unions and other working-class movements
- Describe the physical and social conditions of rapidly expanding urban centres in Britain between 1832 and 1846.
- Explain how the factory system and the 1834 Poor Law changed the economic and social lives of the working poor.
- Evaluate the effectiveness of early trade unions like the GNCTU and radical movements like Chartism in addressing working-class grievances.
1F Industrialisation and the people: Britain, c1783–1885 – Political change and social reform, 1832-1846 (A-level only)
The Conservative response to change: finance, administration and the economy; the Bank Charter Act; trade and business reform
- Explain how Peel's financial policies, including the Income Tax, altered the British economy and trade.
- Analyse the purpose and consequences of the 1844 Bank Charter Act on the banking sector.
- Evaluate the effectiveness of Conservative business and administrative reforms in stabilising Victorian society.
1F Industrialisation and the people: Britain, c1783–1885 – Political change and social reform, 1832-1846 (A-level only)
The Whig response to social change; social reforms including: education, factory legislation, abolition of slavery, the Poor Law Amendment Act, the Municipal Corporations Act
- Describe the key provisions of the Whig social reforms, including factory legislation, education, and the abolition of slavery.
- Analyse the ideological drivers behind the 1834 Poor Law Amendment Act and the 1835 Municipal Corporations Act.
- Evaluate the overall effectiveness of the Whig response to the social changes brought about by industrialisation.
1F Industrialisation and the people: Britain, c1783–1885 – Pressure for change, c1783–1812
Economic developments: industrialisation; the growth of cotton and other industries; changes in power; the condition of agriculture
- Analyse the factors contributing to the rapid growth of the cotton and other key industries.
- Evaluate the significance of the transition from water to steam power in driving industrialisation.
- Assess the changes in the condition of agriculture and its relationship with industrial growth.
1F Industrialisation and the people: Britain, c1783–1885 – Pressure for change, c1783–1812
Government: Pitt the Younger as Prime Minister and his successors; Pitt's relationship with the King; the 1784 election; reform of finance, administration and trade
- Explain how Pitt the Younger secured power, focusing on his relationship with George III and the 1784 election.
- Assess the effectiveness of Pitt's reforms in finance, administration, and trade during his peacetime ministry.
- Evaluate the political landscape under Pitt's successors and the legacy of his administrative changes.
1F Industrialisation and the people: Britain, c1783–1885 – Pressure for change, c1783–1812
Pressures on government: the political influence of the French Revolution; Irish rebellion and union; radicalism and opposition; party splits; demands for parliamentary reform
- Explain how the French Revolution influenced both radical demands for parliamentary reform and conservative reaction.
- Analyse the causes of the 1798 Irish Rebellion and its direct role in the 1800 Act of Union.
- Assess the reasons for and consequences of the Whig party split in 1794.
1F Industrialisation and the people: Britain, c1783–1885 – Pressure for change, c1783–1812
Pressures on government: the political, economic and social impact of war; the condition of Britain by 1812
- Evaluate the economic impact of the Continental System and Orders in Council on British trade.
- Analyse the social consequences of wartime inflation and poor harvests on the working population.
- Assess the overall political, economic, and social condition of Britain by the year 1812.
1F Industrialisation and the people: Britain, c1783–1885 – Pressure for change, c1783–1812
Social developments: the middle class; the industrial workforce; landowners; agricultural labourers and the poor; working conditions; standards of living; the Combination Acts
- Differentiate between the changing social statuses of the middle class, landowners, and the labouring classes.
- Evaluate the evidence regarding working conditions and the standards of living for the industrial workforce and agricultural poor.
- Analyse the causes and consequences of the Combination Acts in the context of government fears of radicalism.
1F Industrialisation and the people: Britain, c1783–1885 – Pressure for change, c1783–1812
The British political system in 1783: government and representation; national and local democracy; Whigs and Tories
- Describe the structure of the British government and the nature of political representation in 1783.
- Analyse the limitations of national and local democracy before the Great Reform Act.
- Compare the core beliefs and political roles of the Whig and Tory factions in the late eighteenth century.
1F Industrialisation and the people: Britain, c1783–1885 – through the following key questions:
How and with what results did society and social policy develop?
- Describe the demographic changes and the evolution of the British class structure between 1783 and 1885.
- Analyse the causes and key provisions of major social policies, including Poor Law and public health reforms.
- Evaluate the results of social policy interventions on the living standards of the working classes.
1F Industrialisation and the people: Britain, c1783–1885 – through the following key questions:
How and with what results did the economy develop and change?
- Explain the technological and infrastructural factors that drove British economic development between 1783 and 1885.
- Analyse the transition from protectionist economic policies to free trade.
- Evaluate the positive and negative results of industrialisation on the British economy.
1F Industrialisation and the people: Britain, c1783–1885 – through the following key questions:
How important was the role of individuals and groups and how were they affected by developments?
- Evaluate the significance of key political figures in driving or resisting change.
- Analyse the methods and success rates of various pressure groups and protest movements.
- Explain how economic and social developments transformed the lives and political influence of different societal groups.
1F Industrialisation and the people: Britain, c1783–1885 – through the following key questions:
How important were ideas and ideology?
- Define the core principles of major ideologies present in Britain between 1783 and 1885.
- Analyse the extent to which specific legislation was motivated by ideological beliefs.
- Compare the influence of ideas and ideology with economic and social factors in driving historical change.
1F Industrialisation and the people: Britain, c1783–1885 – through the following key questions:
How was Britain governed and how did democracy and political organisations change and develop?
- Describe the structure of British governance and the electoral system prior to 1832.
- Explain the key legislative milestones that advanced democratic representation between 1832 and 1885.
- Analyse the development of modern political parties and their supporting national organisations.
1F Industrialisation and the people: Britain, c1783–1885 – through the following key questions:
What pressures did governments face and how did they respond to these?
- Identify the main social, economic, and political pressures challenging British governments from 1783 to 1885.
- Compare the repressive policies of the late 18th and early 19th centuries with the reformist legislation of the mid-to-late 19th century.
- Evaluate the success of extra-parliamentary movements in forcing changes to government policy.
1G Challenge and transformation: Britain, c1851–1964 – Challenges to the status quo, c1886–1914
Economic developments: the Great Depression and its aftermath; problems of British industry and agriculture; staples and new industries, foreign competition; invisible exports; debates over protectionism, tariff reform and free trade
- Explain the causes and characteristics of the late 19th-century 'Great Depression' and its aftermath.
- Compare the performance of British staple industries with new industries and foreign competitors.
- Evaluate the significance of invisible exports and the political debate between free trade and tariff reform.
1G Challenge and transformation: Britain, c1851–1964 – Challenges to the status quo, c1886–1914
Political developments: the reasons for Conservative dominance to 1905; the problems of the Liberal Party; socialism, Fabianism and the emergence of the Labour Party
- Analyse the reasons for Conservative electoral success and Liberal weakness between 1886 and 1905.
- Explain the core principles of Fabianism and its influence on British socialism.
- Trace the chronological development of the Labour Party from early socialist groups to the Labour Representation Committee.
1G Challenge and transformation: Britain, c1851–1964 – Challenges to the status quo, c1886–1914
Politics 1906–1914: the ideology of New Liberalism; political crises and constitutional change; development of the Labour Party
- Differentiate the ideology of New Liberalism from classical liberalism using specific policy examples.
- Explain the sequence of events leading to the passage of the Parliament Act 1911 and its constitutional significance.
- Evaluate the successes and limitations of the Labour Party's parliamentary development between 1906 and 1914.
1G Challenge and transformation: Britain, c1851–1964 – Challenges to the status quo, c1886–1914
Social change; trade unions and new unionism; syndicalism; the issue of female emancipation; the growth of the urban population; the expansion of service industries; standards of living
- Analyse the development and impact of new unionism and syndicalism on the British labour movement.
- Evaluate the progress and limitations of female emancipation in late 19th and early 20th century Britain.
- Assess the impact of urban population growth and service industry expansion on living standards and social structures.
1G Challenge and transformation: Britain, c1851–1964 – Challenges to the status quo, c1886–1914
Social policies: government legislation and local initiatives; taxation and welfare reform by 1914
- Explain the motivations behind the Liberal welfare reforms introduced between 1906 and 1914.
- Compare the impact of national government legislation with local municipal initiatives on public welfare.
- Analyse how the 1909 People's Budget changed the principles of taxation to support social policy.
1G Challenge and transformation: Britain, c1851–1964 – Challenges to the status quo, c1886–1914
The condition of Ireland and Anglo-Irish relations: the Home Rule movement, opposition and the Home Rule Bills
- Describe the socio-economic and political condition of Ireland that fuelled the Home Rule movement.
- Analyse the reasons for Ulster Unionist and Conservative opposition to the Home Rule Bills.
- Evaluate the political consequences of the three Home Rule Bills on Anglo-Irish relations up to 1914.
1G Challenge and transformation: Britain, c1851–1964 – consequence in this period through the following key questions:
How and why did Britain's relationship with Ireland change?
- Trace the chronological development of how the Anglo-Irish relationship changed from 1851 to 1964.
- Analyse the differing motivations explaining why British policies towards Ireland shifted during this period.
- Evaluate the relative importance of key events, such as the Easter Rising, in altering the relationship and producing lasting consequences.
1G Challenge and transformation: Britain, c1851–1964 – consequence in this period through the following key questions:
How and with what effects did society and social policy develop?
- Describe the key shifts in British class structure and gender roles between 1851 and 1964.
- Explain the progression of social policy from the Poor Law to the implementation of the Beveridge Report.
- Evaluate the effectiveness of social reforms in improving living standards and increasing social mobility.
1G Challenge and transformation: Britain, c1851–1964 – consequence in this period through the following key questions:
How and with what effects did the economy develop?
- Explain the transition from staple industries to new consumer-driven sectors between 1851 and 1964.
- Analyse the shift in government economic policy from laissez-faire to Keynesian management.
- Evaluate the social and global effects of Britain's economic development across the period.
1G Challenge and transformation: Britain, c1851–1964 – consequence in this period through the following key questions:
How did democracy and political organisations develop in Britain?
- Trace the chronological expansion of the electoral franchise in Britain from 1851 to 1964.
- Explain how the Conservative and Liberal parties adapted their organisational structures to mass electorates.
- Analyse the factors contributing to the emergence and electoral success of the Labour Party.
1G Challenge and transformation: Britain, c1851–1964 – consequence in this period through the following key questions:
How important was the role of key individuals and groups and how were they affected by developments?
- Evaluate the historical significance of key political leaders in driving reform between 1851 and 1964.
- Analyse the methods and impact of major social and political groups during this period.
- Assess how macro-level developments, such as war and economic shifts, transformed the influence of specific groups.
1G Challenge and transformation: Britain, c1851–1964 – consequence in this period through the following key questions:
How important were ideas and ideologies?
- Differentiate between Gladstonian Liberalism and New Liberalism in the context of social reform.
- Evaluate the influence of socialist ideas on the policies of the 1945-1951 Labour government.
- Assess the extent to which a political and ideological consensus existed in Britain after 1945.
1G Challenge and transformation: Britain, c1851–1964 – Reform and challenge, c1851–c1886
Economic developments: agriculture, trade and industry; economic ideologies; boom and 'the workshop of the world'; the onset of Depression
- Describe the key features of Britain's mid-Victorian economic boom across agriculture, trade, and industry.
- Explain the principles of laissez-faire and how they shaped British economic policy and international trade.
- Analyse the factors that contributed to the onset of the economic depression from 1873 onwards.
1G Challenge and transformation: Britain, c1851–1964 – Reform and challenge, c1851–c1886
Political developments under Gladstone and Disraeli; liberalism, conservatism and the bases of their support; the extension of the franchise
- Differentiate between the political ideologies of Gladstonian Liberalism and Disraelian Conservatism.
- Identify the distinct social and religious groups that formed the bases of support for the Liberal and Conservative parties.
- Explain the causes and consequences of the franchise extensions in 1867 and 1884.
1G Challenge and transformation: Britain, c1851–1964 – Reform and challenge, c1851–c1886
Social movements and policies; self-help; trade unions; education and social reform legislation
- Explain the core principles of the 'self-help' ideology and its influence on Victorian social policy.
- Analyse the development and impact of New Model Trade Unions on working-class representation.
- Evaluate the successes and limitations of key education and social reform legislation between 1851 and 1886.
1G Challenge and transformation: Britain, c1851–1964 – Reform and challenge, c1851–c1886
Society and social changes: class and regional division; prosperity and poverty
- Identify the defining characteristics of the upper, middle, and working classes in mid-Victorian Britain.
- Explain the causes and consequences of regional divisions across England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland.
- Evaluate the extent to which the mid-Victorian boom alleviated poverty and increased overall societal prosperity.
1G Challenge and transformation: Britain, c1851–1964 – Reform and challenge, c1851–c1886
The condition of Ireland and Anglo-Irish relations: land agitation and the political response; Home Rule
- Explain the causes and tactics of land agitation in Ireland during the late 1870s and early 1880s.
- Analyse the British government's political response to Irish demands, focusing on Gladstone's legislation.
- Evaluate the significance of the Home Rule movement and its impact on British party politics by 1886.
1G Challenge and transformation: Britain, c1851–1964 – Reform and challenge, c1851–c1886
The political system: parliament and the workings of mid-19th century democracy; ruling elites; prime ministers; parties and party realignment to 1867
- Describe the composition and influence of the ruling elites in mid-19th century Parliament.
- Explain the process of party realignment that led to the formation of the Liberal Party by 1859.
- Analyse the role and impact of prime ministers in managing parliamentary factions up to 1867.
1G Challenge and transformation: Britain, c1851–1964 – The Great War and its impact, 1914–1939 (A-level only)
Economic developments: increased state role in wartime; problems of the staple industries and mines; the General Strike; government finances and the Gold Standard; the Depression; economic realignment
- Explain the reasons for the decline of Britain's staple industries in the 1920s.
- Analyse the causes, events, and consequences of the 1926 General Strike.
- Evaluate the extent of economic realignment and recovery in Britain during the 1930s.
1G Challenge and transformation: Britain, c1851–1964 – The Great War and its impact, 1914–1939 (A-level only)
Political developments in the interwar years: electoral reform; Conservative and Labour governments; National governments; the abdication crisis and emergence of radical political movements, including the BUF and Communism
- Explain the causes and consequences of the formation of the National Government in 1931.
- Evaluate the reasons for the failure of the BUF and the Communist Party to achieve mainstream political success.
- Assess the impact of the 1928 Equal Franchise Act on the British electoral landscape.
1G Challenge and transformation: Britain, c1851–1964 – The Great War and its impact, 1914–1939 (A-level only)
Social developments: changes in the role of women during and after war; the condition of the working classes; regional divisions; changing attitudes in the twenties and 'the hungry thirties'; the growth of the media
- Evaluate the long-term impact of the First World War on the social and economic status of women.
- Compare the living standards of the working classes in different regions of Britain during the 1930s.
- Assess the role of the BBC and cinema in shaping British society and culture between the wars.
1G Challenge and transformation: Britain, c1851–1964 – The Great War and its impact, 1914–1939 (A-level only)
Social policies: legislation and reforms in housing; education and welfare
- Identify and explain the key housing acts passed between 1919 and 1930.
- Analyse the limitations of interwar education reforms in improving working-class social mobility.
- Evaluate the impact of unemployment insurance and the Means Test on welfare provision.
1G Challenge and transformation: Britain, c1851–1964 – The Great War and its impact, 1914–1939 (A-level only)
The condition of Ireland and Anglo-Irish relations: the Easter Rising; the Anglo-Irish War; Government of Ireland Act and Anglo-Irish Treaty; divided Ireland before the Second World War
- Explain the causes and political consequences of the 1916 Easter Rising.
- Compare the provisions and outcomes of the 1920 Government of Ireland Act and the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty.
- Describe the political evolution of the Irish Free State and Northern Ireland between 1922 and 1939.
1G Challenge and transformation: Britain, c1851–1964 – The Great War and its impact, 1914–1939 (A-level only)
The impact of war on British parties and politics: coalition government; the decline of the Liberals; position of Conservatives and influence of Labour
- Analyse the reasons for the formation and collapse of the wartime coalition governments.
- Evaluate the long-term impact of the Asquith-Lloyd George split on the Liberal Party.
- Explain how the First World War enhanced the political position of both the Conservative and Labour parties.
1G Challenge and transformation: Britain, c1851–1964 – Transformation and change, 1939–1964 (A-level only)
Developments in social policy: the Beveridge Report; the Butler Act; the growth of the Welfare State, including the NHS; the growth of education
- Explain the aims and recommendations of the 1942 Beveridge Report.
- Analyse the impact of the 1944 Butler Act and the subsequent growth of education up to 1964.
- Evaluate the development and significance of the Welfare State, with a specific focus on the establishment of the NHS.
1G Challenge and transformation: Britain, c1851–1964 – Transformation and change, 1939–1964 (A-level only)
Economic developments: mobilisation of resources in wartime; post-war boom; balance of payments issues and 'stop-go' policies; changes to British industry and trade; new technology
- Explain how the British government mobilised economic resources during the Second World War.
- Analyse the causes and consequences of balance of payments issues and 'stop-go' economic policies.
- Evaluate the extent of change in British industry, trade patterns, and technological development between 1939 and 1964.
1G Challenge and transformation: Britain, c1851–1964 – Transformation and change, 1939–1964 (A-level only)
Political developments: Conservative dominance from 1951 and political consensus; division within the Labour Party; Conservatism and the Establishment; Labour victory in 1964
- Define the post-war political consensus and explain how it contributed to Conservative electoral dominance from 1951 to 1964.
- Analyse the ideological divisions within the Labour Party during the 1950s and their impact on the party's electability.
- Evaluate the reasons for the Conservative decline and the subsequent Labour victory in the 1964 general election.
1G Challenge and transformation: Britain, c1851–1964 – Transformation and change, 1939–1964 (A-level only)
Social changes and divisions: austerity and the impact of war; post-war boom and growth of affluence; consumerism and changes in position of women and youth; immigration and racial tensions
- Evaluate the social consequences of wartime disruption and post-war austerity on the British population.
- Analyse how the post-war economic boom facilitated the rise of consumerism and the emergence of distinct youth cultures.
- Explain the social impact of New Commonwealth immigration and the factors contributing to racial tensions in post-war Britain.
1G Challenge and transformation: Britain, c1851–1964 – Transformation and change, 1939–1964 (A-level only)
The condition of Ireland and Anglo-Irish relations: continuing north/south friction including riots of September 1964; beginnings of civil rights campaign
- Explain the factors contributing to continuing north/south friction and the state of Anglo-Irish relations up to 1964.
- Analyse the causes and consequences of the September 1964 riots in Belfast.
- Evaluate the origins and early objectives of the civil rights campaign in Northern Ireland.
1G Challenge and transformation: Britain, c1851–1964 – Transformation and change, 1939–1964 (A-level only)
The impact of the Second World War on British politics: Churchill as wartime leader; ‘the Labour landslide’ of 1945; Labour ideology and policies
- Analyse the reasons for Winston Churchill's success as a wartime leader and his subsequent electoral defeat in 1945.
- Explain the ideological foundations of the post-war Labour government and how these shaped their manifesto.
- Evaluate the impact of Labour's domestic policies, including nationalisation and the creation of the welfare state.
1H Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964 – consequence in this period through the following key questions:
How and with what results did the economy develop and change?
- Explain the different methods used by Tsarist and Communist regimes to develop the Russian economy.
- Analyse the results of industrial and agricultural policies between 1855 and 1964.
- Compare the effectiveness of state-directed economic planning with earlier Tsarist economic strategies.
1H Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964 – consequence in this period through the following key questions:
How important was the role of individuals and groups and how were they affected by developments?
- Assess the relative importance of key leaders in driving political and economic change.
- Analyse the changing social structure of Russia and the role of different classes in historical events.
- Evaluate the impact of major state policies on the daily lives and social standing of specific groups.
1H Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964 – consequence in this period through the following key questions:
How important were ideas and ideology?
- Identify and define the core ideologies of the Tsarist and Communist regimes.
- Analyse the extent to which ideology dictated economic and social policies between 1855 and 1964.
- Evaluate the tension between ideological purity and pragmatic necessity in leadership decisions.
1H Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964 – consequence in this period through the following key questions:
How was Russia governed and how did political authority change and develop?
- Describe the key institutions used to govern Russia under Tsarist and Communist rule.
- Analyse the ideological foundations that justified political authority for both the Romanovs and the Communist Party.
- Evaluate the extent to which the nature of political authority developed and changed between 1855 and 1964.
1H Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964 – consequence in this period through the following key questions:
What was the extent of social and cultural change?
- Evaluate the extent to which the social structure of Russia changed between 1855 and 1964.
- Analyse the transformation of cultural life, including religion, education, and the arts, under Tsarist and Communist rule.
- Identify and explain the continuities in social conditions and cultural control across the period.
1H Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964 – consequence in this period through the following key questions:
Why did opposition develop and how effective was it?
- Identify the main opposition groups and explain their specific motivations for challenging the state.
- Analyse the methods used by opposition groups to challenge political authority between 1855 and 1964.
- Evaluate the effectiveness of opposition movements in achieving their political and social objectives.
1H Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964 – The collapse of autocracy, 1894–1917
Economic developments to 1914: industrial and agricultural growth and change
- Evaluate the methods and outcomes of industrial growth under Witte.
- Analyse the impact of Stolypin's reforms on agricultural growth and change.
- Assess the overall success of Russian economic developments up to 1914.
1H Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964 – The collapse of autocracy, 1894–1917
Opposition: ideas and ideologies, liberalism, socialism; Marxism; individuals and radical groups
- Distinguish between the ideas and ideologies of liberalism, socialism, and Marxism in late Imperial Russia.
- Analyse the aims, methods, and support bases of specific radical groups and key individuals.
- Evaluate how ideological divisions limited the effectiveness of the opposition to the Tsarist regime.
1H Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964 – The collapse of autocracy, 1894–1917
Political authority, government and Tsar; Nicholas II as ruler: political developments to 1914; 1905 Revolution; Duma government
- Analyse Nicholas II's approach to political authority and government.
- Explain the causes and outcomes of the 1905 Revolution.
- Evaluate the effectiveness and limitations of the Duma government up to 1914.
1H Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964 – The collapse of autocracy, 1894–1917
Political authority, opposition and government: the Bolshevik takeover and the establishment of Bolshevik government by December 1917; opposition
- Describe the events and key figures involved in the Bolshevik seizure of power in October 1917.
- Analyse the methods used by the Bolsheviks to establish their government and consolidate authority by December 1917.
- Evaluate the nature of the opposition faced by the new regime and the coercive measures introduced to suppress it.
1H Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964 – The collapse of autocracy, 1894–1917
Political authority, opposition and the state of Russia in wartime: the political, economic and social problems of wartime; opposition and the collapse of autocracy; the political developments of 1917
- Analyse the political, economic and social impacts of the First World War on Russia.
- Explain the causes and immediate consequences of the February 1917 Revolution.
- Evaluate the political dynamics and instability of the Dual Power system in 1917.
1H Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964 – The collapse of autocracy, 1894–1917
Social developments to 1914: change and conditions of working and living in towns and countryside; social divisions; cultural changes
- Describe the changes in working and living conditions in both Russian towns and the countryside up to 1914.
- Analyse the widening social divisions between the nobility, middle classes, workers, and peasants.
- Evaluate the impact of cultural changes, including rising literacy and the arts, on Russian society.
1H Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964 – The emergence of Communist dictatorship, 1917–1941 (A-level only)
Economic developments: Lenin's decrees; the Stalinist economy; collectivisation and the Five Year Plans
- Explain the purpose and impact of Lenin's initial economic decrees in 1917.
- Analyse the methods and consequences of Stalin's policy of forced collectivisation.
- Evaluate the extent to which the Five Year Plans successfully transformed the Soviet economy.
1H Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964 – The emergence of Communist dictatorship, 1917–1941 (A-level only)
Opposition: faction; the Red Terror and the purges
- Define the concept of factionalism and explain the significance of the 1921 Ban on Factions.
- Describe the methods and targets of the Red Terror under Lenin's leadership.
- Analyse the causes, key events, and consequences of Stalin's purges in the 1930s.
1H Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964 – The emergence of Communist dictatorship, 1917–1941 (A-level only)
Political authority and government: new leaders and ideologies; Lenin's Russia, ideology and change; Stalin's rise, ideology and change
- Analyse the core tenets of Marxist-Leninist ideology and its application in Russia.
- Evaluate the methods and ideological arguments Stalin used to secure power between 1924 and 1929.
- Compare the political authority and governmental changes under Lenin with those during Stalin's rise.
1H Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964 – The emergence of Communist dictatorship, 1917–1941 (A-level only)
Political authority and government: the consolidation of Bolshevik authority and development of the Stalinist dictatorship
- Explain the political and military steps taken by the Bolsheviks to consolidate their authority by 1924.
- Analyse the mechanisms of terror and propaganda used in the development of the Stalinist dictatorship.
- Evaluate the relationship between Lenin's consolidation of the one-party state and Stalin's personal dictatorship.
1H Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964 – The emergence of Communist dictatorship, 1917–1941 (A-level only)
Social developments: effect of Leninist/Stalinist rule on class, women, young people, religion and national minorities; propaganda and cultural change
- Compare the impact of Leninist and Stalinist policies on the status and roles of women and young people.
- Explain the methods used by the Soviet state to suppress religion and control national minorities.
- Evaluate the effectiveness of propaganda and Socialist Realism in transforming Soviet culture.
1H Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964 – The emergence of Communist dictatorship, 1917–1941 (A-level only)
The political, economic and social condition of the Soviet Union by 1941
- Evaluate the extent of Stalin's political authority and the reality of the 1936 Constitution by 1941.
- Assess the strengths and weaknesses of the Soviet command economy on the eve of the Second World War.
- Describe the social realities for Soviet citizens in 1941, including living standards and state control.
1H Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964 – The Stalinist dictatorship and reaction, 1941–1964 (A-level only)
Economic and social developments: changes in industrial organisation from Stalin to Khrushchev; agriculture and the Virgin Lands scheme; social and cultural change from Stalin to Khrushchev
- Compare the industrial organisation of the Stalinist era with Khrushchev's decentralisation reforms.
- Evaluate the short-term and long-term effectiveness of the Virgin Lands scheme.
- Analyse the impact of Khrushchev's social policies on the everyday lives of Soviet citizens.
1H Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964 – The Stalinist dictatorship and reaction, 1941–1964 (A-level only)
Opposition: cultural dissidents; communist divisions; hardliners and reformers; opponents of Khrushchev and his fall from power
- Explain the methods and impact of cultural dissidents during the Khrushchev era.
- Analyse the divisions within the Communist Party between hardliners and reformers.
- Evaluate the political, economic, and diplomatic factors that culminated in Khrushchev's fall from power in 1964.
1H Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964 – The Stalinist dictatorship and reaction, 1941–1964 (A-level only)
Political authority and government to 1953: High Stalinism; the revival of terror; destruction of 'supposed' opposition and cult of personality; the power vacuum on Stalin's death
- Define the key characteristics of High Stalinism and explain how political authority was exercised between 1945 and 1953.
- Analyse the motives behind and the impact of the revival of terror and the destruction of 'supposed' opposition.
- Evaluate the causes and immediate consequences of the power vacuum created by Stalin's death in 1953.
1H Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964 – The Stalinist dictatorship and reaction, 1941–1964 (A-level only)
Political authority and government: Khrushchev’s rise to power; policies and ideology; de- Stalinisation; political and party change
- Trace the chronological stages of Khrushchev's rise to power between 1953 and 1957.
- Analyse the motives behind and the consequences of the 1956 Secret Speech.
- Evaluate the extent to which Khrushchev's political and party changes altered the nature of Soviet government.
1H Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964 – The Stalinist dictatorship and reaction, 1941–1964 (A-level only)
Political authority, opposition and the state of Russia in wartime: the political, economic and social impact of war; effect on Stalin, government and 'the people'
- Analyse the methods used by Stalin and the government to centralise political and military authority during the war.
- Evaluate the economic strategies employed to sustain war production, including the relocation of industry.
- Assess the social impact of the war on the Soviet people, including living conditions, casualties, and changes in state-society relations.
1H Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964 – The Stalinist dictatorship and reaction, 1941–1964 (A-level only)
The political, economic and social condition of the Soviet Union by 1964
- Assess the political landscape of the Soviet Union following the removal of Khrushchev.
- Evaluate the successes and failures of the Soviet economy by 1964, particularly in agriculture and consumer goods.
- Analyse the social conditions and living standards of Soviet citizens at the end of the Khrushchev era.
1H Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964 – Trying to preserve autocracy, 1855–1894
Economic and social developments: industrial developments and the land issue; social divisions; nobles, landowners and position of the peasantry; the cultural influence of the Church
- Evaluate the progress and limitations of industrial developments in Russia between 1855 and 1894.
- Analyse the changing social positions of the nobility, landowners, and the peasantry in the post-Emancipation era.
- Assess the cultural influence of the Russian Orthodox Church and its function in supporting the Tsarist regime.
1H Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964 – Trying to preserve autocracy, 1855–1894
Government and Tsars: Alexander II and Alexander III as rulers; attitudes to and imposition of autocracy; key developments
- Compare the attitudes of Alexander II and Alexander III towards autocratic rule.
- Analyse the methods used by both Tsars to impose and maintain their political authority.
- Evaluate the significance of key political developments between 1855 and 1894 in preserving the Tsarist regime.
1H Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964 – Trying to preserve autocracy, 1855–1894
Opposition: ideas and ideologies; individuals; liberals and radical groups and the Tsarist reaction
- Differentiate between the various ideas and ideologies driving opposition to Tsarism between 1855 and 1894.
- Analyse the contributions of specific individuals and radical groups to the opposition movement.
- Evaluate the methods and success of the Tsarist reaction in suppressing liberal and radical threats.
1H Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964 – Trying to preserve autocracy, 1855–1894
Political authority and attempts at reform: Alexander II; emancipation of the serfs and attempts at domestic and military reform
- Explain the terms and immediate consequences of the 1861 Emancipation of the Serfs.
- Analyse the scope and limitations of Alexander II's domestic and military reforms.
- Evaluate the extent to which Alexander II's reforms successfully modernised Russia while preserving autocratic authority.
1H Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964 – Trying to preserve autocracy, 1855–1894
Political authority and the state of Russia: autocracy; the political, social and economic condition of Russia in 1855 and the impact of the Crimean War
- Describe the political, social, and economic structure of Russia in 1855.
- Explain the concept of autocracy and how it was maintained by the Tsarist regime.
- Analyse the consequences of the Crimean War on Russian domestic policy and the perception of the state.
1H Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964 – Trying to preserve autocracy, 1855–1894
Political authority in action: Russification; treatment of ethnic minorities and Jews
- Define the policy of Russification and explain its political objectives.
- Detail the specific methods used to repress ethnic minorities and the Jewish population.
- Evaluate the extent to which Russification strengthened or weakened Tsarist political authority.
1J The British Empire, c1857–1967 – consequence in this period through the following key questions:
How did the Empire influence British attitudes and culture?
- Identify the key mechanisms through which imperial values were transmitted to the British public, such as youth groups and exhibitions.
- Analyse the changing nature of British jingoism and public enthusiasm for the Empire between the Boer War and the 1960s.
- Evaluate the impact of post-war Commonwealth immigration on British cultural life and domestic racial attitudes.
1J The British Empire, c1857–1967 – consequence in this period through the following key questions:
How did the indigenous peoples respond to British rule?
- Categorise the different types of indigenous responses to British rule across the empire.
- Explain the transition from early localised rebellions to organised nationalist movements.
- Analyse the reasons why certain indigenous groups chose to collaborate with British authorities.
1J The British Empire, c1857–1967 – consequence in this period through the following key questions:
How important was the role of key individuals and groups and how were they affected by developments?
- Assess the contribution of specific British and indigenous individuals to the trajectory of the British Empire.
- Explain how major global developments, such as the World Wars, impacted the strategies of nationalist groups.
- Evaluate the changing influence of key groups, such as missionaries and chartered companies, over the period 1857 to 1967.
1J The British Empire, c1857–1967 – consequence in this period through the following key questions:
What influenced imperial policy?
- Identify the key domestic and international factors that influenced British imperial policy decisions.
- Analyse the role of 'men on the spot' and chartered companies in shaping the expansionist policies of the late nineteenth century.
- Evaluate how changing ideological attitudes and international pressures altered imperial policy towards decolonisation in the twentieth century.
1J The British Empire, c1857–1967 – consequence in this period through the following key questions:
What part did economic factors play in the development of the British Empire?
- Explain how the search for raw materials and markets drove formal imperial expansion in the late nineteenth century.
- Analyse the function and impact of the Sterling Area and Imperial Preference on the British economy from the 1930s.
- Evaluate the extent to which post-war economic exhaustion contributed to the dismantling of the British Empire.
1J The British Empire, c1857–1967 – consequence in this period through the following key questions:
Why did the British Empire grow and contract?
- Explain the primary economic and strategic reasons for British imperial expansion in the late nineteenth century.
- Analyse the factors that made the British Empire financially and militarily unsustainable by the mid-twentieth century.
- Evaluate the relative significance of nationalist movements versus British economic decline in driving imperial contraction.
1J The British Empire, c1857–1967 – Imperial consolidation and Liberal rule, c1890–1914
Imperial and colonial policy; the administration of India and Egypt; ‘native policy’; international relations and colonial policy
- Compare the methods of British administration in India and Egypt between 1890 and 1914.
- Analyse the variations in British 'native policy' across different regions of the empire.
- Evaluate the extent to which international relations and European rivalries shaped British colonial policy.
1J The British Empire, c1857–1967 – Imperial consolidation and Liberal rule, c1890–1914
Imperialism: supporters and critics; National Efficiency; the British Empire and popular culture; representations of empire
- Analyse the contrasting arguments of supporters and critics of British imperialism.
- Explain the origins and impact of the National Efficiency movement on British domestic policy.
- Evaluate the methods by which the British Empire was represented and promoted within popular culture.
1J The British Empire, c1857–1967 – Imperial consolidation and Liberal rule, c1890–1914
Relations with indigenous peoples; challenges to British rule; the Sudan; the causes and consequences of the Boer War
- Assess the causes and nature of challenges to British rule by indigenous peoples.
- Explain the strategic motivations behind the British campaign in the Sudan.
- Evaluate the political, economic, and social consequences of the Second Boer War.
1J The British Empire, c1857–1967 – Imperial consolidation and Liberal rule, c1890–1914
The consolidation and expansion of the British Empire in Africa
- Analyse the motives behind British territorial expansion in Africa between 1890 and 1914.
- Evaluate the methods used by the British to consolidate their control over newly acquired African territories.
- Assess the role of chartered companies and individuals in driving imperial expansion in Africa.
1J The British Empire, c1857–1967 – Imperial consolidation and Liberal rule, c1890–1914
The role and influence on attitudes to empire of: Joseph Chamberlain; Cecil Rhodes; colonial administration
- Evaluate Joseph Chamberlain's impact on popularising imperialism and his campaign for Imperial Preference.
- Analyse how Cecil Rhodes' actions in southern Africa both inspired and damaged the imperial cause in Britain.
- Assess the role of colonial administrators in reinforcing the ideology of the civilising mission among the British public.
1J The British Empire, c1857–1967 – Imperial consolidation and Liberal rule, c1890–1914
Trade and commerce
- Analyse the changing patterns of British imperial and non-imperial trade between 1890 and 1914.
- Evaluate the importance of the City of London and invisible earnings to the British economy.
- Explain the arguments for and against Imperial Preference during this period.
1J The British Empire, c1857–1967 – Imperialism challenged, 1914–1947 (A-level only)
Colonial policy and administration in India, Africa and the Middle East; relations with the Dominions; the Statute of Westminster; imperial defence
- Compare the methods of colonial policy and administration used in India, Africa, and the Middle East.
- Explain the constitutional significance of the 1931 Statute of Westminster for relations with the Dominions.
- Assess the strategic and economic challenges facing British imperial defence during the inter-war period.
1J The British Empire, c1857–1967 – Imperialism challenged, 1914–1947 (A-level only)
Expansion and contraction of empire: the impact of the First and Second World Wars; the Mandates; withdrawal from India and the Middle East
- Explain how the Mandates expanded the British Empire after the First World War.
- Analyse the impact of the First and Second World Wars on Britain's ability to sustain its empire.
- Evaluate the causes of the British withdrawal from India and the Middle East.
1J The British Empire, c1857–1967 – Imperialism challenged, 1914–1947 (A-level only)
Imperialist ideals; popular culture; representations of empire
- Explain the evolution of imperialist ideals, including the concept of trusteeship, between 1914 and 1947.
- Analyse how popular culture, including cinema and radio, reflected and shaped attitudes towards the Empire.
- Evaluate the significance of representations of empire, such as the Wembley Exhibition and Empire Marketing Board.
1J The British Empire, c1857–1967 – Imperialism challenged, 1914–1947 (A-level only)
Relations with indigenous peoples; protest and conflict; colonial identity; the development of nationalist movements
- Analyse the changing nature of British relations with indigenous peoples and the causes of protest and conflict between 1914 and 1947.
- Evaluate the impact of the World Wars on the formation of colonial identity.
- Assess the development and strategies of nationalist movements in India and Africa during this period.
1J The British Empire, c1857–1967 – Imperialism challenged, 1914–1947 (A-level only)
The development of trade and commerce; the economic impact of war
- Analyse the development of imperial trade and commerce between 1914 and 1947.
- Evaluate the economic impact of the First and Second World Wars on Britain and its Empire.
- Assess the significance of the 1932 Ottawa Conference and the shift to Imperial Preference.
1J The British Empire, c1857–1967 – Imperialism challenged, 1914–1947 (A-level only)
The role and influence on attitudes to empire of: Gandhi, colonial administration
- Evaluate the significance of Gandhi's campaigns, such as the Salt March, on attitudes towards the rights of imperial subjects.
- Analyse the consequences of colonial administrative actions, such as the Amritsar Massacre, on indigenous support for British rule.
- Assess how colonial administrators' policies and repression influenced domestic British attitudes to the Empire between 1914 and 1947.
1J The British Empire, c1857–1967 – The development of Imperialism, c1857–c1890
Attitudes towards imperialism in Britain; the development of party political conflicts
- Explain the changing attitudes of the British public towards the Empire between 1857 and 1890.
- Compare the imperial policies and rhetoric of Disraeli's Conservative Party and Gladstone's Liberal Party.
- Analyse the impact of imperial issues on domestic British elections and party political conflicts.
1J The British Empire, c1857–1967 – The development of Imperialism, c1857–c1890
Imperial and colonial policy; India’s administration and defence; international relations, colonial policy and the scramble for Africa; informal empire
- Describe the administrative and military structures established in India after 1857.
- Analyse how European international relations drove the Scramble for Africa.
- Evaluate the methods used by Britain to maintain an informal empire through trade and naval power.
1J The British Empire, c1857–1967 – The development of Imperialism, c1857–c1890
Relations with indigenous peoples; the Indian Mutiny and its impact; relations with Boers and Bantu peoples in southern Africa
- Explain the long-term and short-term causes of the Indian Mutiny of 1857.
- Analyse the administrative and social changes implemented in India as a direct result of the Mutiny.
- Evaluate the changing relationship between the British, the Boers, and the Bantu peoples in southern Africa between 1857 and 1890.
1J The British Empire, c1857–1967 – The development of Imperialism, c1857–c1890
The expansion of the British Empire in Africa; the Suez Canal and Egypt
- Explain the strategic and economic reasons for British interest in the Suez Canal.
- Analyse the sequence of events leading to the British military occupation of Egypt in 1882.
- Evaluate the impact of the Egyptian occupation on wider British expansion across the African continent.
1J The British Empire, c1857–1967 – The development of Imperialism, c1857–c1890
The role and influence on attitudes to empire of explorers, missionaries, traders, colonial administrators
- Identify key explorers, missionaries, traders, and colonial administrators from the period 1857 to 1890.
- Explain how the actions, writings, and public relations of these individuals influenced domestic British attitudes towards the empire.
- Evaluate the relative importance of moral, economic, and administrative arguments in shaping public support for imperialism.
1J The British Empire, c1857–1967 – The development of Imperialism, c1857–c1890
Trade and commerce; the chartered companies
- Describe the role of trade and commerce in driving British imperial expansion between 1857 and 1890.
- Explain the function and purpose of chartered companies in securing British commercial and territorial interests.
- Evaluate the extent to which commercial interests dictated British imperial policy compared to other driving factors.
1J The British Empire, c1857–1967 – The winds of change, 1947–1967 (A-level only)
British colonial policy and administration; the Suez Crisis and its impact; international relations; the Commonwealth
- Explain the changing priorities of British colonial policy and administration between 1947 and 1967.
- Analyse the causes, events, and geopolitical consequences of the 1956 Suez Crisis.
- Evaluate the effectiveness of the Commonwealth in maintaining British international influence post-decolonisation.
1J The British Empire, c1857–1967 – The winds of change, 1947–1967 (A-level only)
Decolonisation in Africa and Asia
- Analyse the causes and consequences of British withdrawal from India and Malaya.
- Compare the processes of decolonisation in West Africa and East Africa.
- Evaluate the relative importance of economic, political, and international factors in driving decolonisation.
1J The British Empire, c1857–1967 – The winds of change, 1947–1967 (A-level only)
Post-colonial political, economic and cultural ties; migration; the residual impact of empire; popular culture
- Explain the political and economic functions of the Commonwealth in the post-colonial era, including currency and trade mechanisms.
- Analyse the causes and social impacts of migration from former colonies to Britain between 1947 and 1967.
- Evaluate the residual impact of the British Empire on domestic popular culture and societal attitudes.
1J The British Empire, c1857–1967 – The winds of change, 1947–1967 (A-level only)
Relations with indigenous peoples; challenges to colonial rule in Africa and Asia; Mau Mau; the growth of nationalist movements and reactions to them; Rhodesia
- Compare the methods and successes of nationalist movements in Africa and Asia.
- Evaluate the British political and military reaction to the Mau Mau uprising in Kenya.
- Explain the causes and consequences of the Rhodesian Unilateral Declaration of Independence in 1965.
1J The British Empire, c1857–1967 – The winds of change, 1947–1967 (A-level only)
The role and influence on attitudes to empire of: nationalist leaders, colonial administration
- Evaluate the methods used by nationalist leaders to influence local and international attitudes towards British rule.
- Compare the different approaches taken by colonial administrators in responding to nationalist demands.
- Analyse how the interaction between nationalists and administrators shaped the broader trajectory of decolonisation.
1J The British Empire, c1857–1967 – The winds of change, 1947–1967 (A-level only)
Trade and commerce; post-war reconstruction
- Explain the role of the Sterling Area in British post-war economic reconstruction.
- Analyse the motivations behind and outcomes of post-war colonial development schemes.
- Evaluate the impact of British trade and commerce policies on colonial attitudes towards independence.
1K The making of a Superpower: USA, 1865–1975 – consequence in this period through the following key questions:
How did government, political authority and political parties change and develop?
- Explain the transition of the US federal government from a laissez-faire model to an interventionist state.
- Analyse the shift in political authority from Congress to the Presidency between 1865 and 1975.
- Map the ideological and demographic realignments of the Democratic and Republican parties across the period.
1K The making of a Superpower: USA, 1865–1975 – consequence in this period through the following key questions:
How did the role of the USA in world affairs change?
- Trace the chronological development of US foreign policy from 1865 to 1975.
- Analyse the causes behind the shift from continental expansion to global superpower status.
- Evaluate the extent to which the USA's role in world affairs changed across different sub-periods.
1K The making of a Superpower: USA, 1865–1975 – consequence in this period through the following key questions:
How important was the role of key individuals and groups and how were they affected by developments?
- Assess the historical significance of key American political and social leaders.
- Explain how grassroots organisations influenced federal legislation and societal norms.
- Analyse the impact of major historical developments on the status and power of different demographic groups.
1K The making of a Superpower: USA, 1865–1975 – consequence in this period through the following key questions:
How important were ideas and ideology?
- Identify the key political, economic, and social ideologies that influenced the USA between 1865 and 1975.
- Analyse how ideological shifts altered the role of the federal government in American society.
- Evaluate the relative importance of ideology compared to economic and geopolitical factors in shaping US history.
1K The making of a Superpower: USA, 1865–1975 – consequence in this period through the following key questions:
How united was the USA during this period?
- Identify key periods of national unity and division between 1865 and 1975.
- Analyse the causes of social, political, and economic fragmentation in the USA.
- Evaluate the extent to which external events fostered domestic cohesion.
1K The making of a Superpower: USA, 1865–1975 – consequence in this period through the following key questions:
In what ways did the economy and society of the USA change and develop?
- Trace the development of the US economy from post-Civil War industrialisation to the post-1945 consumer boom.
- Evaluate the impact of urbanisation and mass immigration on the structure of American society.
- Analyse how economic shifts influenced the development and success of major social movements, including civil rights and labour rights.
1K The making of a Superpower: USA, 1865–1975 – only) Crisis of identity, 1920–1945 (A-level only)
Domestic politics: Harding, Coolidge and Republican conservatism; Hoover and the Depression
- Explain the key principles of Republican conservatism under Harding and Coolidge.
- Analyse the causes and political consequences of the Teapot Dome scandal.
- Evaluate the effectiveness of Hoover's policies in addressing the onset of the Great Depression.
1K The making of a Superpower: USA, 1865–1975 – only) Crisis of identity, 1920–1945 (A-level only)
FD Roosevelt and the New Deals: conflict of ideas over the role of the Federal Government
- Distinguish between the legislative priorities of the First and Second New Deals.
- Explain the constitutional arguments used by the Supreme Court to strike down early New Deal legislation.
- Evaluate the differing ideological criticisms of the New Deal from both conservative and radical perspectives.
1K The making of a Superpower: USA, 1865–1975 – only) Crisis of identity, 1920–1945 (A-level only)
Social and cultural developments: ‘the Jazz Age’ in the 1920s; new social values and the role of women; the failure of prohibition and its significance; social impact of the Depression and the Second World War
- Analyse the extent to which the 'Jazz Age' transformed social values and the role of women in the 1920s.
- Explain the reasons for the failure of Prohibition and evaluate its broader social significance.
- Compare the contrasting social impacts of the Great Depression and the Second World War on American society.
1K The making of a Superpower: USA, 1865–1975 – only) Crisis of identity, 1920–1945 (A-level only)
Social, regional and ethnic divisions: countryside versus city; divisions between North, West and South; African-Americans and the rise of the Ku Klux Klan
- Analyse the cultural and economic factors driving the divide between rural and urban America in the 1920s.
- Compare the social and economic conditions of the North, West, and South during this period.
- Explain the causes and consequences of the Ku Klux Klan's resurgence and its impact on African-Americans and other minority groups.
1K The making of a Superpower: USA, 1865–1975 – only) Crisis of identity, 1920–1945 (A-level only)
The economy: boom to bust and recovery; structural weaknesses and the impact of the New Deals and the Second World War on economic recovery
- Explain the structural weaknesses that undermined the 1920s economic boom.
- Evaluate the extent to which the New Deals achieved economic recovery compared to the Second World War.
- Analyse the transition of the US economy from the prosperity of the 1920s to the depression of the 1930s.
1K The making of a Superpower: USA, 1865–1975 – only) Crisis of identity, 1920–1945 (A-level only)
The USA and international relations: the extent of isolationism; FDR and the end of isolationism and the Second World War
- Evaluate the degree to which the United States pursued an isolationist foreign policy during the 1920s and 1930s.
- Analyse the strategies used by Franklin D. Roosevelt to overcome domestic opposition and support the Allies.
- Explain the sequence of events and policies that led to the definitive end of US isolationism and entry into the Second World War.
1K The making of a Superpower: USA, 1865–1975 – Populism, progressivism and imperialism, 1890–1920
Economic change and developments: the rise of US dominance as an economic and industrial power and the consequences of this
- Explain the factors that facilitated the rise of the US as a global industrial and economic power between 1890 and 1920.
- Analyse the domestic social and political consequences of rapid industrial expansion and corporate monopolies.
- Evaluate how economic dominance influenced US foreign policy and the shift towards imperialism.
1K The making of a Superpower: USA, 1865–1975 – Populism, progressivism and imperialism, 1890–1920
Foreign affairs: imperialism; engagement in international affairs; Spain and the Philippines; the Panama Canal; the First World War, neutrality and entry
- Explain the causes and outcomes of the Spanish-American War and the acquisition of the Philippines.
- Analyse the strategic importance of the Panama Canal to US global engagement.
- Evaluate the factors that shifted US policy from neutrality to entry into the First World War.
1K The making of a Superpower: USA, 1865–1975 – Populism, progressivism and imperialism, 1890–1920
Political tensions and divisions: the reaction against Big Business at national and state level
- Describe the methods used by state governments to regulate Big Business.
- Explain the national legislative measures introduced to curb corporate monopolies.
- Evaluate the extent to which political divisions hindered the regulation of Big Business.
1K The making of a Superpower: USA, 1865–1975 – Populism, progressivism and imperialism, 1890–1920
Social developments: mass immigration and urbanisation and their consequences; the position of African-Americans
- Analyse the causes and characteristics of mass immigration and urbanisation between 1890 and 1920.
- Evaluate the social and political consequences of rapid urban growth and changing immigration patterns.
- Assess the political, social, and economic position of African-Americans, including the impact of Jim Crow laws and the Great Migration.
1K The making of a Superpower: USA, 1865–1975 – Populism, progressivism and imperialism, 1890–1920
The ideas and influence of Bryan, Roosevelt and Taft; Populism, Progressivism and Wilson’s New Freedom
- Differentiate between the core principles of Populism and Progressivism.
- Analyse the impact of Bryan, Roosevelt, and Taft on their respective political parties.
- Evaluate the legislative achievements of Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom programme.
1K The making of a Superpower: USA, 1865–1975 – Populism, progressivism and imperialism, 1890–1920
The USA by 1920: economic power; social and ethnic divisions; political reaction and renewed isolationism
- Describe the factors that established the USA as a global economic power by 1920.
- Analyse the causes of social and ethnic divisions in post-war America, including nativism and racial violence.
- Evaluate the reasons for the political reaction and the shift towards renewed isolationism following the First World War.
1K The making of a Superpower: USA, 1865–1975 – The Era of Reconstruction and the Gilded Age, 1865–1890
Economic growth and the rise of corporations: railways; oil; developments in agriculture; urbanisation
- Explain how the expansion of the railway network facilitated national economic growth and the rise of corporations.
- Analyse the business methods used to establish corporate dominance in the oil industry.
- Evaluate the impact of mechanisation and territorial expansion on agricultural production and farming communities.
- Assess the relationship between industrial economic growth and the rapid pace of urbanisation.
1K The making of a Superpower: USA, 1865–1975 – The Era of Reconstruction and the Gilded Age, 1865–1890
Laissez-faire dominance and consequences; the impact of the ending of the frontier
- Define laissez-faire capitalism and identify its key proponents during the Gilded Age.
- Analyse the social and economic consequences of unregulated industrial expansion.
- Evaluate the psychological and practical impacts of the closure of the American frontier in 1890.
1K The making of a Superpower: USA, 1865–1975 – The Era of Reconstruction and the Gilded Age, 1865–1890
Social, regional and ethnic divisions: divisions within and between North, South and West; the position of African-Americans
- Analyse the economic and cultural differences that caused divisions between the North, South and West.
- Evaluate the extent of social and ethnic divisions within individual regions, including class conflict and nativism.
- Assess the political, economic and social position of African-Americans between 1865 and 1890.
1K The making of a Superpower: USA, 1865–1975 – The Era of Reconstruction and the Gilded Age, 1865–1890
The limits of foreign engagement and continuation of isolationism: the continuation of the Monroe Doctrine; territorial consolidation (Alaska) and tensions over Canada
- Explain the limits of US foreign engagement and the nature of its isolationism between 1865 and 1890.
- Analyse the application of the Monroe Doctrine and the strategic reasons for the purchase of Alaska.
- Evaluate the sources of tension regarding Canada and how these disputes were diplomatically resolved.
1K The making of a Superpower: USA, 1865–1975 – The Era of Reconstruction and the Gilded Age, 1865–1890
The politics of the Gilded Age and the era of weak presidents; political corruption
- Explain the characteristics and consequences of the 'weak presidents' during the Gilded Age.
- Analyse the methods and impact of political machines and corruption in urban centres.
- Evaluate the transition from the spoils system to civil service reform following the Pendleton Act.
1K The making of a Superpower: USA, 1865–1975 – The Era of Reconstruction and the Gilded Age, 1865–1890
The weaknesses of Federal Government: Johnson, Grant and the failure of Radical Reconstruction
- Analyse the causes and constitutional consequences of Andrew Johnson's 1868 impeachment.
- Evaluate the impact of political scandals on Ulysses S. Grant's presidency and public opinion.
- Assess the political and social reasons for the ultimate failure of Radical Reconstruction in the South.
1K The making of a Superpower: USA, 1865–1975 – The Superpower, 1945–1975 (A-level only)
Domestic politics: Truman, Eisenhower and post-war reconstruction
- Analyse the economic and social challenges of post-war reconstruction under Truman.
- Evaluate the legislative successes and failures of Truman's Fair Deal.
- Assess the principles and practical application of Eisenhower's Dynamic Conservatism.
1K The making of a Superpower: USA, 1865–1975 – The Superpower, 1945–1975 (A-level only)
Economic change and developments: the rise of the consumer society and economic boom
- Explain the primary causes of the post-1945 economic boom in the United States.
- Describe the key features and developments of the emerging consumer society.
- Analyse the extent to which economic change benefited different demographic groups in America.
1K The making of a Superpower: USA, 1865–1975 – The Superpower, 1945–1975 (A-level only)
Ideological, social, regional and ethnic divisions: McCarthyism; civil rights; youth culture; protest and the mass media
- Analyse the causes and consequences of McCarthyism on American ideological divisions.
- Evaluate the methods and impact of civil rights protests in addressing ethnic and regional divisions.
- Assess the role of the mass media in shaping public perception of youth culture and protest movements.
1K The making of a Superpower: USA, 1865–1975 – The Superpower, 1945–1975 (A-level only)
Kennedy, Johnson and Nixon; New Frontier; the Great Society; Nixon and Republican revival
- Compare the aims and legislative outcomes of Kennedy's New Frontier and Johnson's Great Society.
- Evaluate the impact of Great Society programmes on poverty and civil rights in America.
- Analyse the political and social factors that drove Nixon's election and the Republican revival.
1K The making of a Superpower: USA, 1865–1975 – The Superpower, 1945–1975 (A-level only)
The USA and international relations: the Cold War and relations with the USSR and China; the Vietnam War
- Explain the evolution of US-USSR relations from confrontation to détente.
- Analyse the strategic reasons for the USA's diplomatic opening to China in the early 1970s.
- Evaluate the causes and international consequences of US involvement in the Vietnam War.
1K The making of a Superpower: USA, 1865–1975 – The Superpower, 1945–1975 (A-level only)
The USA by 1975: its place as a Superpower; the limits of social cohesion; new cultural developments, including the role of women and the position of African-Americans
- Evaluate the strength of the USA's position as a global Superpower by 1975.
- Analyse the causes and indicators of declining social cohesion in 1970s America.
- Assess the extent of progress made by women and African-Americans in achieving equality by 1975.
1L The quest for political stability: Germany, 1871–1991 – consequence in this period through the following key questions:
How and with what results did the economy develop and change?
- Explain the methods used by different German governments to stimulate economic growth between 1871 and 1991.
- Evaluate the social and political results of major economic crises, such as hyperinflation and the Great Depression.
- Compare the economic development and outcomes of the FRG and GDR during the Cold War division.
1L The quest for political stability: Germany, 1871–1991 – consequence in this period through the following key questions:
How effective was opposition?
- Identify key opposition groups and figures across the five German political eras from 1871 to 1991.
- Analyse the varying methods employed by opposition movements to challenge political authority.
- Evaluate the success or failure of opposition movements in achieving their objectives against different types of state control.
1L The quest for political stability: Germany, 1871–1991 – consequence in this period through the following key questions:
How important was the role of key individuals and groups and how were they affected by developments?
- Assess the historical impact of key German leaders between 1871 and 1991.
- Analyse how major economic and political developments altered the status of specific social groups.
- Evaluate the balance between individual agency and structural forces in shaping German political stability.
1L The quest for political stability: Germany, 1871–1991 – consequence in this period through the following key questions:
How important were ideas and ideology?
- Differentiate between broad political ideas and formal ideologies in German history.
- Evaluate the impact of specific ideologies on state policies and societal stability.
- Compare the role and reception of democratic and authoritarian ideas across different German regimes.
1L The quest for political stability: Germany, 1871–1991 – consequence in this period through the following key questions:
How was Germany governed and how did political authority change and develop?
- Describe the constitutional frameworks of the five distinct German regimes between 1871 and 1991.
- Analyse the shifting balance of power between the executive and the legislature across the period.
- Evaluate the factors that caused political authority to change and develop over the 120-year timeframe.
1L The quest for political stability: Germany, 1871–1991 – consequence in this period through the following key questions:
What was the extent of social and cultural change?
- Analyse the extent to which the role of women changed in German society between 1871 and 1991.
- Evaluate the contrast between Weimar cultural experimentation and Nazi cultural coordination (Gleichschaltung).
- Assess the differing social structures that developed in East and West Germany after 1945.
1L The quest for political stability: Germany, 1871–1991 – Division to unity: the Federal Republic of Germany, 1949–1991 (A-level only)
Economic developments: the growth of the West German economy; the economic miracle and its aftermath; participation in the EEC/EU; impact of the oil crisis
- Explain the domestic and international factors that facilitated the West German economic miracle.
- Assess the economic advantages gained by West Germany through its participation in the EEC.
- Analyse the economic and social consequences of the 1970s oil crises on the West German state.
1L The quest for political stability: Germany, 1871–1991 – Division to unity: the Federal Republic of Germany, 1949–1991 (A-level only)
Extra-parliamentary opposition and pressure: student protest; urban terrorism and the Baader-Meinhof gang; environmentalism
- Explain the causes and key events of the 1960s student protest movement in West Germany.
- Analyse the ideological motivations and violent methods of the Baader-Meinhof gang.
- Trace the development of the environmental movement from grassroots protests to the establishment of the Green Party.
1L The quest for political stability: Germany, 1871–1991 – Division to unity: the Federal Republic of Germany, 1949–1991 (A-level only)
Government and opposition: governments; parties and policies; chancellors after Adenauer and coalition governments under the three party system; the search for consensus
- Explain the mechanics and significance of the three-party system in the Federal Republic of Germany.
- Evaluate the effectiveness of chancellors after Adenauer in maintaining coalition governments and achieving policy consensus.
- Analyse the relationship between consensus politics in government and the rise of extra-parliamentary opposition.
1L The quest for political stability: Germany, 1871–1991 – Division to unity: the Federal Republic of Germany, 1949–1991 (A-level only)
Political authority: Adenauer as Chancellor and establishment of democracy in Western Germany; the constitution, checks and balances; the state of German democracy
- Explain how the Basic Law established effective checks and balances in Western Germany.
- Analyse the methods by which Adenauer consolidated political authority during his chancellorship.
- Evaluate the overall state and stability of German democracy by the end of Adenauer's tenure.
1L The quest for political stability: Germany, 1871–1991 – Division to unity: the Federal Republic of Germany, 1949–1991 (A-level only)
Social developments: the effect of the Nazi legacy; standards of living; changes to the position of women, youth, unemployment; social tensions; modern culture
- Analyse the impact of the Nazi legacy on generational relations and youth movements in the FRG.
- Evaluate the extent of change in the social and economic position of women between 1949 and 1991.
- Explain how fluctuating unemployment rates and economic shifts contributed to social tensions, particularly regarding guest workers.
1L The quest for political stability: Germany, 1871–1991 – Division to unity: the Federal Republic of Germany, 1949–1991 (A-level only)
The political, economic and social condition of reunified Germany by 1991: Kohl and the drive to reunification; strengths and problems of reunification
- Evaluate the effectiveness of Helmut Kohl's political and diplomatic strategies in achieving German reunification.
- Analyse the economic consequences of reunification for the former East Germany by 1991, including unemployment and industrial collapse.
- Assess the social and cultural divisions that remained between East and West Germans immediately following reunification.
1L The quest for political stability: Germany, 1871–1991 – Empire to democracy, 1914–1929
Economic developments: the impact of war; post-war economic problems and policies; reparations; hyperinflation; Dawes and Young Plans and foreign loans; industrial growth; agriculture
- Explain the causes and consequences of post-war economic problems, including reparations and hyperinflation.
- Evaluate the impact of the Dawes and Young Plans and foreign loans on German industrial growth.
- Analyse the causes of the agricultural depression and its contrast with industrial recovery during the 1920s.
1L The quest for political stability: Germany, 1871–1991 – Empire to democracy, 1914–1929
Government and opposition 1924–1929: the impact of the Ruhr invasion and the leadership of Stresemann; degree of governmental change; degree of opposition
- Explain the political impact of the Ruhr invasion and the subsequent policy shifts.
- Evaluate the effectiveness of Gustav Stresemann's leadership in stabilising the Weimar Republic.
- Analyse the extent of governmental change and the persistence of political opposition between 1924 and 1929.
1L The quest for political stability: Germany, 1871–1991 – Empire to democracy, 1914–1929
Government and opposition to 1924: post-war political problems; attempted coups and the opposition of left and right; the occupation of the Ruhr; the working of Weimar government; its strengths and weaknesses
- Identify the major post-war political problems that undermined the early Weimar Republic.
- Compare the methods and impacts of attempted coups from both left-wing and right-wing opposition groups.
- Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the Weimar government's response to the occupation of the Ruhr and subsequent crises.
1L The quest for political stability: Germany, 1871–1991 – Empire to democracy, 1914–1929
Political authority: the political impact of the First World War on Germany; political change and breakdown by 1918; the 1918 revolution; the establishment of democratic government in the Weimar constitution
- Explain the political impact of the First World War on Germany's leadership structure.
- Differentiate between the causes and events of the 'revolution from above' and the 'revolution from below' in 1918.
- Analyse the democratic features and structural vulnerabilities of the Weimar Constitution.
1L The quest for political stability: Germany, 1871–1991 – Empire to democracy, 1914–1929
Social developments: the effect of war on German society; social and cultural changes in Weimar Germany
- Explain the demographic and social consequences of the First World War on the German population.
- Analyse the extent of social change in Weimar Germany, focusing on women's roles and the welfare state.
- Evaluate the characteristics and societal reception of Weimar cultural movements.
1L The quest for political stability: Germany, 1871–1991 – Empire to democracy, 1914–1929
The political, economic and social condition of Germany by 1929
- Evaluate the extent of political stability achieved by the Weimar Republic by 1929.
- Identify the strengths and structural weaknesses of the German economy on the eve of the Great Depression.
- Describe the social divisions and cultural climate characterising Germany at the end of the 1920s.
1L The quest for political stability: Germany, 1871–1991 – only) The Nazi experiment, 1929–1949 (A-level only)
Economic developments: the impact of the Depression; recovery and development under Nazis in peace and war; the post-war economy
- Assess the economic and political consequences of the Great Depression on Germany.
- Evaluate the successes and limitations of Nazi economic policies in both peacetime and wartime.
- Analyse the condition of the post-war German economy and the impact of Allied economic policies up to 1949.
1L The quest for political stability: Germany, 1871–1991 – only) The Nazi experiment, 1929–1949 (A-level only)
Government and opposition to 1945: Nazism as an ideology and in practice; Hitler's style of government; the Terror State; opposition and resistance; key Nazi leaders; the effect of war
- Compare the ideological goals of Nazism with the practical realities of Hitler's polycratic style of government.
- Evaluate the effectiveness of the Terror State and the roles of key Nazi leaders in maintaining domestic control.
- Analyse the impact of the Second World War on the radicalisation of Nazi policies and the emergence of active resistance.
1L The quest for political stability: Germany, 1871–1991 – only) The Nazi experiment, 1929–1949 (A-level only)
Political authority 1929–1945: the collapse of Weimar democracy and the establishment of the one-party authoritarian Nazi State; the roles of Hindenburg and Hitler
- Analyse the economic and political factors that led to the collapse of Weimar democracy from 1929.
- Evaluate the role of President Hindenburg and conservative elites in facilitating Hitler's appointment as Chancellor.
- Explain the legal and extra-legal methods Hitler used to establish a one-party authoritarian state by 1934.
1L The quest for political stability: Germany, 1871–1991 – only) The Nazi experiment, 1929–1949 (A-level only)
Political authority and government 1945–1949: post-war occupation and division; the issue of Berlin and the blockade; the division of Germany
- Explain the structure and challenges of the four-power occupation of Germany and Berlin.
- Analyse the causes, events, and consequences of the 1948-1949 Berlin Blockade.
- Evaluate the factors that led to the formal division of Germany into the FRG and GDR in 1949.
1L The quest for political stability: Germany, 1871–1991 – only) The Nazi experiment, 1929–1949 (A-level only)
Social developments and tensions; Nazi social policies including volksgemeinschaft and the racial state; Nazi culture; postwar German society and the legacy of Nazism
- Analyse the aims and effectiveness of Nazi social policies in creating a Volksgemeinschaft.
- Explain the development and implementation of the Nazi racial state and cultural coordination (Gleichschaltung).
- Assess the social condition of postwar Germany and the enduring legacy of Nazism on its population.
1L The quest for political stability: Germany, 1871–1991 – only) The Nazi experiment, 1929–1949 (A-level only)
The political, economic and social condition of Germany by 1949
- Evaluate the political structures established in the FRG and GDR by 1949.
- Compare the economic conditions and recovery strategies in West and East Germany by 1949.
- Analyse the social challenges facing the German population in 1949, including refugees and urban destruction.
1L The quest for political stability: Germany, 1871–1991 – The Kaiserreich, 1871–1914
Economic developments: industrial expansion; old and new industries; trade and wealth
- Describe the scale and pace of German industrial expansion between 1871 and 1914.
- Distinguish between the contributions of old and new industries to the German economy.
- Assess the impact of increased trade and wealth on German society and politics.
1L The quest for political stability: Germany, 1871–1991 – The Kaiserreich, 1871–1914
Government and opposition: Kaiser Wilhelm I and government under Bismarck; their personalities and policies; the role of the Reichstag; the struggle between autocracy and democracy; the development of parties and political opposition
- Analyse the working relationship and contrasting personalities of Kaiser Wilhelm I and Chancellor Bismarck.
- Evaluate the impact of Bismarck's domestic policies on the development of political opposition parties.
- Explain the role of the Reichstag in the ongoing struggle between autocratic governance and democratic representation.
1L The quest for political stability: Germany, 1871–1991 – The Kaiserreich, 1871–1914
Government and opposition: Kaiser Wilhelm II and his chancellors; personalities and policies; the place of the Reichstag; the struggle between autocracy and democracy; the development of parties and political opposition
- Analyse the relationship between Kaiser Wilhelm II and his chancellors.
- Evaluate the extent of the Reichstag's power within the German constitution.
- Trace the development and impact of political parties, particularly the SPD.
1L The quest for political stability: Germany, 1871–1991 – The Kaiserreich, 1871–1914
Political authority: the extent and make-up of the German Empire in 1871; the 1871 constitution; the role of Emperor and Chancellor; political groupings and parties and their ideologies
- Describe the geographical and political make-up of the German Empire in 1871.
- Explain the distribution of power between the Emperor, Chancellor, Bundesrat, and Reichstag under the 1871 constitution.
- Compare the core ideologies and support bases of the main political parties in the new Empire.
1L The quest for political stability: Germany, 1871–1991 – The Kaiserreich, 1871–1914
Social developments: the class hierarchy; elitism and the culture of militarism; the condition of the working people
- Analyse the structure of the German class hierarchy and the enduring power of the traditional elites.
- Evaluate the extent to which militarism permeated German culture and society.
- Assess the living and working conditions of the working people and their political responses.
1L The quest for political stability: Germany, 1871–1991 – The Kaiserreich, 1871–1914
The political, economic and social condition of Germany by 1914
- Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the German economy on the eve of the First World War.
- Analyse the political tensions between the Reichstag, the Chancellor, and the Kaiser by 1914.
- Assess the social divisions within Germany and how they were impacted by rapid industrialisation.
2A Royal Authority and the Angevin Kings, 1154–1216 – King John, 1199–1214 (A-level only)
Relations with the Church: Hubert Walter as Archbishop of Canterbury; the dispute with the Papacy; the interdict of 1208
- Evaluate the contribution of Hubert Walter to the stability of King John's early government.
- Analyse the causes and progression of the dispute between King John and Pope Innocent III.
- Assess the religious and financial consequences of the 1208 Interdict for both the Crown and the English Church.
2A Royal Authority and the Angevin Kings, 1154–1216 – King John, 1199–1214 (A-level only)
Royal government under King John: the character and aims of the King; his relations with the barons; the royal finances; justice and the law
- Analyse the impact of King John's character and aims on his style of royal government.
- Evaluate the methods used by John to increase royal finances and their effect on the nobility.
- Assess the extent to which John's administration of justice was both innovative and arbitrary.
2A Royal Authority and the Angevin Kings, 1154–1216 – King John, 1199–1214 (A-level only)
Scotland, Ireland and Wales: relations with William of Scotland and the invasion of 1209; John’s rule in Ireland and the invasion of 1210; attempts to pacify Wales
- Explain the reasons for and consequences of the 1209 invasion of Scotland and relations with William of Scotland.
- Analyse the methods and impact of John's rule in Ireland, including the 1210 invasion.
- Evaluate the success of John's attempts to pacify Wales and manage Llywelyn the Great.
2A Royal Authority and the Angevin Kings, 1154–1216 – King John, 1199–1214 (A-level only)
The loss of Normandy and war with France: the defeats of 1202–1204 and the long campaigns to regain Normandy
- Analyse the causes and key events of the war with France between 1202 and 1204.
- Evaluate the reasons for the loss of Normandy, comparing John's weaknesses with Philip II's strengths.
- Assess the methods and impact of John's long campaigns to regain his continental possessions up to 1214.
2A Royal Authority and the Angevin Kings, 1154–1216 – only) Richard I, 1189–1199 (A-level only)
England without Richard: the absentee king; royal authority under the rule of William Longchamp, Hugh de Puiset and Walter de Coutances; the ambitions of Prince John and the later government under Hubert Walter
- Explain the challenges posed by an absentee king and how Richard attempted to manage them through his justiciars.
- Analyse the causes and consequences of the conflict between William Longchamp, Hugh de Puiset, and Prince John.
- Evaluate the success of Hubert Walter's government in maintaining royal authority and developing English administration.
2A Royal Authority and the Angevin Kings, 1154–1216 – only) Richard I, 1189–1199 (A-level only)
Relations with France and the conflict between Richard and Philip II; rivalries following the Third Crusade; war from 1194; the truce of 1199
- Explain the causes of the rivalry between Richard I and Philip II during and after the Third Crusade.
- Analyse the military campaigns undertaken by Richard I from 1194 to recover Angevin territories.
- Evaluate the significance of the truce of 1199 in the context of the wider Angevin-Capetian conflict.
2A Royal Authority and the Angevin Kings, 1154–1216 – only) Richard I, 1189–1199 (A-level only)
Social and economic developments: towns and trade; persecution of Jews; the social condition of England by 1199
- Describe the development of towns and trade during Richard I's reign, including the role of royal charters.
- Analyse the causes and consequences of the persecution of the Jews in 1189-1190.
- Evaluate the social and economic condition of England by 1199, considering the impact of royal financial demands.
2A Royal Authority and the Angevin Kings, 1154–1216 – only) Richard I, 1189–1199 (A-level only)
The character and aims of King Richard: attitudes towards religion and the Church; his involvement in the Third Crusade
- Analyse the key features of Richard I's character and his primary aims as king.
- Evaluate Richard's attitudes towards religion and how this influenced his relationship with the Church.
- Assess the successes and failures of Richard's involvement in the Third Crusade.
2A Royal Authority and the Angevin Kings, 1154–1216 – The crisis of Royal Authority, 1166–1174
Henry II and Ireland: the invasions of 1169 and 1171; relations with the Irish nobility
- Distinguish between the causes and nature of the 1169 baronial invasion, Strongbow's 1170 arrival, and the 1171 royal invasion of Ireland.
- Analyse Henry II's motivations for intervening directly in Ireland in 1171.
- Evaluate the effectiveness of Henry II's relations with the Irish nobility and his own barons.
2A Royal Authority and the Angevin Kings, 1154–1216 – The crisis of Royal Authority, 1166–1174
The conflict between Church and State: Thomas Becket and the crisis of 1170; the clash between Henry II and the Papacy
- Explain the causes of the dispute between Henry II and Thomas Becket.
- Analyse the events and immediate consequences of the crisis of 1170.
- Evaluate the outcome of the clash between Henry II and the Papacy following Becket's death.
2A Royal Authority and the Angevin Kings, 1154–1216 – The crisis of Royal Authority, 1166–1174
The course of the Great Rebellion: political instability; the barons; William I of Scotland; the re-establishment of Henry II’s rule
- Describe the multi-front nature of the military campaigns during the Great Rebellion.
- Assess the contribution of William I of Scotland to the political instability in England.
- Evaluate the military and political strategies Henry II employed to defeat the rebels and re-establish his authority.
2A Royal Authority and the Angevin Kings, 1154–1216 – The crisis of Royal Authority, 1166–1174
The origins of the Great Rebellion: dynastic instability and Henry II’s relations with the three rebellious sons, Eleanor of Aquitaine and their supporters; the role of Louis VII of France
- Identify the specific grievances of Young Henry, Richard, and Geoffrey against Henry II.
- Explain the role of Eleanor of Aquitaine and Louis VII in escalating a family dispute into a major rebellion.
- Analyse the underlying reasons why various barons chose to support the rebellious sons.
2A Royal Authority and the Angevin Kings, 1154–1216 – The end of John's reign, 1214–1216 (A-level only)
Defeat in the war with France: failure of John’s final campaign to regain Normandy; the Battle of Bouvines; the unfavourable peace with Philip II
- Describe the strategic plan and execution of John's final campaign to regain Normandy in 1214.
- Explain the outcome and significance of the Battle of Bouvines for both England and France.
- Analyse the terms of the unfavourable peace with Philip II and its impact on John's domestic authority.
2A Royal Authority and the Angevin Kings, 1154–1216 – The end of John's reign, 1214–1216 (A-level only)
King John’s legacy: the problem of the succession and role of William Marshal as Protector; the political, economic and social condition of England by 1216
- Explain the challenges surrounding the succession of Henry III in 1216.
- Evaluate the effectiveness of William Marshal's role as Protector of the realm.
- Analyse the political, economic, and social condition of England at the end of King John's reign.
2A Royal Authority and the Angevin Kings, 1154–1216 – The end of John's reign, 1214–1216 (A-level only)
Relations between King John and the barons: Robert Fitzwalter and the ‘Army of God’; negotiations leading to Magna Carta
- Identify the key grievances that destroyed relations between King John and the rebel barons.
- Evaluate the role of Robert Fitzwalter and the 'Army of God' in forcing King John to negotiate.
- Explain the process and key figures involved in the negotiations at Runnymede that led to Magna Carta.
2A Royal Authority and the Angevin Kings, 1154–1216 – The end of John's reign, 1214–1216 (A-level only)
The First Barons War: baronial unrest and the outbreak of the war; John’s military campaigns; the death of the King
- Analyse the factors that transformed baronial unrest into the First Barons' War.
- Evaluate the effectiveness of King John's military campaigns between 1215 and 1216.
- Assess the political consequences of King John's death for the rebel cause.
2A Royal Authority and the Angevin Kings, 1154–1216 – The Restoration of Royal Authority, 1154–1166
Henry II and England’s overseas territories; the lordship of Ireland; Normandy, Gascony and Aquitaine; relations with France
- Identify the geographical extent and distinct characteristics of Normandy, Gascony, and Aquitaine.
- Explain the sequence of events and motivations leading to Henry II establishing the Lordship of Ireland.
- Analyse the feudal and political tensions inherent in Henry II's relationship with the King of France.
2A Royal Authority and the Angevin Kings, 1154–1216 – The Restoration of Royal Authority, 1154–1166
The place of religion in society: the political role of the Church; ecclesiastical courts; the importance of the Church in finance and the economy
- Describe the structure and jurisdiction of twelfth-century ecclesiastical courts.
- Explain the methods by which the Church generated and maintained its wealth in the Angevin economy.
- Assess the political significance of senior clergy within Henry II's royal administration.
2A Royal Authority and the Angevin Kings, 1154–1216 – The Restoration of Royal Authority, 1154–1166
The political, economic and social condition of England in 1154; the character and aims of Henry II; the strengths and weaknesses of Henry II’s position at his accession
- Describe the political, economic, and social state of England at the end of Stephen's reign in 1154.
- Explain how Henry II's character and aims shaped his approach to kingship.
- Evaluate the relative strengths and weaknesses of Henry II's political and financial position upon taking the throne.
2A Royal Authority and the Angevin Kings, 1154–1216 – The Restoration of Royal Authority, 1154–1166
The restoration of royal authority under Henry II: the barons; royal finance; justice and the law
- Identify the specific measures Henry II took to reduce the military and territorial power of the barons.
- Explain how the revival of the Exchequer and the use of scutage restored the Crown's financial stability.
- Evaluate the long-term significance of Henry II's legal reforms, focusing on the Assize of Clarendon and the role of itinerant justices.
2A Royal Authority and the Angevin Kings, 1154–1216 – The struggle for Royal Authority, 1174–1189
Attempts to consolidate royal authority after the Great Rebellion: court and family tensions; the barons; the royal finances; justice and the law
- Identify the key legal and financial reforms implemented by Henry II after 1174.
- Explain how Henry II curtailed the military and political power of the barons following the Great Rebellion.
- Analyse the causes and consequences of the ongoing dynastic tensions within the Angevin royal family.
2A Royal Authority and the Angevin Kings, 1154–1216 – The struggle for Royal Authority, 1174–1189
England’s overseas territories: developments in Ireland after the 1175 Treaty of Windsor; the dynastic ambitions of Henry’s sons; relations with Philip II of France; Henry’s final military campaign; the death of the King
- Evaluate the effectiveness of the 1175 Treaty of Windsor in managing England's overseas territories in Ireland.
- Analyse how the dynastic ambitions of Henry's sons and relations with Philip II contributed to the crisis of 1189.
- Describe the sequence of events in Henry II's final military campaign and the circumstances of his death.
2A Royal Authority and the Angevin Kings, 1154–1216 – The struggle for Royal Authority, 1174–1189
Relations between Church and State: Henry II and his bishops; reconciliation with the Papacy
- Describe the terms and significance of the Compromise of Avranches in reconciling Henry II with the Papacy.
- Explain how Henry II maintained practical control over the English Church and the appointment of bishops.
- Evaluate the impact of Church-State relations on the broader stability of the Angevin Empire between 1174 and 1189.
2A Royal Authority and the Angevin Kings, 1154–1216 – The struggle for Royal Authority, 1174–1189
Social and economic developments: towns and trade, the social condition of England by 1189
- Describe the expansion of towns and trade networks in England by 1189.
- Analyse the impact of economic developments on the social structure of Angevin England.
- Evaluate the overall social condition and living standards of different classes at the end of Henry II's reign.
2B The Wars of the Roses, 1450–1499 – 'The Sun in Splendour': the reign of Edward IV, 1471–1483 (A-level only)
Change and continuity in English society during a decade of peace: trade and the economy, social mobility, the regions
- Analyse the performance of the English economy and trade during the 1470s decade of peace.
- Explain the methods and extent of social mobility in late fifteenth-century England.
- Compare the political and economic conditions of different English regions during Edward IV's second reign.
2B The Wars of the Roses, 1450–1499 – 'The Sun in Splendour': the reign of Edward IV, 1471–1483 (A-level only)
Factional rivalries and court politics: hostile reactions against the influence of the Woodvilles
- Identify the key members of the Woodville family and their accumulation of patronage and power between 1471 and 1483.
- Analyse the reasons for the hostile reactions of Hastings, Clarence, and Gloucester to the influence of the Woodvilles.
- Evaluate the extent to which factional rivalries threatened the political stability of Edward IV's second reign.
2B The Wars of the Roses, 1450–1499 – 'The Sun in Splendour': the reign of Edward IV, 1471–1483 (A-level only)
The consolidation of royal authority under Edward IV and the development of new methods of government
- Analyse the strategies Edward IV used to consolidate royal authority between 1471 and 1483.
- Explain the development and impact of the Chamber system of finance on royal revenues.
- Evaluate the effectiveness of new methods of regional government, including the Councils of the North and Wales.
2B The Wars of the Roses, 1450–1499 – 'The Sun in Splendour': the reign of Edward IV, 1471–1483 (A-level only)
The premature death of Edward IV and the crisis of the Yorkist succession
- Explain the immediate political consequences of Edward IV's premature death in 1483.
- Analyse the causes and escalation of the factional conflict between the Woodvilles and Richard, Duke of Gloucester.
- Evaluate how the crisis of the Yorkist succession led to the usurpation of the throne.
2B The Wars of the Roses, 1450–1499 – The downfall of the Yorkist Monarchy, 1483–1486 (A-level only)
Factional rivalries; the emergence of Henry Tudor, dissensions among the Yorkist nobility, Buckingham’s rebellion
- Explain the causes and consequences of Buckingham's rebellion in 1483.
- Analyse the reasons for dissensions among the Yorkist nobility under Richard III.
- Evaluate the factors that enabled the emergence of Henry Tudor as a credible claimant to the throne.
2B The Wars of the Roses, 1450–1499 – The downfall of the Yorkist Monarchy, 1483–1486 (A-level only)
The coup d’état by Richard of Gloucester: the issue of the Princes in the Tower and Richard III’s position as a usurper
- Chronicle the key events of Richard of Gloucester's 1483 coup d'état.
- Analyse the political consequences of the disappearance of the Princes in the Tower.
- Evaluate the methods and impact of Richard III establishing his position as a usurper.
2B The Wars of the Roses, 1450–1499 – The downfall of the Yorkist Monarchy, 1483–1486 (A-level only)
The downfall of Richard III: Bosworth, the proclamation of a new Tudor dynasty under Henry VII and his marriage to Elizabeth of York
- Analyse the reasons for Richard III's defeat and death at the Battle of Bosworth.
- Evaluate the methods used by Henry VII to proclaim and establish the new Tudor dynasty immediately after Bosworth.
- Explain the political significance of Henry VII's marriage to Elizabeth of York in consolidating his regime.
2B The Wars of the Roses, 1450–1499 – The downfall of the Yorkist Monarchy, 1483–1486 (A-level only)
The strengths and weaknesses of Richard III’s position in 1484: the death of his wife and heir; the problem of the succession
- Assess the strengths and weaknesses of Richard III's political and military position in 1484.
- Explain how the deaths of Edward of Middleham and Anne Neville destabilised the Yorkist dynasty.
- Analyse the consequences of Richard III's succession problem for his authority and the rise of Henry Tudor.
2B The Wars of the Roses, 1450–1499 – The end of the Yorkist Dynasty, 1486–1499 (A-level only)
Attempts to maintain the Yorkist cause: Margaret of Burgundy, the Earl of Warwick and the Pretender Perkin Warbeck
- Assess the role of Margaret of Burgundy in sustaining the Yorkist cause through financial and diplomatic support.
- Explain the significance of the Earl of Warwick as a legitimate Yorkist claimant and the reasons for his execution.
- Evaluate the methods used by Henry VII to dismantle the international support network of Perkin Warbeck.
2B The Wars of the Roses, 1450–1499 – The end of the Yorkist Dynasty, 1486–1499 (A-level only)
The end of the Yorkist challenge: defeat of Warbeck and his Scottish and Cornish allies; the execution of Warbeck and Warwick
- Analyse the role of Scottish and Cornish allies in sustaining Perkin Warbeck's challenge against Henry VII.
- Evaluate the reasons for the defeat of Warbeck's forces and his subsequent capture.
- Assess the political impact of the executions of Warbeck and the Earl of Warwick on the security of the Tudor dynasty.
2B The Wars of the Roses, 1450–1499 – The end of the Yorkist Dynasty, 1486–1499 (A-level only)
The impact of the Wars of the Roses on English society by 1499: trade and the economy; central authority and the regions
- Evaluate the impact of the Wars of the Roses on English trade and the wider economy by 1499.
- Analyse how the conflict altered the balance of power between central royal authority and regional magnates.
- Assess the varying social impacts of the wars on different classes and geographical regions within England.
2B The Wars of the Roses, 1450–1499 – The end of the Yorkist Dynasty, 1486–1499 (A-level only)
Yorkist opposition to Henry VII: the Lovell revolt; defeat of the Pretender Lambert Simnel at Stoke; the Yorkshire Uprising
- Explain the causes and outcomes of the Lovell revolt, the Simnel rebellion, and the Yorkshire Uprising.
- Evaluate the extent to which Lambert Simnel posed a genuine threat to Henry VII's throne.
- Analyse the interplay between economic grievances and Yorkist sympathies in the Yorkshire Uprising.
2B The Wars of the Roses, 1450–1499 – The origins of conflict, 1450–1459
English society and politics in 1450: the weakness of Henry VI’s rule; baronial factions; Cade’s rebellion; the loss of Normandy
- Analyse the personal weaknesses of Henry VI and their impact on royal authority.
- Evaluate the causes and consequences of the loss of Normandy for English domestic politics.
- Explain the motivations behind Cade's Rebellion and its significance in demonstrating popular discontent.
2B The Wars of the Roses, 1450–1499 – The origins of conflict, 1450–1459
The impact on English politics of the emerging power and influence of Richard of York
- Evaluate the reasons for Richard of York's opposition to the court faction led by Somerset.
- Analyse the methods York used to increase his political influence between 1450 and 1455.
- Assess the impact of York's First Protectorate on the stability of English politics.
2B The Wars of the Roses, 1450–1499 – The origins of conflict, 1450–1459
The outbreak of war: the first Battle of St Albans and the balance of military power in 1455
- Explain the events leading to the outbreak of armed conflict at St Albans in 1455.
- Analyse the balance of military power between the Yorkist and Lancastrian factions during the battle.
- Evaluate the short-term and long-term consequences of the Yorkist victory on English politics.
2B The Wars of the Roses, 1450–1499 – The origins of conflict, 1450–1459
The uneasy peace: the influence of Margaret of Anjou; factional rivalries and their impact on English society
- Assess the methods used by Margaret of Anjou to increase her political influence between 1455 and 1459.
- Explain how factional rivalries and blood feuds undermined the 'uneasy peace'.
- Evaluate the impact of national political instability on local law and order within English society.
2B The Wars of the Roses, 1450–1499 – The triumph of the Yorkists, 1461–1471
Factional rivalries: Warwick ‘the Kingmaker’; attempts to restore Henry VI; Margaret of Anjou; Edward, Prince of Wales
- Identify the causes of the factional rivalry between Edward IV and the Earl of Warwick.
- Explain the strategies employed by Margaret of Anjou to restore Henry VI and protect the rights of Edward, Prince of Wales.
- Evaluate the impact of the alliance between Warwick and the Lancastrians on the political stability of England.
2B The Wars of the Roses, 1450–1499 – The triumph of the Yorkists, 1461–1471
The crushing of the Lancastrian cause: Barnet and Tewkesbury; the destruction of the Lancastrian nobility
- Describe the key events and outcomes of the battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury.
- Analyse the impact of the deaths of key figures on the viability of the Lancastrian cause.
- Evaluate the extent to which the Lancastrian nobility was destroyed by the end of 1471.
2B The Wars of the Roses, 1450–1499 – The triumph of the Yorkists, 1461–1471
The impact of the baronial wars on English society by 1471: the weakening of the aristocracy; the impact on trade and the economy
- Explain the methods by which the aristocracy was weakened, including battle, execution, and attainder.
- Assess the extent of economic disruption caused by the baronial wars by 1471.
- Compare the impact of the conflict on the nobility with its impact on the general population and trade.
2B The Wars of the Roses, 1450–1499 – The triumph of the Yorkists, 1461–1471
The personal rule of Edward IV and the political impact of his marriage to Elizabeth Woodville
- Explain the characteristics of Edward IV's personal rule during his first reign.
- Analyse the political and diplomatic consequences of Edward's marriage to Elizabeth Woodville.
- Evaluate the extent to which the Woodville marriage undermined Edward IV's authority and alienated his key supporters.
2B The Wars of the Roses, 1450–1499 – The War of the Barons, 1459–1461
Filling the political vacuum: the rule of Richard of York as Protector of England
- Explain how Henry VI's illness caused a political vacuum leading to the First Protectorate.
- Assess the successes and failures of Richard of York's domestic policies during his time as Protector of England.
- Analyse how the partisan nature of York's rule contributed to the outbreak of the Wars of the Roses.
2B The Wars of the Roses, 1450–1499 – The War of the Barons, 1459–1461
Proclamation of Edward IV as King; Yorkist victory at Towton; the strengths and weaknesses of the Yorkists by 1461
- Explain the process and justifications for the proclamation of Edward IV as king in 1461.
- Analyse the reasons for the Yorkist military victory at the Battle of Towton.
- Evaluate the political, military, and economic strengths and weaknesses of the Yorkist regime at the end of 1461.
2B The Wars of the Roses, 1450–1499 – The War of the Barons, 1459–1461
Shifting loyalties and the Lancastrian revival: Wakefield; the second Battle of St Albans; the death of York and the restoration of Henry VI
- Explain the reasons for the Lancastrian military revival in late 1460 and early 1461.
- Analyse the consequences of the Battle of Wakefield and the death of Richard, Duke of York.
- Evaluate the strategic outcomes of the Second Battle of St Albans and the restoration of Henry VI.
2B The Wars of the Roses, 1450–1499 – The War of the Barons, 1459–1461
The renewal of war: York’s flight into exile; the emergence of Warwick ‘the Kingmaker’; the capture of Henry VI at Northampton
- Describe the events leading to the Yorkist exile following the rout at Ludford Bridge.
- Analyse the methods used by the Earl of Warwick to rebuild Yorkist power from his base in Calais.
- Evaluate the political consequences of the Yorkist victory and the capture of Henry VI at the Battle of Northampton.
2C The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564 (A-level only) – The Catholic Reformation, 1531–1564
Papal revival: Paul III; report into the state of the Church; the Roman Inquisition; Paul IV and Pius IV
- Explain the significance of Paul III's commissioning of the report into the state of the Church.
- Analyse the role and impact of the Roman Inquisition in enforcing Catholic orthodoxy.
- Compare the contributions and methods of Paul IV and Pius IV to the papal revival.
2C The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564 (A-level only) – The Catholic Reformation, 1531–1564
Spiritual regeneration: New Religious Orders; Loyola and the Jesuits; beliefs, discipline and influence
- Describe the origins and purposes of the new religious orders in the sixteenth century.
- Explain how Loyola's beliefs and the Spiritual Exercises shaped Jesuit discipline.
- Assess the educational and political influence of the Jesuits in regenerating European Catholicism.
2C The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564 (A-level only) – The Catholic Reformation, 1531–1564
The Council of Trent: the three sessions; doctrine and the extent of reform
- Describe the chronology and specific focus of the three sessions of the Council of Trent.
- Analyse the doctrinal decrees issued at Trent and how they directly countered Protestant theology.
- Evaluate the extent and limitations of the institutional reforms mandated by the Council.
2C The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564 (A-level only) – The Catholic Reformation, 1531–1564
The impact of reform by 1564; the response of monarchy, clergy and laity; geographical variation; the spiritual and political role of the Church
- Compare the responses of different European monarchs to the Catholic reforms by 1564.
- Assess the impact of the Catholic Reformation on the daily lives and spiritual practices of the clergy and laity.
- Explain the geographical variations in the success of the Catholic Reformation across Europe.
2C The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564 (A-level only) – The challenge of Luther, 1517–1521
Disputations; the development of Lutheran thought; publications and the influence of printing
- Trace the development of Lutheran thought from the 95 Theses to the 1520 publications.
- Explain the strategic importance of the Leipzig Disputation against Johann Eck in radicalising Luther's position.
- Assess the influence of printing and vernacular literature on the spread of Reformation ideas.
2C The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564 (A-level only) – The challenge of Luther, 1517–1521
Excommunication and Diet of Worms: attitude of Catholic Church hierarchy; Emperor and Princes; the imperial edict and the protection of Frederick the Wise
- Explain the sequence of events leading to Luther's excommunication and his appearance at the Diet of Worms.
- Analyse the differing attitudes and political constraints of the Pope, the Emperor, and the German Princes in 1521.
- Evaluate the significance of Frederick the Wise's intervention in ensuring Luther's survival and the continuation of the Reformation.
2C The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564 (A-level only) – The challenge of Luther, 1517–1521
Martin Luther: influences on early life; the content and impact of the 95 Theses
- Identify the key events and intellectual influences that shaped Luther's early life and monastic career.
- Summarise the main arguments contained within the 95 Theses regarding indulgences and papal power.
- Evaluate the short-term impact of the 95 Theses on the German public and the Catholic Church hierarchy.
2C The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564 (A-level only) – The challenge of Luther, 1517–1521
The Holy Roman Empire, its government, condition and social composition: emperor, princes, knights, towns and electors; urban workers and peasants
- Describe the political structure of the Holy Roman Empire, including the roles of the Emperor, Electors, and princes.
- Analyse the social composition of the Empire, distinguishing between knights, townsfolk, urban workers, and peasants.
- Evaluate the condition of the Empire in the early 16th century and how its fragmentation affected governance.
2C The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564 (A-level only) – The condition of the Church, c1500–1517
Church finances, indulgences, popular piety and the extent of demand for reform
- Explain how the Church generated revenue, focusing specifically on the theology and sale of indulgences.
- Identify key features of popular piety in the early sixteenth century, such as pilgrimages and confraternities.
- Evaluate the extent to which financial abuses drove the demand for reform across different social groups.
2C The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564 (A-level only) – The condition of the Church, c1500–1517
Criticism of the Church; Pope Alexander VI; papal and clerical corruption; humanism: Colet, More and Erasmus; heresies and anti-clericalism
- Describe the specific forms of papal and clerical corruption prevalent in the early sixteenth century.
- Compare the reformist ideas of humanists Colet, More, and Erasmus.
- Differentiate between anti-clericalism, humanism, and heresy in the context of pre-Reformation Europe.
2C The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564 (A-level only) – The condition of the Church, c1500–1517
The Church: religious power and influence; Church doctrine, teachings and belief; the sacraments, salvation, the role of the priest and of 'good works'
- Identify and explain the seven sacraments and their significance in pre-Reformation Catholic doctrine.
- Describe the Catholic understanding of salvation, specifically the relationship between faith, good works, and purgatory.
- Analyse the mediatory role of the priest in connecting the laity to God through the administration of the sacraments.
2C The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564 (A-level only) – The condition of the Church, c1500–1517
The Church: secular power and influence; the clerical hierarchy; Church courts; influence in government; influence on daily life
- Describe the structure and function of the clerical hierarchy in early sixteenth-century Europe.
- Explain the jurisdiction and societal impact of Church courts.
- Analyse the ways in which the Church influenced both high-level government administration and the daily lives of the laity.
2C The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564 (A-level only) – The expansion of the Reformation, 1531–1541
Religious division in Germany and the formation of the Schmalkaldic league
- Explain the causes behind the deepening religious division in Germany by 1531.
- Describe the formation, leadership, and defensive aims of the Schmalkaldic League.
- Assess the political and religious impact of the Schmalkaldic League on the Holy Roman Empire.
2C The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564 (A-level only) – The expansion of the Reformation, 1531–1541
The development of the radical reformation; Anabaptism and the Münster rebellion
- Define the core theological and social tenets of Anabaptism.
- Explain the sequence of events and radical policies implemented during the Münster rebellion.
- Evaluate the impact of the Münster rebellion on the wider perception and development of the Radical Reformation.
2C The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564 (A-level only) – The expansion of the Reformation, 1531–1541
The Diet of Regensburg and state of the Church by 1541
- Analyse the political and religious motivations behind the Diet of Regensburg in 1541.
- Evaluate the reasons why the Colloquy of Regensburg ultimately failed to reunite the Church.
- Describe the fractured state of the Christian Church in Germany by the year 1541.
2C The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564 (A-level only) – The expansion of the Reformation, 1531–1541
The geographical and social expansion of Lutheranism: Melancthon; Luther; doctrine and leadership; position and problems of Charles V
- Analyse the differing but complementary leadership roles of Martin Luther and Philip Melanchthon.
- Explain the geographical and social patterns of Lutheran expansion between 1531 and 1541.
- Evaluate the impact of Charles V's foreign policy commitments on his ability to suppress Protestantism in Germany.
2C The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564 (A-level only) – The Protestant challenge, 1521–1531
The development of protestant doctrine: Luther, Melancthon and Zwingli
- Outline the foundational Protestant doctrines established by Martin Luther.
- Explain how Philip Melanchthon systematised and presented Lutheran theology.
- Compare the Eucharistic doctrines of Luther and Zwingli and explain the consequences of their disagreement.
2C The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564 (A-level only) – The Protestant challenge, 1521–1531
The Reformation in the Swiss Confederacy; the Kappel wars; support and opposition; Lutheran-Zwinglian negotiations; the state of the Church by 1531
- Explain the development of the Reformation in the Swiss Confederacy and identify its key supporters and opponents.
- Analyse the theological disputes during the Lutheran-Zwinglian negotiations at Marburg.
- Evaluate the impact of the Kappel Wars on the religious and political landscape of the Church by 1531.
2C The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564 (A-level only) – The Protestant challenge, 1521–1531
The revolt of the Imperial Knights and the peasants' war: causes and outcomes; part played by Lutheranism and Luther's reaction; Luther's pamphlets of 1525; imperial diets, princes and cities; Lutheran-Catholic negotiations including the 1530 Augsburg Confession
- Analyse the causes and outcomes of the Knights' Revolt and the Peasants' War.
- Evaluate Luther's response to social rebellion and its impact on his relationship with secular authorities.
- Assess the role of Imperial Diets and the Augsburg Confession in the political consolidation of Lutheranism.
2C The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564 (A-level only) – The Protestant challenge, 1521–1531
The spread of radical reformation: Carstadt and the Zwickau prophets; Luther's relations with radicals and humanists
- Describe the actions of Karlstadt and the Zwickau prophets in Wittenberg during 1521-1522.
- Analyse Luther's theological and practical responses to radical reformers.
- Explain the causes and consequences of the ideological split between Luther and the humanists.
2C The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564 (A-level only) – The second wave of Protestant Reform, 1541–1564
Calvin: influences on early life and the evolution of doctrine; publications; early reform work and ministry in Strasbourg
- Identify the key educational and humanist influences on Calvin's early life.
- Trace the evolution of Calvin's doctrine through his major publications.
- Explain the significance of Calvin's ministry in Strasbourg on his later reform strategies.
2C The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564 (A-level only) – The second wave of Protestant Reform, 1541–1564
Religious War in Germany; the death of Luther; the Peace of Augsburg and the abdication of Charles V; principles and problems of the Peace of Augsburg
- Explain the sequence of events from the death of Luther to the outbreak of the Schmalkaldic War.
- Analyse the terms of the Peace of Augsburg, distinguishing between its principles and its structural flaws.
- Evaluate the reasons for, and significance of, the abdication of Emperor Charles V.
2C The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564 (A-level only) – The second wave of Protestant Reform, 1541–1564
The practice of Calvinism in Geneva: support and opposition; the impact of his relationship with Servetus; Calvin and Luther: attitudes, similarities and differences; Calvin's authority and concordat with Zurich and Geneva churches
- Describe the mechanisms used to enforce the practice of Calvinism in Geneva.
- Analyse the similarities and differences between the theologies of Calvin and Luther.
- Evaluate the impact of the Servetus affair and the Zurich concordat on Calvin's authority.
2C The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564 (A-level only) – The second wave of Protestant Reform, 1541–1564
The spread of Calvinism: France, Scotland, Netherlands, Germany, Poland and eastern Europe
- Map the geographical spread of Calvinism across France, Scotland, the Netherlands, Germany, Poland, and Eastern Europe.
- Analyse the political and social reasons for Calvinism's appeal in different European states.
- Evaluate the role of Genevan missionaries and local reformers, such as John Knox, in establishing Calvinist churches.
2D Religious conflict and the Church in England, c1529– c1570 – A more Protestant Nation, 1547–1553 (A-level only)
Opposition and conformity: the Western Rebellion; Kett’s Rebellion; the influence of reformers and acceptance of religious changes; the Church by 1553
- Compare the causes, events, and outcomes of the Western Rebellion and Kett's Rebellion.
- Analyse the role of key reformers in shaping the religious changes of Edward VI's reign.
- Assess the degree to which the English population accepted Protestantism by the death of Edward VI in 1553.
2D Religious conflict and the Church in England, c1529– c1570 – A more Protestant Nation, 1547–1553 (A-level only)
The crisis over the succession 1553: attempts to avoid the succession of Mary; the fall of Northumberland and Mary’s accession
- Explain the origins and mechanics of the 'Devise for the Succession' in 1553.
- Analyse the factors that led to the fall of the Duke of Northumberland.
- Evaluate the reasons why Mary I was able to successfully claim the throne despite the opposition of the ruling council.
2D Religious conflict and the Church in England, c1529– c1570 – A more Protestant Nation, 1547–1553 (A-level only)
The development of doctrine and further reform; two Prayer Books; the role and beliefs of Cranmer; the dissolution of the chantries and other vestiges of Catholicism
- Contrast the theological content of the 1549 and 1552 Books of Common Prayer.
- Explain the motivations for and consequences of the dissolution of the chantries.
- Evaluate Thomas Cranmer's influence on the development of Protestant doctrine in England.
2D Religious conflict and the Church in England, c1529– c1570 – A more Protestant Nation, 1547–1553 (A-level only)
The Protestant Party and the King: the aims, beliefs and role of Somerset and the overturning of Henry’s will; the aims, beliefs and role of Northumberland as Protector
- Explain how Somerset overturned Henry VIII's will to become Lord Protector.
- Compare the religious aims and beliefs of Somerset and Northumberland.
- Analyse the role of the Protestant Party in influencing Edward VI's government.
2D Religious conflict and the Church in England, c1529– c1570 – Change and reaction, 1536–1547
Change and continuity in doctrine: liturgy, the eucharist and the Bible; doctrinal disputes as reflected in the Ten Articles and the Bishops’ Book; the King’s Book and the Six Articles
- Analyse the doctrinal shifts regarding the liturgy, eucharist, and the Bible between 1536 and 1547.
- Compare the theological positions outlined in the Ten Articles and the Bishops' Book.
- Evaluate the conservative impact of the Six Articles and the King's Book on English religious practice.
2D Religious conflict and the Church in England, c1529– c1570 – Change and reaction, 1536–1547
The Dissolution of the Monasteries: political, religious, social and economic causes and consequences; the Pilgrimage of Grace
- Categorise the causes of the Dissolution of the Monasteries into political, religious, social, and economic factors.
- Evaluate the short-term and long-term consequences of the Dissolution on different social classes and the Crown.
- Analyse the causes, events, and significance of the Pilgrimage of Grace as a reaction to religious and social change.
2D Religious conflict and the Church in England, c1529– c1570 – Change and reaction, 1536–1547
The reformist and conservative factions: aims, influence and the reaction of the King; the impact of foreign affairs on changes to the Church
- Compare the aims and key personnel of the reformist and conservative factions at Henry VIII's court.
- Analyse Henry VIII's reaction to factional rivalry and his methods for maintaining control.
- Evaluate the extent to which foreign affairs, such as the threat of Catholic invasion, dictated changes to the English Church.
2D Religious conflict and the Church in England, c1529– c1570 – Change and reaction, 1536–1547
The state of the Church and belief by 1547: disagreements over doctrine and practice; relations with France and Scotland and their impact; the growing influence of the Seymour faction and Cranmer; the importance of the succession
- Evaluate the extent of doctrinal and practical disagreements within the English Church by 1547.
- Analyse the impact of relations with France and Scotland on England's domestic and financial situation.
- Explain how the Seymour faction and Cranmer secured control over the succession of Edward VI.
2D Religious conflict and the Church in England, c1529– c1570 – The break from Rome, c1529–1536
The doctrinal and political position of the Reformation by 1536: the degree of change and continuity in faith, belief and organisation of the Church
- Assess the extent of political change in the organisation of the English Church by 1536.
- Analyse the doctrinal position of the Church in 1536, focusing on faith and belief.
- Evaluate the balance of change and continuity in the English Reformation up to 1536.
2D Religious conflict and the Church in England, c1529– c1570 – The break from Rome, c1529–1536
The influence of faction: Cromwell and the management of Parliament; the supporters and opponents of change and the King’s responses; the Aragonese faction; More and Fisher; Elizabeth Barton and the Carthusian monks
- Explain how Thomas Cromwell managed Parliament to secure the break from Rome.
- Analyse the motives and methods of the Aragonese faction and other opponents of change.
- Evaluate Henry VIII's responses to opposition from figures like More, Fisher, Barton and the Carthusian monks.
2D Religious conflict and the Church in England, c1529– c1570 – The break from Rome, c1529–1536
The King’s ‘Great Matter’; Henry VIII, his religious beliefs and concern over the succession; the position and roles of Catherine of Aragon and her national and international supporters; the roles of Wolsey, Anne Boleyn and her supporters
- Explain the religious beliefs and concern over the succession behind Henry VIII's 'Great Matter'.
- Analyse the reasons for Thomas Wolsey's failure to secure the annulment and his subsequent fall from power.
- Evaluate the position and roles of Catherine of Aragon's national and international supporters, and Anne Boleyn's supporters, in shaping the political crisis.
2D Religious conflict and the Church in England, c1529– c1570 – The break from Rome, c1529–1536
The Reformation Parliament: MPs and expression of grievances; pressures on the Papacy; legislation leading to the establishment of Royal Supremacy
- Identify the main anti-clerical grievances expressed by MPs in the early sessions of the Reformation Parliament.
- Explain how early parliamentary legislation was designed to exert financial and jurisdictional pressure on the Papacy.
- Analyze the significance of the key statutes that established the Royal Supremacy and severed ties with Rome.
2D Religious conflict and the Church in England, c1529– c1570 – The Church in c1529
Abuses and criticisms of the Church: the extent and impact of simony, nepotism and absenteeism; anti-clericalism
- Define and provide examples of simony, nepotism, and absenteeism within the pre-Reformation Church.
- Evaluate the extent to which anti-clericalism was a significant force in England by 1529.
- Assess the impact of clerical abuses on the reputation and authority of the Catholic Church in England.
2D Religious conflict and the Church in England, c1529– c1570 – The Church in c1529
Early Reformers and Humanists: the legacy of the Lollards and impact on religious belief and practice; Humanism in England as represented by Erasmus, More and Colet
- Explain the core beliefs and practices associated with the Lollard movement.
- Analyse the impact of Humanist scholars like Erasmus, More, and Colet on English religious thought.
- Compare the differing approaches to Church reform advocated by early reformers and Humanists.
2D Religious conflict and the Church in England, c1529– c1570 – The Church in c1529
Popular piety and the Church’s spiritual role: lay religious guilds; key beliefs such as purgatory; the role of the priesthood; the importance of printing
- Explain the doctrine of purgatory and its influence on lay religious practices and financial donations.
- Describe the social and spiritual functions of lay religious guilds within local communities.
- Evaluate the impact of the printing press on the dissemination of religious ideas and devotional materials.
2D Religious conflict and the Church in England, c1529– c1570 – The Church in c1529
The political and social role of the Church: churchmen as royal advisers; church teachings on monarchical authority; wealth; church courts; monasteries and parish churches
- Identify the political roles held by senior churchmen in the early Tudor government.
- Explain how Church teachings and church courts regulated social behaviour and supported the monarchy.
- Analyse the socio-economic impact of monasteries and parish churches on local communities.
2D Religious conflict and the Church in England, c1529– c1570 – The establishment of the Church of England, 1558–c1570 (A-level only)
Maintaining the Settlement: the threat posed by Mary Queen of Scots; the re-emergence of a Catholic party and the Rising of the Northern Earls; the end of consensus and the condition of the Settlement by 1570
- Assess the political and religious threat posed by Mary Queen of Scots' arrival in England.
- Analyse the causes and consequences of the Rising of the Northern Earls.
- Evaluate the condition of the Religious Settlement and the reasons for the end of consensus by 1570.
2D Religious conflict and the Church in England, c1529– c1570 – The establishment of the Church of England, 1558–c1570 (A-level only)
Religious divisions on Elizabeth’s accession: Catholics; Protestant émigrés; divisions within those who supported the restoration of a Protestant Church; peace with France
- Identify the main religious factions present in England upon Elizabeth's accession.
- Explain the differing aims of the returning Protestant émigrés and moderate Protestants.
- Analyse how the need for peace with France influenced Elizabeth's approach to religious reform.
2D Religious conflict and the Church in England, c1529– c1570 – The establishment of the Church of England, 1558–c1570 (A-level only)
Supporters and opponents of the Settlement: consolidation of the Settlement through Visitations; the Vestiarian Controversy; the acquiescence of Catholics
- Analyse the methods used to consolidate the Religious Settlement, specifically the role of Visitations.
- Explain the causes and consequences of the Vestiarian Controversy.
- Evaluate the reasons for the initial acquiescence of the Catholic population to the Settlement.
2D Religious conflict and the Church in England, c1529– c1570 – The establishment of the Church of England, 1558–c1570 (A-level only)
The re-establishment of the Church of England: Elizabeth’s religious beliefs and aims; attempts to reconcile the conflicting groups; the role of Parliament and the passing of the Acts of Supremacy; uniformity and the new Book of Common Prayer
- Describe Elizabeth I's personal religious beliefs and her primary political aims for the Church.
- Explain how the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity were navigated through a divided Parliament.
- Analyse the specific compromises within the 1559 Book of Common Prayer designed to reconcile Catholics and Protestants.
2D Religious conflict and the Church in England, c1529– c1570 – The restoration of Papal Authority, 1553–1558 (A-level only)
Mary’s accession, aims and opposition: the Royal Supremacy and problems with her first Parliament; the issue of the Spanish Marriage; obstacles to the restoration of the Catholic Church
- Analyse Mary I's primary aims upon her accession and the initial opposition she faced.
- Evaluate the reasons why Mary's first Parliament resisted the repeal of the Royal Supremacy.
- Assess the political and economic obstacles hindering the complete restoration of the Catholic Church in England.
2D Religious conflict and the Church in England, c1529– c1570 – The restoration of Papal Authority, 1553–1558 (A-level only)
Opposition and conformity: Wyatt and other opposition to changes; support for the changes and the extent of conformity; the war with France and the loss of Calais
- Evaluate the motivations behind and the threat posed by Wyatt's Rebellion.
- Assess the evidence for popular support and conformity to the restoration of Catholicism.
- Analyse the causes and consequences of the war with France and the loss of Calais.
2D Religious conflict and the Church in England, c1529– c1570 – The restoration of Papal Authority, 1553–1558 (A-level only)
Persecution and reform: reasons for, extent of and repercussions of the persecution of Protestants; Mary, Pole and the attempt to reform Catholicism
- Analyse the motivations behind the Marian persecution of Protestants.
- Evaluate the geographical and social extent of the Protestant burnings.
- Assess the effectiveness of Cardinal Pole's attempts to reform the English Catholic Church.
2D Religious conflict and the Church in England, c1529– c1570 – The restoration of Papal Authority, 1553–1558 (A-level only)
The restoration of Papal Authority: the second Parliament and the restoration of Papal Authority and Catholic doctrine; Mary as a reformer; the limits of the restoration
- Explain the role of Parliament in the restoration of Papal Authority and Catholic doctrine.
- Analyse the initiatives undertaken by Mary and Cardinal Pole to reform the Catholic Church in England.
- Evaluate the political, economic, and temporal limits that hindered the complete success of the Catholic restoration.
2E The English Revolution, 1625–1660 – An experiment in Absolutism, 1629–1640
Charles I’s Personal Rule: his chief ministers; methods of government; financial policies and the reaction against them
- Describe the roles of Charles I's chief ministers during the Personal Rule.
- Explain the methods of government and financial policies implemented between 1629 and 1640.
- Analyse the causes and significance of the reaction against Charles I's financial policies.
2E The English Revolution, 1625–1660 – An experiment in Absolutism, 1629–1640
Political issues: the role of Wentworth; policies in Ireland and England; the reactions against the Crown; demands for the recall of Parliament
- Analyse the aims and impact of Wentworth's policy of 'Thorough' in England and Ireland.
- Evaluate the causes and nature of the political reactions against the Crown during the 1630s.
- Explain the factors that led to the demands for the recall of Parliament by 1640.
2E The English Revolution, 1625–1660 – An experiment in Absolutism, 1629–1640
Radicalism, dissent and the approach of war: the spread of religious radicalism; the Scottish Covenant and the Bishops' War; the Pacification of Berwick; the second Bishops' war
- Explain the causes and manifestations of religious radicalism and dissent in the late 1630s.
- Analyse the origins and significance of the Scottish National Covenant.
- Evaluate the causes, events, and outcomes of the First and Second Bishops' Wars, including the Pacification of Berwick.
2E The English Revolution, 1625–1660 – An experiment in Absolutism, 1629–1640
Religious issues: Laud and Arminianism in England and Scotland; the growth of opposition from Puritans
- Identify the main features of Laudian Arminianism in England and Scotland.
- Explain the causes of the Scottish rebellion in response to religious changes.
- Evaluate the reasons for the growth of Puritan opposition to Charles I's religious policies.
2E The English Revolution, 1625–1660 – Experiments in government and society, 1648–1660 (A-level only)
Oliver Cromwell and the Protectorate: Cromwell’s personality and approach to government and his refusal of the Crown; the limits of religious toleration; the Major Generals; the problem of the succession to Cromwell
- Analyse Cromwell's motives for refusing the Crown in 1657.
- Evaluate the success and unpopularity of the Rule of the Major Generals.
- Explain why the succession of Richard Cromwell led to the collapse of the Protectorate.
2E The English Revolution, 1625–1660 – Experiments in government and society, 1648–1660 (A-level only)
Political radicalism: failure of the Levellers and Diggers and the ‘Godly Society’; Quakers, Baptists and other radical sects; the Rump Parliament as an experiment in radical republicanism; the Parliament of the Saints
- Differentiate between the ideologies and goals of the Levellers, Diggers, Quakers, and Baptists.
- Evaluate the Rump Parliament's record as an experiment in radical republicanism.
- Explain the reasons for the failure of the Parliament of the Saints and the broader 'Godly Society'.
2E The English Revolution, 1625–1660 – Experiments in government and society, 1648–1660 (A-level only)
The monarchy restored: political vacuum after the death of Cromwell; negotiations for the return of the monarchy under Charles II; the legacy of the English Revolution by 1660
- Explain the causes of the political vacuum following the death of Oliver Cromwell.
- Evaluate the effectiveness of the Declaration of Breda in securing the Restoration of Charles II.
- Assess the political and religious legacy of the English Revolution by the year 1660.
2E The English Revolution, 1625–1660 – Experiments in government and society, 1648–1660 (A-level only)
The Third Civil War: the attempted Royalist revival; the defeat and exile of Prince Charles
- Describe the alliance between Prince Charles and the Scottish Covenanters.
- Explain the sequence of military events leading to the defeat at Worcester.
- Analyse the impact of Prince Charles's exile on the stability of the English Republic.
2E The English Revolution, 1625–1660 – only) War and radicalism, 1642–1646 (A-level only)
The end of the First Civil War: divisions amongst the Parliamentary leaders; attempts at settlement; the capture of Charles I
- Describe the main divisions that emerged amongst Parliamentary leaders following the First Civil War.
- Evaluate the reasons why early attempts at a post-war settlement with Charles I failed.
- Trace the sequence of events surrounding the capture and custody of Charles I between 1646 and 1647.
2E The English Revolution, 1625–1660 – only) War and radicalism, 1642–1646 (A-level only)
The First Civil War: the strengths and weaknesses of the political and military leadership of the Parliamentary forces; emergence of the New Model Army; the Solemn League and Covenant; Self Denying Ordinance
- Evaluate the impact of the Solemn League and Covenant on the balance of power in the First Civil War.
- Explain how the Self-Denying Ordinance resolved the crisis in Parliamentary leadership.
- Analyse the characteristics of the New Model Army that made it a superior military force.
2E The English Revolution, 1625–1660 – only) War and radicalism, 1642–1646 (A-level only)
The First Civil War: the strengths and weaknesses of the political and military leadership of the Royalist cause
- Analyse the strengths and weaknesses of Charles I's political leadership during the First Civil War.
- Evaluate the effectiveness of Royalist military commanders, including Prince Rupert.
- Explain how factionalism within the Royalist camp contributed to their ultimate defeat.
2E The English Revolution, 1625–1660 – only) War and radicalism, 1642–1646 (A-level only)
The intensification of radicalism: popular radicalism in London; religious radicalism in the New Model Army; pamphlets and propaganda
- Identify the key factors that led to the growth of popular radicalism in London.
- Explain how religious radicalism developed and spread within the ranks of the New Model Army.
- Analyse the role of pamphlets and propaganda in accelerating the intensification of radical ideas.
2E The English Revolution, 1625–1660 – The crisis of Parliament and the outbreak of the First Civil War, 1640–1642
Conflicts between Crown and Parliament: failure of negotiations between the King and the Long Parliament; the execution of Strafford and its political consequences
- Explain the reasons why negotiations between Charles I and the Long Parliament broke down.
- Describe the mechanism of the Act of Attainder used to execute the Earl of Strafford.
- Analyse the political consequences of Strafford's death on the relationship between Crown and Parliament.
2E The English Revolution, 1625–1660 – The crisis of Parliament and the outbreak of the First Civil War, 1640–1642
Pym and the development of parliamentary radicalism: Pym’s personality and aims; the Grand Remonstrance; the London mob; popular radicalism
- Describe John Pym's political aims and how his personality influenced his leadership of the parliamentary opposition.
- Explain the purpose and political impact of the Grand Remonstrance on both Parliament and the wider public.
- Evaluate the extent to which the London mob and popular radicalism influenced parliamentary decision-making in 1641.
2E The English Revolution, 1625–1660 – The crisis of Parliament and the outbreak of the First Civil War, 1640–1642
The Political Nation 1640: the recall of Parliament; the strengths and weaknesses of Charles I; the strengths and divisions of parliamentary opposition
- Explain the financial and military weaknesses that compelled Charles I to recall Parliament in 1640.
- Compare the inherent strengths of the monarchy with Charles I's specific political, financial, and military vulnerabilities.
- Analyse the causes of division within the parliamentary opposition during the early sessions of the Long Parliament.
2E The English Revolution, 1625–1660 – The crisis of Parliament and the outbreak of the First Civil War, 1640–1642
The slide into war: the impact of events in Ireland; the failed arrest of the Five Members; local grievances; attempts to impose royal authority and the development of a Royalist Party; military preparations for war
- Evaluate the impact of the Irish Rebellion on the political balance of power in England.
- Analyse the reasons for the emergence of a distinct Royalist Party in Parliament by 1642.
- Compare the legal and practical methods used by Crown and Parliament to make military preparations for war.
2E The English Revolution, 1625–1660 – The disintegration of the Political Nation, 1646–1649 (A-level only)
Political and religious divisions: the attitude and actions of Charles I; divisions within the opposition to the King; the failure of attempts to reach a political settlement
- Evaluate the role of Charles I's actions and attitudes in preventing a post-war settlement.
- Differentiate between the political and religious goals of the Presbyterians, Independents, and the Army.
- Analyse the reasons for the failure of the Newcastle Propositions and the Heads of the Proposals.
2E The English Revolution, 1625–1660 – The disintegration of the Political Nation, 1646–1649 (A-level only)
Political and religious radicalism: the politicisation of the New Model Army; Lilburne and the Levellers; Fifth Monarchists; Ranters and other populist groups
- Identify the key ideological differences between the Levellers, Fifth Monarchists, and Ranters.
- Explain the causes and consequences of the New Model Army's politicisation between 1646 and 1649.
- Analyse the impact of populist groups on the failure to reach a stable political settlement.
2E The English Revolution, 1625–1660 – The disintegration of the Political Nation, 1646–1649 (A-level only)
The problem of Charles I: divisions within the army and Parliament; the trial and execution of the King
- Explain why Charles I's actions and beliefs made a negotiated settlement impossible after 1648.
- Contrast the differing objectives of the Presbyterian Parliament and the New Model Army regarding the King's fate.
- Describe the events of Pride's Purge and evaluate its role in facilitating the trial and execution of Charles I.
2E The English Revolution, 1625–1660 – The disintegration of the Political Nation, 1646–1649 (A-level only)
The Second Civil War and the reasons for its outcome
- Describe the sequence of events that triggered the Second Civil War, including the Engagement with the Scots.
- Analyse the reasons for the New Model Army's victory, comparing their strengths with Royalist weaknesses.
- Evaluate the impact of the Battle of Preston on the overall outcome of the conflict.
2E The English Revolution, 1625–1660 – The emergence of conflict and the end of consensus, 1625–1629
Challenges to the arbitrary government of Charles I: reactions against financial policies; conflict over Church; reactions against foreign policy and the role of Buckingham
- Identify the key financial policies of Charles I between 1625 and 1629 and explain why they provoked opposition.
- Explain the religious conflicts of the period, focusing on the rise of Arminianism and the reaction of Calvinists.
- Analyse the role of the Duke of Buckingham in shaping foreign policy and uniting parliamentary opposition against the Crown.
2E The English Revolution, 1625–1660 – The emergence of conflict and the end of consensus, 1625–1629
Monarchy and Divine Right: the character and aims of Charles I; the Queen and the court; the King's advisers; ideas of royal authority
- Describe Charles I's character and his specific interpretation of the Divine Right of Kings.
- Analyse the political and religious impact of Queen Henrietta Maria and the Caroline court on the political nation.
- Evaluate the extent to which the King's advisers contributed to the breakdown of relations between Crown and Parliament.
2E The English Revolution, 1625–1660 – The emergence of conflict and the end of consensus, 1625–1629
Parliamentary radicalism; personalities and policies of parliamentary opposition to the King; the Petition of Right; the dissolution of Parliament and the King’s commitment to Personal Rule
- Describe the roles and policies of key parliamentary figures in opposing Charles I.
- Explain the terms and constitutional significance of the Petition of Right.
- Analyse the events leading to the dissolution of Parliament in 1629 and Charles I's decision to embark on Personal Rule.
2E The English Revolution, 1625–1660 – The emergence of conflict and the end of consensus, 1625–1629
The legacy of James I: religious issues and divisions; relations between Crown and Parliament; relations with foreign powers
- Explain the religious divisions present in England at the end of James I's reign.
- Analyse the causes of tension between the Crown and Parliament inherited by Charles I in 1625.
- Evaluate the impact of James I's foreign policy decisions on the political landscape of 1625.
2F The Sun King: Louis XIV, France and Europe, 1643– 1715 (A-level only) – Challenges at home, 1685–1715
Finance and the economy: problems after Colbert; the costs of war
- Describe the primary economic and financial problems that afflicted France following the death of Colbert.
- Explain how the costs of the Nine Years' War and the War of the Spanish Succession forced changes in French taxation.
- Evaluate the success of the financial expedients used by Louis XIV's ministers to sustain the war effort.
2F The Sun King: Louis XIV, France and Europe, 1643– 1715 (A-level only) – Challenges at home, 1685–1715
Louis XIV and the Church: Gallicanism; relations with Huguenots; Jansenists and Quietists
- Explain the tenets of Gallicanism and its impact on relations between Louis XIV and the Papacy.
- Analyse the causes and consequences of the persecution of the Huguenots.
- Compare the threats posed by Jansenism and Quietism to Louis XIV's vision of religious and political order.
2F The Sun King: Louis XIV, France and Europe, 1643– 1715 (A-level only) – Challenges at home, 1685–1715
Pressures from below: social divisions; problems with the regions; discontent and popular protests
- Describe the social divisions within France and how the tax system exacerbated inequality.
- Explain the administrative challenges Louis XIV faced in controlling the regions and overcoming local privileges.
- Evaluate the causes and consequences of popular protests and discontent during the latter years of Louis XIV's reign.
2F The Sun King: Louis XIV, France and Europe, 1643– 1715 (A-level only) – Challenges at home, 1685–1715
The personal monarchy: the strengths and weaknesses of royal government; the influence of Madame de Maintenon
- Identify the key structural strengths and weaknesses of Louis XIV's personal monarchy between 1685 and 1715.
- Explain the mechanisms by which Madame de Maintenon exerted influence over the king and court.
- Evaluate the impact of an ageing monarch on the efficiency and stability of the French royal government.
2F The Sun King: Louis XIV, France and Europe, 1643– 1715 (A-level only) – Challenges in Europe, 1685–1697
The ‘Grand Alliance’: the League of Augsburg and the anti-French alliance between Protestant states; the Empire and Spain
- Trace the development of the League of Augsburg into the Grand Alliance.
- Explain the motivations of both Protestant and Catholic states in joining the anti-French coalition.
- Assess the strategic impact of the Grand Alliance on Louis XIV's military campaigns.
2F The Sun King: Louis XIV, France and Europe, 1643– 1715 (A-level only) – Challenges in Europe, 1685–1697
The challenge of William of Orange: the Dutch-English alliance after the ‘Glorious Revolution’ of 1688
- Explain the geopolitical consequences of the Glorious Revolution for France.
- Analyse the strengths and resources of the Dutch-English alliance under William of Orange.
- Evaluate the extent to which William of Orange successfully challenged Louis XIV's dominance in Europe.
2F The Sun King: Louis XIV, France and Europe, 1643– 1715 (A-level only) – Challenges in Europe, 1685–1697
The new balance of power: the position of France in relation to the European powers by 1697; the impact of years of war on France’s economic and military resources; the prospects of future wars
- Evaluate France's diplomatic and military position relative to other European powers in 1697.
- Analyse the impact of prolonged warfare on France's economic stability and military resources.
- Assess the factors that made future wars highly likely despite the 1697 peace settlement.
2F The Sun King: Louis XIV, France and Europe, 1643– 1715 (A-level only) – Challenges in Europe, 1685–1697
The Nine Years War: outbreak, course and outcome; the war in Europe; the war in North America, the Caribbean and Asia; the Peace of Ryswick 1697
- Explain the causes leading to the outbreak of the Nine Years War.
- Describe the course of the war across European, North American, Caribbean, and Asian theatres.
- Analyse the terms and significance of the Peace of Ryswick in 1697.
2F The Sun King: Louis XIV, France and Europe, 1643– 1715 (A-level only) – France defeated, 1697–1715
The issue of the Spanish Succession: the aims and policies of France; the international response to French claims; the outbreak of war
- Explain the competing dynastic claims to the Spanish Empire at the end of the seventeenth century.
- Analyse the aims and policies of Louis XIV regarding the Spanish inheritance between 1698 and 1701.
- Evaluate the reasons for the international response and the formation of the Grand Alliance leading to war.
2F The Sun King: Louis XIV, France and Europe, 1643– 1715 (A-level only) – France defeated, 1697–1715
The legacy of Louis XIV by 1715: the last years of the reign; the problem of the succession; the annulment of the King’s will and the formation of the regency of Orleans
- Describe the economic and social conditions in France during the final years of Louis XIV's reign.
- Explain the sequence of deaths that led to a succession crisis and the drafting of the King's final will.
- Analyse the political process by which the Duke of Orleans annulled the King's will to establish his regency.
2F The Sun King: Louis XIV, France and Europe, 1643– 1715 (A-level only) – France defeated, 1697–1715
The Treaty of Utrecht and its impact on the balance of power in Europe
- Detail the specific territorial and commercial terms agreed upon in the Treaty of Utrecht.
- Explain how the treaty prevented the unification of the French and Spanish crowns.
- Analyse the long-term impact of the treaty on the European balance of power and the rise of Britain.
2F The Sun King: Louis XIV, France and Europe, 1643– 1715 (A-level only) – France defeated, 1697–1715
The War of the Spanish Succession: the war in Europe; the war in North America, the Caribbean and Asia
- Describe the key military campaigns and turning points of the War of the Spanish Succession within Europe.
- Analyse the nature and impact of the conflict in North America and the Caribbean.
- Evaluate the significance of the war's extension into Asia and its effect on global trade networks.
2F The Sun King: Louis XIV, France and Europe, 1643– 1715 (A-level only) – Louis XIV and Europe, 1661–1685
France and Spain: the decline of Spanish military power; the War of Devolution
- Identify the key economic and structural factors contributing to the decline of Spanish military power by the 1660s.
- Explain the dynastic and legal justifications Louis XIV used to launch the War of Devolution.
- Evaluate the military and diplomatic outcomes of the War of Devolution, including the formation of the Triple Alliance.
2F The Sun King: Louis XIV, France and Europe, 1643– 1715 (A-level only) – Louis XIV and Europe, 1661–1685
France and the Dutch Republic: relations between Louis XIV and Charles II of England; the Franco-Dutch War; the Peace of Nijmegen
- Explain the diplomatic strategies Louis XIV used to isolate the Dutch Republic, including his relationship with Charles II.
- Describe the key events and turning points of the Franco-Dutch War.
- Evaluate the territorial and political consequences of the Peace of Nijmegen for France and Europe.
2F The Sun King: Louis XIV, France and Europe, 1643– 1715 (A-level only) – Louis XIV and Europe, 1661–1685
France and the policy of Reunions: the drive to annex ‘lost’ territories to France such as Luxembourg, Casale and Strasbourg; the Treaty of Ratisbon
- Explain the mechanisms and justifications used by the Chambres de Réunion to annex territory.
- Identify the strategic significance of Luxembourg, Casale, and Strasbourg to French border security.
- Evaluate the terms and long-term implications of the Treaty of Ratisbon for French foreign relations.
2F The Sun King: Louis XIV, France and Europe, 1643– 1715 (A-level only) – Louis XIV and Europe, 1661–1685
The context of French foreign policy in 1661: Louis XIV’s aims, the extent of French military resources; the Military Academy; the role of Louvois
- Explain Louis XIV's primary foreign policy aims upon assuming personal rule in 1661.
- Describe the extent and limitations of French military resources prior to the major reforms of the 1660s.
- Analyse the impact of Louvois and the Military Academy on the professionalisation of the French army and its aristocratic officer corps.
2F The Sun King: Louis XIV, France and Europe, 1643– 1715 (A-level only) – The establishment of Absolutism at home, 1661–1685
Finance and the economy: the reforms of Colbert; taxation; trade and communications within France; mercantilism; overseas trade and colonisation
- Explain the principles of mercantilism and how Colbert applied them to the French economy.
- Analyse the successes and failures of Colbert's taxation reforms and infrastructure projects.
- Evaluate the impact of French overseas trade and colonisation on the broader European balance of economic power.
2F The Sun King: Louis XIV, France and Europe, 1643– 1715 (A-level only) – The establishment of Absolutism at home, 1661–1685
Louis XIV and Divine Right: personality and aims; the restoration of order; the centralisation of royal authority; the role of Versailles
- Explain the concept of Divine Right and its influence on Louis XIV's aims.
- Analyse the methods used by Louis XIV to centralise royal authority and restore order.
- Evaluate the political significance of the Palace of Versailles in controlling the French nobility.
2F The Sun King: Louis XIV, France and Europe, 1643– 1715 (A-level only) – The establishment of Absolutism at home, 1661–1685
Louis XIV and patronage of art, culture and science: the Academie Francaise; the Academy of Sciences; the role of Colbert
- Explain the political motivations behind Louis XIV's patronage of art, culture and science.
- Assess the role of Jean-Baptiste Colbert in managing royal academies and cultural output.
- Differentiate between the specific functions and state benefits of the Académie Française and the Academy of Sciences.
2F The Sun King: Louis XIV, France and Europe, 1643– 1715 (A-level only) – The establishment of Absolutism at home, 1661–1685
Louis XIV and the Church: disputes with the papacy; persecution of Jansenists; policies towards Huguenots and the Revocation Edict of 1685
- Explain the causes and consequences of Louis XIV's disputes with the papacy over Gallicanism.
- Analyse the reasons for the persecution of both Jansenists and Huguenots in the context of absolute monarchy.
- Evaluate the short-term and long-term impacts of the 1685 Revocation of the Edict of Nantes on France.
2F The Sun King: Louis XIV, France and Europe, 1643– 1715 (A-level only) – The Regency, 1643–1661
France and Europe: the rise of French power at the expense of the Habsburgs; the treaties of Westphalia and the Pyrenees
- Explain the territorial and political terms of the Peace of Westphalia and the Treaty of the Pyrenees.
- Analyse how these treaties specifically weakened the Austrian and Spanish branches of the Habsburg dynasty.
- Evaluate the extent to which France had achieved European hegemony by 1661.
2F The Sun King: Louis XIV, France and Europe, 1643– 1715 (A-level only) – The Regency, 1643–1661
The condition of France at the accession of Louis XIV in 1661: politics, economy and society
- Describe the political structure of France in 1661, including the role of the parlements and the legacy of the Fronde.
- Identify the primary economic challenges facing the French crown, focusing on taxation and debt.
- Explain the social divisions of the Three Estates and how these impacted the distribution of wealth and tax burdens.
2F The Sun King: Louis XIV, France and Europe, 1643– 1715 (A-level only) – The Regency, 1643–1661
The French monarchy in 1643: the legacy of Richelieu and Louis XIII; the establishment of the Regency
- Analyse the political and administrative legacy left by Richelieu and Louis XIII.
- Evaluate the financial condition of the French monarchy in 1643.
- Explain the process and significance of the establishment of Anne of Austria's Regency.
2F The Sun King: Louis XIV, France and Europe, 1643– 1715 (A-level only) – The Regency, 1643–1661
The Minority of Louis XIV: the roles of Anne of Austria and Mazarin; the Parlement of Paris, unrest and opposition; the Frondes
- Assess the effectiveness of Anne of Austria and Mazarin's governance during the minority.
- Analyse the causes of unrest and the specific opposition mounted by the Parlement of Paris.
- Evaluate the development, distinct phases, and ultimate failure of the Frondes.
2G The Birth of the USA, 1760–1801 – Britain and the American Colonies, 1760–1763
Britain and North America in 1760: British attitudes towards the colonies; the politics of Empire; rivalries with France
- Define mercantilism and explain its role in shaping British attitudes towards North America.
- Describe the political administration of the British Empire in 1760.
- Analyse the impact of the Anglo-French rivalry on British colonial policy during the Seven Years' War.
2G The Birth of the USA, 1760–1801 – Britain and the American Colonies, 1760–1763
The dream of westward expansion: the expectations of the colonists; exploiting the territories acquired from French Canada
- Describe the geographical extent of the territories acquired by Britain from French Canada in 1763.
- Explain the economic and social expectations of the colonists regarding westward expansion into the new territories.
- Analyse the motivations of different colonial groups, including land speculators and veterans, in seeking to exploit the acquired lands.
2G The Birth of the USA, 1760–1801 – Britain and the American Colonies, 1760–1763
The price of victory: the impact on relations between Britain and the colonists of the successful outcome of the French and Indian War and the Seven Years War
- Explain the financial and strategic outcomes of the French and Indian War for both Britain and the colonies.
- Analyse how the removal of the French threat altered the colonists' perceived need for British protection.
- Evaluate the differing British and colonial perspectives on the financial and military contributions made during the conflict.
2G The Birth of the USA, 1760–1801 – Britain and the American Colonies, 1760–1763
The Thirteen Colonies: social, economic and political characteristics; divisions and rivalries within the colonies
- Compare the economic and social characteristics of the New England, Middle, and Southern colonies.
- Explain the political structure of a typical royal colony, including the role of the assembly.
- Identify and explain two sources of division or rivalry between or within the Thirteen Colonies.
2G The Birth of the USA, 1760–1801 – Ending the Colonial Relationship, 1774–1776
The Declaration of Independence: its political origins and its impact on the revolutionary cause
- Identify the key Enlightenment philosophies that formed the political origins of the Declaration of Independence.
- Analyse the role of the Continental Congress and key publications in driving the political shift towards independence.
- Evaluate the impact of the Declaration on the domestic revolutionary cause and its role in securing international alliances.
2G The Birth of the USA, 1760–1801 – Ending the Colonial Relationship, 1774–1776
The escalation of conflict: British actions to maintain control including the Quebec Act and the assertion of military control under General Gage; colonial militias and the outbreak of hostilities in 1775
- Analyse the impact of the Quebec Act on colonial perceptions of British imperial intentions.
- Evaluate the effectiveness of General Gage's military strategies in maintaining British control in Massachusetts.
- Explain the sequence of events that led to the outbreak of armed hostilities at Lexington and Concord in 1775.
2G The Birth of the USA, 1760–1801 – Ending the Colonial Relationship, 1774–1776
The hardening of colonial opposition: the First Continental Congress; the creation of new state constitutions
- Describe the key decisions and actions taken by the First Continental Congress in 1774.
- Explain how the creation of the Continental Association hardened colonial opposition to British rule.
- Analyse the reasons for and significance of the creation of new state constitutions prior to the formal Declaration of Independence.
2G The Birth of the USA, 1760–1801 – Ending the Colonial Relationship, 1774–1776
The ideology of revolution: Paine’s Common Sense; the influence of ideas on colonial leaders such as Samuel Adams and Thomas Jefferson; divisions between loyalists and rebels
- Evaluate the arguments presented in Thomas Paine's Common Sense and its impact on colonial public opinion.
- Analyse how Enlightenment philosophy influenced the political strategies and writings of Samuel Adams and Thomas Jefferson.
- Explain the ideological and practical reasons for the divisions between loyalists and rebels in colonial America.
2G The Birth of the USA, 1760–1801 – Enforcing the Colonial Relationship, 1763–1774
British government legislation and policies towards the colonies; including the Proclamation of 1763; the Stamp Act and the Townshend Acts
- Explain the economic and strategic reasons for the shift in British colonial policy after 1763.
- Analyse the specific provisions and intentions of the Proclamation of 1763, the Stamp Act, and the Townshend Acts.
- Evaluate how these legislative measures contributed to the breakdown of the colonial relationship.
2G The Birth of the USA, 1760–1801 – Enforcing the Colonial Relationship, 1763–1774
Escalating tensions: the Boston Tea Party; the ‘intolerable’ Five Acts; the organisation of colonial opposition in Massachusetts
- Outline the causes and events of the Boston Tea Party.
- Explain the components and colonial perception of the 'intolerable' Five Acts.
- Assess how colonial opposition was organised in Massachusetts in response to British punitive measures.
2G The Birth of the USA, 1760–1801 – Enforcing the Colonial Relationship, 1763–1774
The reaction of the colonists: pressure and reform movements from below
- Describe the methods used by grassroots organisations to exert pressure on British authorities.
- Explain the aims and actions of internal reform movements from below, such as the Regulators.
- Analyse the impact of popular pressure on the broader trajectory of colonial resistance.
2G The Birth of the USA, 1760–1801 – Enforcing the Colonial Relationship, 1763–1774
The reaction of the colonists: the attitude of the colonial elites
- Identify the key groups that comprised the colonial elite and their primary economic and political interests.
- Analyse the methods used by the colonial elites to articulate and coordinate resistance to British policies.
- Evaluate the extent to which the colonial elites controlled the broader colonial reaction and managed the threat of popular radicalism.
2G The Birth of the USA, 1760–1801 – Founding the Republic, 1776–1789 (A-level only)
Making the Constitution: the Philadelphia Convention and the constitutional debates between federalists and anti-federalists, the personalities and policies of the ‘Founding Fathers’
- Explain the main political and economic factors that led to the convening of the Philadelphia Convention.
- Compare and contrast the constitutional arguments of the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists.
- Assess the impact of specific Founding Fathers' personalities and policies on the drafting of the Constitution.
2G The Birth of the USA, 1760–1801 – Founding the Republic, 1776–1789 (A-level only)
Obstacles blocking the path to a republic: economic problems, social tensions and inter-state disputes, the issue of slavery
- Identify the specific economic problems and inter-state disputes that threatened the early republic.
- Explain how post-war economic conditions generated social tensions and uprisings.
- Analyse how the issue of slavery created sectional divisions that obstructed the path to a unified republic.
2G The Birth of the USA, 1760–1801 – Founding the Republic, 1776–1789 (A-level only)
Ratification of the new Republic: the forwarding of the constitution to the states by the Continental Congress, ratification of the constitution by state conventions
- Describe the process by which the Continental Congress forwarded the Constitution to the states for approval.
- Explain why the framers chose state conventions over state legislatures for the ratification process.
- Evaluate the political tactics and compromises necessary to achieve ratification in the state conventions.
2G The Birth of the USA, 1760–1801 – Founding the Republic, 1776–1789 (A-level only)
The Articles of Confederation: drafting from 1776; ratification by the thirteen states
- Describe the timeline and process of drafting the Articles of Confederation from 1776.
- Explain the causes of the delay in the ratification of the Articles by the thirteen states.
- Analyse the political motivations that led to the creation of a weak central government.
2G The Birth of the USA, 1760–1801 – The War of Independence, 1776–1783 (A-level only)
Recognition of the new nation: the conduct of the peace negotiations, the terms of the peace settlement 1783
- Describe the diplomatic tactics used by American negotiators during the peace process.
- Identify the key territorial and economic terms of the 1783 peace settlement.
- Evaluate the extent to which the Treaty of Paris successfully resolved the conflict between Britain and the new nation.
2G The Birth of the USA, 1760–1801 – The War of Independence, 1776–1783 (A-level only)
The balance of military power in 1776: the strengths and weaknesses of Britain’s military position, the strengths and limitations of the revolutionary forces, geographical factors
- Identify the key strengths and weaknesses of the British military position in 1776.
- Analyse the strengths and limitations of the American revolutionary forces.
- Evaluate the impact of geographical factors on the military strategies and successes of both sides.
2G The Birth of the USA, 1760–1801 – The War of Independence, 1776–1783 (A-level only)
The conduct of the war: American political leadership, the revolutionary armies and George Washington as military leader; the political and military failures of Britain’s war effort
- Analyse the strengths and weaknesses of American political and military leadership during the war.
- Evaluate the strategic decisions made by George Washington to preserve the Continental Army.
- Explain the political and military factors that contributed to the failure of the British war effort.
2G The Birth of the USA, 1760–1801 – The War of Independence, 1776–1783 (A-level only)
The international context: the part played by France, diplomacy and sea power; the part played by Spain
- Explain the diplomatic processes that led to French and Spanish intervention in the American War of Independence.
- Analyse the decisive role of French sea power and military aid in securing American victory.
- Evaluate how Spain's involvement altered the strategic balance by forcing Britain to fight a global war.
2G The Birth of the USA, 1760–1801 – Washington and Adams, 1789–1801 (A-level only)
Financing the new nation: Alexander Hamilton as Secretary of Finance, the balance between federal and state authority
- Explain the key components of Alexander Hamilton's strategy for financing the new nation.
- Analyse the arguments for and against the federal assumption of state debts and the creation of a national bank.
- Evaluate how Hamilton's financial policies impacted the balance of power between federal and state authority.
2G The Birth of the USA, 1760–1801 – Washington and Adams, 1789–1801 (A-level only)
The powers of the presidency: Washington and Adams as presidents, the implementation of the constitution
- Analyse the precedents established by George Washington that defined the powers of the presidency.
- Evaluate John Adams's exercise of executive power during his presidency.
- Assess how the early presidents implemented and interpreted the US Constitution in practice.
2G The Birth of the USA, 1760–1801 – Washington and Adams, 1789–1801 (A-level only)
The rise and influence of political parties: the Jefferson Republican (Democratic Republican Party) under Jefferson and James Madison, the Federalist Party under Alexander Hamilton and John Adams
- Compare the core ideological differences between the Federalist and Democratic-Republican parties.
- Evaluate the specific contributions of Hamilton, Adams, Jefferson, and Madison to their respective political factions.
- Analyse how domestic policies and foreign affairs accelerated the rise of a two-party system.
2G The Birth of the USA, 1760–1801 – Washington and Adams, 1789–1801 (A-level only)
The United States in 1801: the extent of national unity, relations with the world outside.
- Evaluate the extent of political and sectional unity within the United States at the point of Jefferson's inauguration in 1801.
- Analyse the state of American diplomatic relations with major European powers, particularly Britain and France, in 1801.
- Synthesise how external geopolitical pressures influenced internal American political cohesion.
2H France in Revolution, 1774–1815 (A-level only) – 1795 The origins of the French Revolution, 1774–1789
Absolutism and the structure of the Ancien Régime: Louis XVI as King; government; social divisions; privileges and burdens; strengths and weaknesses
- Describe the theoretical basis and practical limitations of absolute monarchy under Louis XVI.
- Categorise the privileges and burdens experienced by the three different Estates.
- Evaluate the structural strengths and weaknesses of the Ancien Régime's government and society.
2H France in Revolution, 1774–1815 (A-level only) – 1795 The origins of the French Revolution, 1774–1789
Economic problems and royal finance: attempts to improve royal finances under Turgot, Necker and Calonne
- Explain the structural weaknesses of the French taxation system and the causes of the royal deficit.
- Compare the financial reform strategies implemented by Turgot, Necker, and Calonne.
- Analyse the reasons why successive attempts to reform royal finances ultimately failed.
2H France in Revolution, 1774–1815 (A-level only) – 1795 The origins of the French Revolution, 1774–1789
The Assembly of Notables and political developments, February 1787 to May 1789; the state of France, politically, economically and socially by the meeting of the Estates-General
- Evaluate the role of the Assembly of Notables in accelerating the collapse of royal authority.
- Analyse the interconnected political, economic, and social crises facing France in the spring of 1789.
- Explain the significance of the debate over voting by order versus voting by head ahead of the Estates-General.
2H France in Revolution, 1774–1815 (A-level only) – 1795 The origins of the French Revolution, 1774–1789
The ideas of the Enlightened philosophes: extent of influence in France; the salons; impact of the American revolution and War of Independence
- Identify the core political and social ideas of major Enlightenment philosophes.
- Explain how salons and other social networks facilitated the spread of radical ideas in France.
- Analyse the ideological and financial impacts of the American Revolution and War of Independence on the French state.
2H France in Revolution, 1774–1815 (A-level only) – 1795–1815 The Directory and Napoleon's rise to power, 1795–1799
Military campaigns and expansion abroad: Napoleon's contribution to French success; background, character and military leadership; the Italian campaign and Egypt
- Analyse the impact of Napoleon's background and character on his military leadership style.
- Evaluate the strategic successes and political consequences of the Italian campaign.
- Assess the aims, outcomes, and propagandistic manipulation of the Egyptian campaign.
2H France in Revolution, 1774–1815 (A-level only) – 1795–1815 The Directory and Napoleon's rise to power, 1795–1799
The aftermath of the Terror: the Thermidorian reaction and White Terror; the 1795 Parisian risings
- Identify the key political changes implemented during the Thermidorian reaction.
- Explain the motivations and actions of those involved in the White Terror.
- Analyse the causes, events, and consequences of the 1795 Parisian risings.
2H France in Revolution, 1774–1815 (A-level only) – 1795–1815 The Directory and Napoleon's rise to power, 1795–1799
The coup of Brumaire and the establishment of the Consulate: the strengths and weaknesses of the new constitution; Napoleon's position and the state of France by 1799
- Explain the political, economic, and social state of France on the eve of the Coup of Brumaire.
- Analyse the events of the coup and how Napoleon outmanoeuvred his political allies to establish the Consulate.
- Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the Constitution of the Year VIII in consolidating Napoleon's position as First Consul.
2H France in Revolution, 1774–1815 (A-level only) – 1795–1815 The Directory and Napoleon's rise to power, 1795–1799
The establishment of the Directory: the constitution; financial and political problems and policies; strengths and weaknesses of the Directory
- Describe the structure and aims of the Constitution of Year III.
- Evaluate the success of the Directory's financial and political policies.
- Formulate a balanced judgement on the strengths and weaknesses of the Directory.
2H France in Revolution, 1774–1815 (A-level only) – The emergence and spread of the Terror, September 1792–1795
Internal and external war: the spread of war; the rising in the Vendée; attempts to establish wartime control; Robespierre; the fall of the Girondins and the Federalist revolt
- Explain the causes and impact of the rising in the Vendée and the spread of external war.
- Evaluate the attempts to establish wartime control and the rising influence of Robespierre.
- Analyse the sequence of events linking the fall of the Girondins to the outbreak of the Federalist revolt.
2H France in Revolution, 1774–1815 (A-level only) – The emergence and spread of the Terror, September 1792–1795
The establishment of a Republic: problems and policies; debate leading to the execution of the King
- Describe the immediate political and economic problems facing the newly established Republic.
- Explain the early policies implemented by the National Convention.
- Analyse the factional debates and key events that led to the execution of Louis XVI.
2H France in Revolution, 1774–1815 (A-level only) – The emergence and spread of the Terror, September 1792–1795
The progress of the war: the levée en masse and the coming of the Terror
- Describe the military situation facing France in early 1793.
- Explain the terms and broader societal impact of the levée en masse.
- Analyse the causal relationship between the progress of the war and the onset of the Terror.
2H France in Revolution, 1774–1815 (A-level only) – The emergence and spread of the Terror, September 1792–1795
The spread of the Terror: executions; the influence of Robespierre and the sans culottes; the role of the CPS; Robespierre's fall and the collapse of the Terror
- Detail the mechanisms and scale of executions during the spread of the Terror.
- Evaluate the symbiotic but ultimately fractured relationship between the CPS, Robespierre, and the sans-culottes.
- Explain the sequence of events leading to the coup of Thermidor and the subsequent dismantling of the Terror's apparatus.
2H France in Revolution, 1774–1815 (A-level only) – The experiment in constitutional monarchy, 1789–1792
Reaction to change internally and externally: the political clubs; the King and the flight to Varennes; the demonstration at the Champs de Mars; the origins and impact of war
- Explain the differing aims and memberships of the major political clubs in Paris.
- Analyse the consequences of the Flight to Varennes on the public perception of Louis XVI.
- Evaluate the causes of the French Revolutionary Wars and their immediate impact on domestic stability.
2H France in Revolution, 1774–1815 (A-level only) – The experiment in constitutional monarchy, 1789–1792
Sans-culottes and the collapse of the constitutional experiment; the September massacres and elections to the national Convention
- Define the socio-economic characteristics and political demands of the sans-culottes.
- Explain the sequence of events leading to the overthrow of the monarchy on 10 August 1792.
- Analyse the causes and political consequences of the September Massacres and the subsequent Convention elections.
2H France in Revolution, 1774–1815 (A-level only) – The experiment in constitutional monarchy, 1789–1792
The attempts to establish a constitutional monarchy: church reforms; political, judicial and administrative reforms; economic and social change
- Describe the key features of the political, judicial, and administrative reforms introduced by the National Assembly.
- Analyse the economic and social changes, including the impact of free trade policies on different social classes.
- Evaluate the consequences of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy on the viability of the constitutional monarchy.
2H France in Revolution, 1774–1815 (A-level only) – The experiment in constitutional monarchy, 1789–1792
The revolution May-October 1789: developments in Versailles and Paris; developments in the country, including the Great Fear; the October Days
- Trace the sequence of events from the Estates-General to the October Days.
- Explain the relationship between economic distress and popular uprisings in Paris and the provinces.
- Analyse the impact of the Great Fear on the dismantling of the feudal system.
2H France in Revolution, 1774–1815 (A-level only) – The impact of Napoleon's rule on Europe, 1799–1815
Challenges to the Empire: the continental blockade; the Peninsular War; the Austrian campaign; the Russian campaign; the war of the Fourth Coalition
- Explain the aims and consequences of the Continental Blockade.
- Analyse the reasons for the failure of the Russian campaign.
- Evaluate the cumulative impact of these military campaigns on the stability of the French Empire.
2H France in Revolution, 1774–1815 (A-level only) – The impact of Napoleon's rule on Europe, 1799–1815
The army and conquest during the consulate and Empire: reasons for military success by 1808 and the part played by Napoleon; the reasons for expansion and the building of an empire, its value and problems
- Explain the structural and tactical reasons for French military success up to 1808.
- Analyse the diverse motivations behind Napoleon's drive to build a European empire.
- Evaluate the benefits and inherent weaknesses of the expanded French Empire.
2H France in Revolution, 1774–1815 (A-level only) – The impact of Napoleon's rule on Europe, 1799–1815
The collapse of the Empire: the first Peace of Paris; the 100 days; Napoleon's abdication and second Peace of Paris; treatment of France by the Vienna settlement; the condition of France in 1815; Napoleon's reputation and legacy
- Compare the terms and contexts of the First and Second Peace of Paris.
- Evaluate the effectiveness of the Vienna settlement in containing French power.
- Analyse the development of Napoleon's historical reputation and his long-term legacy in Europe.
2H France in Revolution, 1774–1815 (A-level only) – The impact of Napoleon's rule on Europe, 1799–1815
The control of the Grand Empire: administration; economic and social policies
- Describe the administrative mechanisms used by Napoleon to govern the Grand Empire.
- Evaluate the economic consequences of French imperial policies on satellite states.
- Assess the impact of Napoleon's social reforms on the populations of conquered European territories.
2H France in Revolution, 1774–1815 (A-level only) – The impact of Napoleon's rule on France, 1799–1815
Financial and economic policies and problems: taxation; the central economy; the impact of war and the Continental System; degree of economic change
- Describe the mechanisms used by Napoleon to centralise the economy and stabilise French finances.
- Analyse the economic and political consequences of the Continental System on France and its empire.
- Evaluate the overall degree of economic change in France between 1799 and 1815, considering the impact of continuous warfare.
2H France in Revolution, 1774–1815 (A-level only) – The impact of Napoleon's rule on France, 1799–1815
Legal and administrative change: the Napoleonic codes; the prefects, police and control
- Analyse the key provisions of the Napoleonic Codes and their impact on different social groups.
- Explain the function and significance of Prefects in the Napoleonic administrative system.
- Evaluate the effectiveness of the police and censorship in maintaining Napoleon's control over France.
2H France in Revolution, 1774–1815 (A-level only) – The impact of Napoleon's rule on France, 1799–1815
Political change: Napoleon's consolidation of power and establishment of Emperor status; constitutional developments
- Trace the chronological progression of Napoleon's constitutional developments from 1799 to 1804.
- Analyse the methods Napoleon used to consolidate executive power and neutralise political opposition.
- Evaluate the significance of the establishment of the Empire and the title of Emperor in 1804.
2H France in Revolution, 1774–1815 (A-level only) – The impact of Napoleon's rule on France, 1799–1815
Social change: class distinctions and titles; education and attitude to women; censorship and propaganda; the position of the Church; the Concordat and its aftermath
- Evaluate the extent to which Napoleon's policies on class distinctions and titles represented a departure from revolutionary ideals.
- Analyse the methods and effectiveness of Napoleon's use of censorship, propaganda, and education to control French society.
- Assess the impact of the 1801 Concordat and its aftermath on the position of the Church and state-religion relations in France.
2J America: A Nation Divided, c1845–1877 – Attempts to maintain the Union, c1845–1854
Attempts at political compromise: the Wilmot Proviso; the role of personalities such as Zachary Taylor, Stephen Douglas and Henry Clay; the Compromise of 1850; Texas and California; the Fugitive Slave Law
- Explain the purpose and political consequences of the Wilmot Proviso.
- Evaluate the contributions of Taylor, Douglas, and Clay to the debates surrounding the Compromise of 1850.
- Identify the key components of the Compromise of 1850, including the status of Texas, California, and the Fugitive Slave Law.
2J America: A Nation Divided, c1845–1877 – Attempts to maintain the Union, c1845–1854
Reactions against abolitionism in the South; political leaders such as Jefferson Davis; popular literature and the press
- Analyse the ideological shift in the South towards defending slavery as a 'positive good'.
- Evaluate the arguments used by political leaders like Jefferson Davis to counter Northern abolitionism.
- Examine the role of Southern popular literature and the press in shaping a unified pro-slavery regional identity.
2J America: A Nation Divided, c1845–1877 – Attempts to maintain the Union, c1845–1854
The growth of abolitionist sentiment in the North: political leaders such as William Seward; activists such as John Brown; popular literature and the press; the cultural and economic influence of European immigrants arriving in the northern states
- Explain the different methods used by political leaders and activists to promote abolitionism in the North.
- Analyse the impact of popular literature and the press on Northern public opinion regarding slavery.
- Evaluate the cultural and economic contributions of European immigrants to the growth of anti-slavery sentiment.
2J America: A Nation Divided, c1845–1877 – Attempts to maintain the Union, c1845–1854
Westward expansion and its impact on North and South: the ideas of Manifest Destiny; controversy over the new territories acquired by victory over Mexico
- Define Manifest Destiny and explain its influence on US foreign and domestic policy in the 1840s.
- Analyse the specific controversies generated by the territories acquired from Mexico.
- Compare and contrast the impacts of westward expansion on Northern and Southern political and economic interests.
2J America: A Nation Divided, c1845–1877 – Early Reconstruction, 1865–1867 (A-level only)
Planning for the future after the war: the impact of the Emancipation Proclamation; Lincoln’s aims; the approach to preparing for post-war reconstruction
- Analyse the political and social impact of the Emancipation Proclamation on post-war planning.
- Evaluate Lincoln's aims for reconstruction, focusing on his desire for rapid national reconciliation.
- Compare Lincoln's approach to preparing for reconstruction with the legislative demands of the Radical Republicans.
2J America: A Nation Divided, c1845–1877 – Early Reconstruction, 1865–1867 (A-level only)
The Fourteenth Amendment: Thaddeus Stevens; Radical republicans; the struggle to pass the amendment; the Reconstruction Acts
- Explain the key clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment and their significance for freedmen.
- Analyse the leadership and ideological motivations of Thaddeus Stevens and the Radical Republicans.
- Evaluate the necessity and impact of the Reconstruction Acts in securing the amendment's ratification.
2J America: A Nation Divided, c1845–1877 – Early Reconstruction, 1865–1867 (A-level only)
The presidency of Andrew Johnson: personality and aims; conflicts with Congress; break with the Republicans; impeachment
- Describe how Andrew Johnson's personality and political aims influenced his approach to Reconstruction.
- Analyse the legislative battles that caused the permanent break between Johnson and the Republican-dominated Congress.
- Evaluate the political and constitutional significance of Johnson's impeachment and subsequent acquittal.
2J America: A Nation Divided, c1845–1877 – Early Reconstruction, 1865–1867 (A-level only)
The Thirteenth Amendment: origins and impact
- Explain the political and legal origins of the Thirteenth Amendment.
- Assess the immediate impact of the Thirteenth Amendment on the institution of slavery across the entire United States.
- Analyse the limitations of the Thirteenth Amendment and its unintended consequences for the justice system.
2J America: A Nation Divided, c1845–1877 – North and South in c1845
The American Republic: the federal government and its relationships with the states; the role of the president; the US constitution and the Supreme Court
- Describe the constitutional division of power between the federal government and the states.
- Explain the specific powers and limitations of the US President.
- Analyse the role of the Supreme Court in interpreting the US Constitution.
2J America: A Nation Divided, c1845–1877 – North and South in c1845
The legacy of the past: the Missouri Compromise; the Nullification Crisis; southern fears of modernisation; the moving frontier
- Explain the terms and significance of the Missouri Compromise.
- Analyse the causes and consequences of the Nullification Crisis.
- Evaluate how the moving frontier and modernisation heightened Southern political anxieties.
2J America: A Nation Divided, c1845–1877 – North and South in c1845
The Northern states: social, economic and political characteristics
- Describe the key economic drivers of the Northern states in 1845.
- Explain how immigration and urbanisation shaped Northern society.
- Analyse the political priorities of the Northern states regarding federal economic policy.
2J America: A Nation Divided, c1845–1877 – North and South in c1845
The Southern states: social, economic and political characteristics
- Describe the social hierarchy of the Southern states in c1845.
- Explain the economic reliance on cotton and enslaved labour.
- Analyse the political dominance of the planter elite and their defence of states' rights.
2J America: A Nation Divided, c1845–1877 – Radical Reconstruction, 1867–1877 (A-level only)
Radical Reconstruction in the South: the impact of the Reconstruction Acts; southern Unionists; the role of the army; the campaign for the Fifteenth Amendment
- Evaluate the political and social impact of the Reconstruction Acts on the former Confederate states.
- Analyse the role and limitations of the US Army in enforcing Radical Reconstruction policies.
- Explain the significance of the Fifteenth Amendment and the political campaign required to secure its ratification.
2J America: A Nation Divided, c1845–1877 – Radical Reconstruction, 1867–1877 (A-level only)
Resistance to Radical Reconstruction in the South: Southern Democrats and ‘Redeemers’; the Ku Klux Klan; the issue of voter registration
- Explain the political objectives of Southern Democrats and 'Redeemers' during Radical Reconstruction.
- Analyse the role and methods of the Ku Klux Klan in resisting federal policies.
- Evaluate the impact of white southern resistance on African-American voter registration.
2J America: A Nation Divided, c1845–1877 – Radical Reconstruction, 1867–1877 (A-level only)
The end of Radical Reconstruction: the position of African-Americans in North and South by 1877
- Explain the events and significance of the Compromise of 1877 in ending Radical Reconstruction.
- Assess the economic, social, and political position of African-Americans in the South by 1877.
- Evaluate the extent of equality and discrimination faced by African-Americans in the North by 1877.
2J America: A Nation Divided, c1845–1877 – Radical Reconstruction, 1867–1877 (A-level only)
The presidency: the election of 1868 and Andrew Johnson’s Christmas amnesty; the aims and policies of Ulysses Grant; personalities; policies; conflicts with Congress
- Analyse the impact of Andrew Johnson's 1868 Christmas amnesty on the political landscape of Reconstruction.
- Evaluate the aims, policies, and political effectiveness of Ulysses S. Grant's presidency.
- Explain the causes and outcomes of executive conflicts with Congress during the Grant administration.
2J America: A Nation Divided, c1845–1877 – The outbreak of Civil War, 1854–1861
‘Bleeding Kansas’: the de-stabilisation of the balance between North and South
- Describe the key events and factions involved in the 'Bleeding Kansas' conflict.
- Explain how popular sovereignty failed to peacefully resolve the issue of slavery in the territories.
- Analyse the extent to which 'Bleeding Kansas' destabilised the political balance between the North and the South.
2J America: A Nation Divided, c1845–1877 – The outbreak of Civil War, 1854–1861
Hardening of positions: the Dred Scott decision; the Lincoln-Douglas debates; Harper’s Ferry; local conflicts; the split in the Democratic Party
- Explain the legal and political consequences of the Dred Scott decision.
- Analyse the arguments presented in the Lincoln-Douglas debates and their national impact.
- Evaluate the role of Harper's Ferry and local conflicts in accelerating the split of the Democratic Party.
2J America: A Nation Divided, c1845–1877 – The outbreak of Civil War, 1854–1861
The drive for secession of the South: the presidential election of 1860; southern political leaders and proclamation of the Confederacy; outbreak of hostilities
- Analyse the results and immediate political fallout of the 1860 presidential election.
- Explain the role of Southern political leaders in orchestrating secession and forming the Confederacy.
- Trace the escalation of tensions from secession to the outbreak of armed hostilities at Fort Sumter.
2J America: A Nation Divided, c1845–1877 – The outbreak of Civil War, 1854–1861
The emergence of the Republican Party: the political impact of the controversy over the Kansas-Nebraska Act; the spread of Republican parties across northern states; the elections of 1856; key personalities including Lincoln, Seward and Chase
- Explain how the Kansas-Nebraska Act controversy led to the emergence and spread of the Republican Party.
- Analyse the results and significance of the 1856 elections for the new Republican Party.
- Compare the political stances and contributions of key Republican figures, including Lincoln, Seward, and Chase.
2J America: A Nation Divided, c1845–1877 – The War, 1861–1865 (A-level only)
The course of the Civil War: military campaigns; the reasons for the final defeat of the Confederacy
- Trace the chronological development and strategic significance of major Civil War military campaigns.
- Analyse the structural, economic, and political reasons for the final defeat of the Confederacy.
- Evaluate the relative importance of military leadership versus industrial capacity in determining the war's outcome.
2J America: A Nation Divided, c1845–1877 – The War, 1861–1865 (A-level only)
The strengths and weaknesses of the Confederate cause: military resources; political and military leadership; economic and geographical factors; relations with foreign powers
- Analyse the military and geographical advantages held by the Confederacy at the outbreak of the war.
- Evaluate the effectiveness of Jefferson Davis's political leadership and Confederate military commanders.
- Explain why Confederate economic strategies and foreign diplomacy ultimately failed to sustain their war effort.
2J America: A Nation Divided, c1845–1877 – The War, 1861–1865 (A-level only)
The strengths and weaknesses of the Unionist cause: military resources; political and military leadership; economic and geographical factors; relations with foreign powers
- Identify the key demographic and economic resources that provided the Union with a long-term advantage.
- Evaluate the effectiveness of Abraham Lincoln's political leadership compared to his early military commanders.
- Analyse how the Union overcame geographical disadvantages and successfully managed foreign relations to prevent European intervention.
2J America: A Nation Divided, c1845–1877 – The War, 1861–1865 (A-level only)
The United States at the end of the Civil War: the costs of war for the South; the costs of war for the North; the prospects for reconciliation
- Compare the economic and demographic costs of the Civil War for the North and the South.
- Analyse the immediate social and political challenges facing the United States following the Confederate surrender.
- Evaluate the differing political visions for national reconciliation and the obstacles that hindered immediate unity.
2K International Relations and Global Conflict, c1890–1941 (A-level only) – Attempts at maintaining the peace, 1923–1935
Changing balance of power: the ambitions of Italy, Japan and Germany
- Compare the specific territorial and ideological ambitions of Italy, Japan, and Germany.
- Explain how the Great Depression influenced the foreign policies of these three nations.
- Evaluate the impact of these combined ambitions on the global balance of power by 1935.
2K International Relations and Global Conflict, c1890–1941 (A-level only) – Attempts at maintaining the peace, 1923–1935
The ‘Spirit of Locarno’: consolidation of the post-war settlement; attempts at disarmament and conciliation in international relations, including the Dawes Plan, the Geneva Protocol and the Kellogg-Briand Pact
- Explain the terms and economic impact of the 1924 Dawes Plan.
- Analyse the reasons for the failure of the Geneva Protocol and its implications for the League of Nations.
- Evaluate the extent to which the Kellogg-Briand Pact and the 'Spirit of Locarno' consolidated the post-war settlement.
2K International Relations and Global Conflict, c1890–1941 (A-level only) – Attempts at maintaining the peace, 1923–1935
The collapse of collective security: the reasons for and consequences of the failure of League of Nations in the Manchurian and Abyssinian Crises
- Identify the specific reasons why the League of Nations failed to halt aggression in Manchuria and Abyssinia.
- Analyse the role of British and French foreign policy in undermining collective security during these crises.
- Evaluate the consequences of these failures on the international order and the emboldening of revisionist powers.
2K International Relations and Global Conflict, c1890–1941 (A-level only) – Attempts at maintaining the peace, 1923–1935
The Depression and its impact on international relations: the failures of the Lausanne and London Conferences on international debts and reparations
- Explain how the Great Depression impacted international relations and the system of global debt.
- Analyse the aims and reasons for the failure of the 1932 Lausanne Conference regarding reparations.
- Evaluate the significance of the 1933 London Conference's failure in promoting economic nationalism.
2K International Relations and Global Conflict, c1890–1941 (A-level only) – Great Powers: Britain, Germany, France, Russia and Austria-Hungary, c1890–1900
Economic strengths and armed forces: the erosion of Britain’s economic supremacy; the rise of the German economy; economic reform in Russia; the relative strengths of the armed forces of the Great Powers
- Explain the factors contributing to the relative decline of the British economy and the rise of the German economy.
- Evaluate the impact of Sergei Witte's economic reforms on Russia's industrial and military capacity.
- Compare the size, technological advancement, and strategic focus of the armed forces of the Great Powers, including Britain, Germany, France, Russia, and Austria-Hungary.
2K International Relations and Global Conflict, c1890–1941 (A-level only) – Great Powers: Britain, Germany, France, Russia and Austria-Hungary, c1890–1900
Empires and rivalries: the ‘Scramble for Africa’; Russo-Austro-Hungarian rivalry in the Balkans; Russia and the Ottoman Empire
- Explain the impact of the 'Scramble for Africa' on diplomatic relations between the Great Powers.
- Analyse the strategic objectives of Russia concerning the Ottoman Empire and the Black Sea Straits.
- Evaluate the causes and consequences of the Russo-Austro-Hungarian rivalry in the Balkan peninsula.
2K International Relations and Global Conflict, c1890–1941 (A-level only) – Great Powers: Britain, Germany, France, Russia and Austria-Hungary, c1890–1900
The political structures of the Great Powers: liberal democracies in Britain and France and autocracies in Germany, Russia and Austria-Hungary; the effect of political structures on decision-making
- Categorise the Great Powers into liberal democracies and autocracies.
- Explain the constitutional mechanisms that constrained or empowered leaders in each Great Power.
- Analyse how different political structures influenced the speed and nature of foreign policy decisions.
2K International Relations and Global Conflict, c1890–1941 (A-level only) – Great Powers: Britain, Germany, France, Russia and Austria-Hungary, c1890–1900
The state of international relations by 1900: Anglo-French rivalry; Anglo-German relations; the Franco-Russian alliance; Germany’s Dual Alliance with Austria-Hungary; potential for conflict
- Assess the strategic purpose and impact of Germany's Dual Alliance with Austria-Hungary.
- Explain the formation of the Franco-Russian alliance and its effect on the European balance of power.
- Evaluate the factors contributing to Anglo-French rivalry and the decline in Anglo-German relations by 1900.
2K International Relations and Global Conflict, c1890–1941 (A-level only) – Second World War, 1917–1941 The end of the First World War and the peace settlement, 1917–1923
Challenges to the peace settlement: the consequences of the USA’s return to isolationism and the League of Nations; the responses to the post-war settlement in France, Britain and Germany
- Analyse the consequences of American isolationism for the League of Nations.
- Compare and contrast the British and French responses to the post-war settlement.
- Explain the political and psychological impact of the peace settlement on Germany.
2K International Relations and Global Conflict, c1890–1941 (A-level only) – Second World War, 1917–1941 The end of the First World War and the peace settlement, 1917–1923
Peace-making, 1919–1923: the roles and aims of Clemenceau, Wilson and Lloyd George; the Treaty of Versailles; the East and Southern European settlements and the settlement with Turkey
- Compare the differing diplomatic roles and national aims of Clemenceau, Wilson, and Lloyd George at the Paris Peace Conference.
- Explain the territorial, military, and economic terms of the Treaty of Versailles and the East and Southern European settlements.
- Analyse the transition from the Treaty of Sèvres to the Treaty of Lausanne in the settlement with Turkey.
2K International Relations and Global Conflict, c1890–1941 (A-level only) – Second World War, 1917–1941 The end of the First World War and the peace settlement, 1917–1923
The collapse of the autocratic empires: Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire; nationalist ambitions and the impact on international relations and peace-making
- Describe the specific circumstances leading to the collapse of Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire.
- Analyse how nationalist ambitions emerged from the ruins of the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman empires.
- Evaluate the impact of these imperial collapses on the priorities and challenges of the peace-making process.
2K International Relations and Global Conflict, c1890–1941 (A-level only) – Second World War, 1917–1941 The end of the First World War and the peace settlement, 1917–1923
The state of international relations by 1923: the position of the USA and Russia in world affairs; continuing border disputes; the occupation of the Ruhr and its consequences
- Evaluate the diplomatic positions of the USA and Russia in the early 1920s.
- Explain the causes and locations of continuing border disputes following the peace settlement.
- Analyse the causes and economic consequences of the 1923 occupation of the Ruhr.
2K International Relations and Global Conflict, c1890–1941 (A-level only) – The coming of war, 1911–1917
From European to World War: the escalation of the conflict; Italy’s motives for war; reasons for the entry of the USA
- Describe the ways in which the initial European conflict escalated into a World War.
- Explain Italy's motives for abandoning neutrality and joining the Entente in 1915.
- Evaluate the short-term triggers and long-term reasons for the entry of the USA into the war in 1917.
2K International Relations and Global Conflict, c1890–1941 (A-level only) – The coming of war, 1911–1917
General war in Europe: mobilisation of German and Russian forces; the implementation of the Schlieffen Plan and the invasion of Belgium; Britain’s declaration of war; the key decision makers and their motives
- Explain the sequence and significance of Russian and German mobilisation in 1914.
- Analyse how the implementation of the Schlieffen Plan and the invasion of Belgium led to Britain's entry into the war.
- Evaluate the motives and actions of key decision makers in the escalation to a general European war.
2K International Relations and Global Conflict, c1890–1941 (A-level only) – The coming of war, 1911–1917
The First and Second Balkan Wars: causes; attempts by the Great Powers to impose peace on the region; the impact of the Balkan Wars on the Great Powers and Serbia
- Identify the distinct causes of the First and Second Balkan Wars.
- Analyse the effectiveness of the Great Powers' attempts to impose peace in the Balkans.
- Evaluate the consequences of the Balkan Wars for Serbia and the shifting balance of power among the Great Powers.
2K International Relations and Global Conflict, c1890–1941 (A-level only) – The coming of war, 1911–1917
The outbreak of war in the Balkans and the July Crisis: Austria-Hungary’s and Germany’s response to the assassination in Sarajevo; Russia's response to Austria-Hungary’s demands on Serbia; the bombardment of Belgrade
- Explain the motivations behind Austria-Hungary's ultimatum and Germany's 'blank cheque' following the Sarajevo assassination.
- Analyse the reasons for Russia's mobilisation in response to the demands placed on Serbia.
- Assess the significance of the bombardment of Belgrade in triggering the wider European conflict.
2K International Relations and Global Conflict, c1890–1941 (A-level only) – The coming of war, 1935–1941
From Western European to World War: the reasons for the escalation to world war; the entry of the Soviet Union; Japan, Pearl Harbor and the entry of the USA
- Explain the ideological and strategic reasons for the entry of the Soviet Union into the war.
- Analyse the causes of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the subsequent entry of the USA.
- Evaluate the factors that transformed a European conflict into a global world war by the end of 1941.
2K International Relations and Global Conflict, c1890–1941 (A-level only) – The coming of war, 1935–1941
Germany’s challenges to the Treaty of Versailles: the aims and actions of Hitler
- Identify the specific clauses of the Treaty of Versailles that Hitler aimed to overturn.
- Describe the chronological sequence of Hitler's actions challenging the Treaty between 1933 and 1936.
- Analyse the relationship between Hitler's ideological aims and his practical foreign policy actions.
2K International Relations and Global Conflict, c1890–1941 (A-level only) – The coming of war, 1935–1941
The international response to German, Italian and Japanese aggression: the Rhineland Crisis; the Anschluss; the Spanish Civil War; Italy and Albania; war in China; alliances amongst the aggressors
- Evaluate the effectiveness of the international response to the Rhineland Crisis and the Anschluss.
- Explain the role of the Spanish Civil War in strengthening relations between Germany and Italy.
- Assess the impact of the Japanese war in China and the Italian invasion of Albania on global stability.
2K International Relations and Global Conflict, c1890–1941 (A-level only) – The coming of war, 1935–1941
The outbreak of war in Europe: appeasement; the Czech Crisis; the crisis over Poland and the Nazi-Soviet Pact; the outbreak of war; the reaction of Italy to the outbreak of war
- Analyse the causes and consequences of the 1938 Czech Crisis.
- Evaluate the strategic impact of the Nazi-Soviet Pact on the crisis over Poland.
- Explain the reasons for Italy's declaration of non-belligerence at the outbreak of war.
2K International Relations and Global Conflict, c1890–1941 (A-level only) – The Great Powers and Crises, 1900–1911
Evolving alliances: the Moroccan crises; Anglo-French Entente; the formation of the Triple Entente
- Explain the terms and initial purpose of the 1904 Anglo-French Entente.
- Analyse the causes and consequences of the First and Second Moroccan Crises.
- Evaluate the process and significance of the formation of the Triple Entente by 1907.
2K International Relations and Global Conflict, c1890–1941 (A-level only) – The Great Powers and Crises, 1900–1911
Forces of instability: Balkan nationalism and its significance for Austria-Hungary and Russia; militarism and the position of the German army in the Second Reich; the arms and naval races; military plans
- Analyse the impact of Balkan nationalism on the foreign policies of Austria-Hungary and Russia.
- Evaluate the political influence of the German army within the Second Reich.
- Explain how the arms and naval races, alongside rigid military plans, contributed to international instability.
2K International Relations and Global Conflict, c1890–1941 (A-level only) – The Great Powers and Crises, 1900–1911
Panslavism and the Bosnian Crisis: the causes, course and consequences of the Bosnian Crisis
- Define Panslavism and evaluate its impact on Balkan geopolitics.
- Trace the diplomatic course of the 1908 Bosnian Crisis from the Buchlau agreement to the German ultimatum.
- Analyse the long-term consequences of the Bosnian Crisis on Great Power relations.
2K International Relations and Global Conflict, c1890–1941 (A-level only) – The Great Powers and Crises, 1900–1911
The decline of the Ottoman Empire: the weakening of the Empire in Eastern Europe; the causes and consequences of the Young Turk Movement
- Explain the factors contributing to the weakening of the Ottoman Empire in Eastern Europe.
- Analyse the political and ideological causes of the Young Turk Movement.
- Assess the domestic and international consequences of the 1908 Young Turk Revolution.
2L Italy and Fascism, c1900–1945 – 1926 The Crisis of Liberal Italy, c1900–1915
Challenges to the ruling elites: industrialisation and social change; the rise of socialism and new political movements
- Describe the scale and geographic distribution of Italian industrialisation in the early 20th century.
- Explain how social changes and urbanisation led to the rapid growth of the Italian Socialist Party.
- Analyse how new mass political movements threatened the traditional dominance of the liberal ruling elites.
2L Italy and Fascism, c1900–1945 – 1926 The Crisis of Liberal Italy, c1900–1915
Italian foreign policies: the Triple Alliance; colonial ambitions in Abyssinia and Libya; Italy’s decision to enter the war in 1915
- Explain the terms and inherent contradictions of Italy's membership in the Triple Alliance.
- Compare the outcomes and domestic political consequences of Italy's colonial ventures in Abyssinia and Libya.
- Analyse the diplomatic and domestic factors that drove Italy's decision to enter the First World War in 1915.
2L Italy and Fascism, c1900–1945 – 1926 The Crisis of Liberal Italy, c1900–1915
The political system and Giolittianism: the role of the monarchy; the dominance of government by the liberal oligarchy; anticlericalism; the role of Giolitti
- Identify the constitutional powers of the monarchy and the methods used by the liberal oligarchy to dominate government.
- Explain the principles of 'Giolittianism' and how Giolitti used trasformismo to manage parliament.
- Analyse the role of anticlericalism in shaping political alliances and opposition during Giolitti's dominance.
2L Italy and Fascism, c1900–1945 – 1926 The Crisis of Liberal Italy, c1900–1915
The political, economic and social condition of Italy c1900: the legacy of unification; divisions between North and South; the conflict between Church and State; class divisions
- Describe the political, economic and social legacy of the Risorgimento on Italy by 1900.
- Explain the causes and consequences of the economic divide between the North and South.
- Analyse how the conflict between Church and State and deep class divisions undermined political stability.
2L Italy and Fascism, c1900–1945 – Fascist foreign policies, 1926–1940 (A-level only)
Mussolini and Empire: the invasion of Abyssinia and the conduct of the war; the impact of the war on Mussolini’s popularity and prestige at home and abroad
- Describe the key events and brutal methods used during the Italian invasion of Abyssinia.
- Analyse the reasons why the Abyssinian war led to the peak of Mussolini's domestic popularity.
- Evaluate the impact of the invasion on Italy's international relations and Mussolini's prestige abroad.
2L Italy and Fascism, c1900–1945 – Fascist foreign policies, 1926–1940 (A-level only)
Mussolini the statesman: relations with Britain and France; Italian influence in Austria; the Stresa Front
- Evaluate Mussolini's diplomatic relations with Britain and France up to 1935.
- Explain the significance of Italian influence in Austria and the response to the 1934 crisis.
- Analyse the aims and ultimate failure of the Stresa Front.
2L Italy and Fascism, c1900–1945 – Fascist foreign policies, 1926–1940 (A-level only)
Mussolini’s foreign policy ambitions: the restoration of prestige; the Mediterranean and ‘Mare Nostrum’; empire in Africa
- Explain the concept of 'Mare Nostrum' and its implications for Mediterranean geopolitics.
- Analyse the motivations behind Mussolini's drive for an empire in Africa.
- Evaluate the extent to which the restoration of prestige drove Fascist foreign policy decisions.
2L Italy and Fascism, c1900–1945 – Fascist foreign policies, 1926–1940 (A-level only)
The slide towards war: the Spanish Civil War; changing relations with Hitler’s Germany; the Pact of Steel; the invasion of Albania; the neutrality of Italy in 1939 and the extent of Italy’s military preparedness by 1940
- Evaluate the economic and military consequences of Italy's intervention in the Spanish Civil War.
- Trace the diplomatic steps that led to the Pact of Steel and the changing relationship with Nazi Germany.
- Assess the extent of Italy's military and economic unpreparedness for a major European war by 1940.
2L Italy and Fascism, c1900–1945 – Fascist Italy and war, 1940–1945 (A-level only)
Italy’s war effort: military campaigns; the impact of the war on the economy and the Italian people; the relationship with Nazi Germany
- Describe the outcomes of Italy's major military campaigns in Greece, North Africa, and the Soviet Union.
- Explain the impact of the war on the Italian economy and the daily lives of the Italian people.
- Analyse the changing dynamic of the relationship between Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany during the conflict.
2L Italy and Fascism, c1900–1945 – Fascist Italy and war, 1940–1945 (A-level only)
The decision to enter the war: Mussolini’s war aims; Italy’s contribution to the conquest of France; the implications for Italy of the continuation of the war
- Identify Mussolini's primary war aims and his reasons for entering the conflict in June 1940.
- Evaluate the effectiveness of Italy's military contribution to the conquest of France.
- Analyse the long-term implications for Italy of being drawn into a protracted global war.
2L Italy and Fascism, c1900–1945 – Fascist Italy and war, 1940–1945 (A-level only)
The fall of Mussolini in 1943: Allied invasion of Sicily and the crisis of the Fascist regime; the overthrow of Mussolini by the Fascist Grand Council and the King; the ‘Forty Five Days’ and the continuation of war and civil war in Italy
- Explain the sequence of events leading from the invasion of Sicily to the Fascist Grand Council vote.
- Analyse the roles of the King and dissident Fascists in the removal of Mussolini.
- Describe the political and military consequences of the 'Forty Five Days' and the subsequent armistice.
2L Italy and Fascism, c1900–1945 – Fascist Italy and war, 1940–1945 (A-level only)
The final collapse of Fascism: the restoration of Mussolini; the Fascist policies of the Salo Republic; the intensification of civil war and the role of the partisans; the end of German occupation; the death and legacy of Mussolini
- Describe the establishment and political nature of the Salo Republic under German influence.
- Analyse the causes and characteristics of the civil war between RSI forces and the partisans.
- Evaluate the circumstances of Mussolini's death and the long-term legacy of his regime on Italy.
2L Italy and Fascism, c1900–1945 – Fascist society, 1926–1940 (A-level only)
Fascist economic policies: the establishment and implementation of the Corporate State; Fascist economic policies in response to the 1930s Depression; living standards; the impact on the economy of Fascist military expansion
- Explain the structure and practical implementation of the Corporate State.
- Analyse the methods used by the Fascist regime to combat the 1930s Depression.
- Evaluate the impact of military expansion and autarky on the Italian economy and living standards.
2L Italy and Fascism, c1900–1945 – Fascist society, 1926–1940 (A-level only)
Fascist society: relations between the Fascist regime and the Church; the impact of Fascist organisations on women, youth, peasants and workers; the extent of ‘Fascistisation’ of society by 1940
- Evaluate the successes and failures of the Lateran Pacts in managing relations with the Church.
- Analyse the impact of Fascist mass organisations on women, youth, peasants, and workers.
- Assess the overall extent to which Italian society had been 'Fascistised' by the outbreak of war in 1940.
2L Italy and Fascism, c1900–1945 – Fascist society, 1926–1940 (A-level only)
Propaganda and the cult of Il Duce: control of the media; education as propaganda; the role of Fascist organisations
- Identify the key methods used by the Fascist regime to censor and control mass media.
- Explain how the education system and youth organisations were restructured to indoctrinate Italian children.
- Evaluate the extent to which the Cult of Il Duce and the OND successfully manufactured popular consent for Mussolini's regime.
2L Italy and Fascism, c1900–1945 – Fascist society, 1926–1940 (A-level only)
The police state: the machinery of Fascist repression; methods to deal with opposition and dissent; the race laws of 1938
- Describe the key institutions that formed the machinery of Fascist repression, including the OVRA and the Special Tribunal.
- Explain the various methods employed by the regime to neutralise political opposition and dissent, such as internal exile.
- Analyse the motivations behind and the consequences of the 1938 race laws on both the Jewish population and broader Italian society.
2L Italy and Fascism, c1900–1945 – Mussolini and the establishment of Fascist Italy, 1922–1926
Mussolini’s consolidation of power: compromises with the elites; the use of terror and violence; constitutional change and moves towards a one-party state; exploitation of the popularity of Fascist economic and foreign policy successes
- Analyse the methods Mussolini used to compromise with traditional Italian elites.
- Evaluate the role of constitutional changes and violence in establishing a one-party state.
- Assess how economic and foreign policy successes were exploited to consolidate Fascist power.
2L Italy and Fascism, c1900–1945 – Mussolini and the establishment of Fascist Italy, 1922–1926
The appointment of Mussolini as prime minister: Mussolini’s tactics and the March on Rome; the role of the King; compromises by the ruling elites
- Explain the dual tactics employed by Mussolini to secure the premiership in 1922.
- Analyse the reasons behind King Victor Emmanuel III's refusal to enact martial law.
- Evaluate the extent to which the ruling elites were responsible for Mussolini's appointment.
2L Italy and Fascism, c1900–1945 – Mussolini and the establishment of Fascist Italy, 1922–1926
The Fascist movement: the ideology of Fascist revolution; the different political factions within the Fascist Party; Fascist propaganda; Mussolini as leader
- Describe the key features and contradictions of the ideology of the Fascist revolution.
- Differentiate between the main political factions operating within the Fascist Party.
- Evaluate the role of propaganda and Mussolini's leadership in unifying the Fascist movement.
2L Italy and Fascism, c1900–1945 – Mussolini and the establishment of Fascist Italy, 1922–1926
The Fascist state by 1926: the extent of Mussolini’s political control; the extent of popular support for Mussolini’s regime; the extent of opposition and dissent
- Evaluate the extent of Mussolini's political control over the Italian state by 1926.
- Analyse the varying levels and motivations of popular support for the Fascist regime.
- Assess the scale and nature of opposition and dissent remaining in Italy by 1926.
2L Italy and Fascism, c1900–1945 – The collapse of Liberal Italy and Mussolini’s Rise to Power, 1915–1922
Italy and the ‘Mutilated Victory’: reactions within Italy to the post-war peace settlement and treaties; the seizure of Fiume by d’Annunzio
- Explain the origins and political function of the 'Mutilated Victory' myth in post-war Italy.
- Evaluate the Italian public's reaction to the territorial outcomes of the post-war peace treaties.
- Describe the events of d'Annunzio's seizure of Fiume and assess its impact on the stability of the Liberal government.
2L Italy and Fascism, c1900–1945 – The collapse of Liberal Italy and Mussolini’s Rise to Power, 1915–1922
Italy’s war effort: aims and expectations; military campaigns; Caporetto; the impact of war and defeat on the Home Front
- Identify Italy's primary territorial aims and expectations upon entering the First World War.
- Describe the key features and outcomes of the major military campaigns, including the defeat at Caporetto.
- Analyse the varied economic and social impacts of the war effort on the Italian Home Front.
2L Italy and Fascism, c1900–1945 – The collapse of Liberal Italy and Mussolini’s Rise to Power, 1915–1922
Political breakdown and the rise of extremism: strikes; political violence and the collapse of parliamentary government
- Describe the nature and scale of strikes and factory occupations during the Biennio Rosso.
- Analyse the methods and impact of fascist political violence against socialist organisations.
- Evaluate the reasons for the collapse of parliamentary government and the liberal state by 1922.
2L Italy and Fascism, c1900–1945 – The collapse of Liberal Italy and Mussolini’s Rise to Power, 1915–1922
The post-war economic crisis and social unrest: unemployment and inflation; government instability; the rise of the PSI; the Popolari and the Fascist Party
- Explain the causes and social consequences of post-war inflation and unemployment in Italy.
- Analyse the reasons for the electoral success of the PSI and the Popolari in 1919.
- Evaluate the link between government instability and the early growth of the Fascist Party.
2M Wars and Welfare: Britain in Transition, 1906–1957 – 'Never had it so good'? 1951–1957 (A-level only)
Britain by 1957: issues relating to New Commonwealth migrants and race-relations; nuclear concerns and the formation of CND
- Explain the causes of New Commonwealth migration and the subsequent challenges in race-relations by 1957.
- Analyse the reasons behind growing nuclear concerns in the context of the Cold War and British defence policy.
- Evaluate the factors that led to the formation of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) and its initial support base.
2M Wars and Welfare: Britain in Transition, 1906–1957 – 'Never had it so good'? 1951–1957 (A-level only)
Conservative governments and reasons for political dominance: Churchill, Eden and Macmillan as political leaders; domestic policies; internal Labour divisions; consensus politics
- Explain the concept of consensus politics and its application by the Conservative governments of 1951-1957.
- Analyse the causes and consequences of the internal divisions within the Labour Party during the 1950s.
- Evaluate the relative importance of leadership, domestic policies, and opposition weakness in explaining Conservative political dominance.
2M Wars and Welfare: Britain in Transition, 1906–1957 – 'Never had it so good'? 1951–1957 (A-level only)
Economic developments: post-war boom; balance of payments issues and 'stop-go' policies
- Describe the key features of the post-war economic boom in Britain.
- Explain the mechanics of 'stop-go' policies and why they were implemented.
- Evaluate the impact of balance of payments issues on government economic strategy between 1951 and 1957.
2M Wars and Welfare: Britain in Transition, 1906–1957 – 'Never had it so good'? 1951–1957 (A-level only)
Social and cultural developments: rising living standards; the impact of affluence and consumerism; changing social attitudes and behaviour; class and 'the Establishment', the position of women
- Analyse the causes and indicators of rising living standards between 1951 and 1957.
- Evaluate the extent to which affluence and consumerism altered traditional social attitudes and behaviour.
- Assess the continuity and change in the position of women and the influence of 'the Establishment'.
2M Wars and Welfare: Britain in Transition, 1906–1957 – only) The 'Hungry Thirties', 1929–1939 (A-level only)
Challenges to stability: the abdication crisis; radical political groups: the BUF; Communism
- Explain the causes and constitutional implications of the 1936 abdication crisis.
- Evaluate the rise, activities, and decline of the British Union of Fascists.
- Assess the extent to which Communism and fascism posed a genuine challenge to British political stability in the 1930s.
2M Wars and Welfare: Britain in Transition, 1906–1957 – only) The 'Hungry Thirties', 1929–1939 (A-level only)
Economic issues: the Depression and financial crisis; changes to economic policy, including moving from the Gold Standard; tariff reform and imperial preference; effect on industry, agriculture and trade
- Describe the causes and features of the financial crisis and the Great Depression in Britain.
- Explain the shift in economic policy, including the departure from the Gold Standard and the introduction of tariffs.
- Assess the differential impacts of these economic changes on industry, agriculture, and international trade.
2M Wars and Welfare: Britain in Transition, 1906–1957 – only) The 'Hungry Thirties', 1929–1939 (A-level only)
Political developments: the Labour government; domestic policies and response to economic problems; the reasons for and policies of the National Government; the leadership of MacDonald, Baldwin and Chamberlain
- Explain the domestic policies and economic responses of the 1929–1931 Labour government.
- Analyse the reasons for the formation and the subsequent policies of the National Government.
- Evaluate the leadership and domestic achievements of MacDonald, Baldwin, and Chamberlain.
2M Wars and Welfare: Britain in Transition, 1906–1957 – only) The 'Hungry Thirties', 1929–1939 (A-level only)
Social and cultural impact of the Depression: changes in working opportunities and living standards; National Government policies; social and regional division; literary responses; radio and cinema; social and cultural responses to international crises
- Compare changes in working opportunities and living standards across different regions of Britain.
- Analyse the cultural significance of radio, cinema, and literature in 1930s society.
- Evaluate the social and cultural responses to both domestic government policies and international crises.
2M Wars and Welfare: Britain in Transition, 1906–1957 – The impact of war, 1914–1922
Economic issues: Britain's wartime economy; housing and austerity; trade unions; post-war industrial problems; the position of the staple industries and trade
- Describe the methods used by the British government to manage the wartime economy and enforce austerity.
- Analyse the impact of the First World War on the power and militancy of trade unions.
- Evaluate the reasons for the decline of Britain's staple industries and trade in the post-war period.
2M Wars and Welfare: Britain in Transition, 1906–1957 – The impact of war, 1914–1922
Ireland: the Easter Rising; the war of independence and the Anglo-Irish Treaty
- Explain how the British response to the Easter Rising altered the political landscape in Ireland.
- Analyse the military and political strategies used by both sides during the War of Independence.
- Evaluate the terms of the Anglo-Irish Treaty and its immediate consequences for Irish unity and British imperial policy.
2M Wars and Welfare: Britain in Transition, 1906–1957 – The impact of war, 1914–1922
Politics in wartime: the 1915 coalition; Lloyd George and Bonar Law; Liberal division; the influence of the Labour Party and the 1918 constitution; the 1918 election and the Lloyd George coalition; policies, problems and Lloyd George's fall
- Explain the causes and consequences of the Liberal Party split between 1915 and 1918.
- Analyse the factors that led to the rise of the Labour Party and the significance of its 1918 constitution.
- Evaluate the successes and failures of the Lloyd George coalition government from 1918 to 1922.
2M Wars and Welfare: Britain in Transition, 1906–1957 – The impact of war, 1914–1922
Social and cultural impact of war: role of women; reform of the franchise; unions and Labour; cultural change; issues of patriotism; conscientious objection; effect of trenches on soldiers; the war poets
- Analyse the impact of wartime employment on the social and political status of women.
- Evaluate the changes to the franchise, trade unions, and the Labour Party between 1914 and 1918.
- Assess how the experience of trench warfare, conscientious objection, and war poets altered British cultural attitudes and patriotism.
2M Wars and Welfare: Britain in Transition, 1906–1957 – The Liberal crisis, 1906–1914
Challenges and crises: the constitutional crisis; the issue of female emancipation; Irish Home Rule; industrial unrest
- Analyse the causes and constitutional consequences of the 1909-1911 clash between the Commons and the Lords.
- Evaluate the effectiveness of militant versus constitutional tactics in the campaign for female emancipation.
- Assess the threat posed to the British state by the concurrent crises of Irish Home Rule and industrial unrest.
2M Wars and Welfare: Britain in Transition, 1906–1957 – The Liberal crisis, 1906–1914
Social issues: class division; poverty; changes in taxation; the 'People's Budget'; Liberal social and welfare reforms; reasons for legislation and its effect
- Analyse the causes and extent of poverty and class division in early 20th-century Britain.
- Evaluate the political, social, and ideological reasons behind the Liberal welfare reforms.
- Assess the impact of the 'People's Budget' and subsequent legislation on British society and taxation.
2M Wars and Welfare: Britain in Transition, 1906–1957 – The Liberal crisis, 1906–1914
The Liberal governments: the 1906 election; New Liberalism; the influence of Campbell- Bannerman, Asquith, Lloyd George and Churchill; the position of Labour and the Conservatives
- Analyse the reasons for the Liberal victory in the 1906 general election.
- Compare the principles of New Liberalism with traditional Gladstonian Liberalism.
- Assess the impact of key Liberal politicians and the strategic positions of the Labour and Conservative parties up to 1914.
2M Wars and Welfare: Britain in Transition, 1906–1957 – The Liberal crisis, 1906–1914
The state of the economy: staples; 'new' industries; agriculture; trade and invisible earnings; economic concerns and external competition
- Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of Britain's staple and new industries before 1914.
- Explain the significance of trade and invisible earnings to the British balance of payments.
- Assess the extent of the economic threat posed by external competition from Germany and the USA.
2M Wars and Welfare: Britain in Transition, 1906–1957 – The People's War and Peace, 1939–1951 (A-level only)
Britain by 1951: the Festival of Britain; continuing austerity; Labour divisions; Conservative reorganisation and the elections of 1950 and 1951
- Evaluate the psychological and cultural impact of the Festival of Britain against the backdrop of continuing austerity.
- Analyse the causes and consequences of the internal divisions within the Labour Party by 1951.
- Assess the reasons for the outcomes of the 1950 and 1951 elections, including Labour's reduced majority in 1950 and the Conservative victory in 1951, considering party reorganisation and electoral mechanics.
2M Wars and Welfare: Britain in Transition, 1906–1957 – The People's War and Peace, 1939–1951 (A-level only)
Economic issues: mobilisation of resources in wartime; the post-war economic readjustment; Labour's post-war balance of payments problems and policies, including nationalisation
- Describe the methods used by the government to mobilise economic resources during the Second World War.
- Analyse the causes and consequences of Britain's post-war balance of payments problems.
- Evaluate the economic rationale and impact of the Labour government's nationalisation policies.
2M Wars and Welfare: Britain in Transition, 1906–1957 – The People's War and Peace, 1939–1951 (A-level only)
Political developments: the fall of Chamberlain; Churchill as wartime leader, character and style; coalition government; the reasons for Labour victory in 1945; Attlee as Prime Minister; Labour ideology and aims
- Analyse the political factors that led to the fall of Chamberlain and the formation of Churchill's coalition government.
- Evaluate the reasons for the Labour Party's landslide electoral victory in 1945.
- Explain how Labour's ideology shaped the political aims and leadership style of Clement Attlee's government.
2M Wars and Welfare: Britain in Transition, 1906–1957 – The People's War and Peace, 1939–1951 (A-level only)
The social and cultural impact of 'total' war: conscription; women and children; civil liberties and restrictions; propaganda; the Blitz; plans for reconstruction including Beveridge and the Butler Act; policies of post-war Labour government, including the creation of the NHS and medical advances
- Analyse the social impact of conscription, evacuation, and the Blitz on different demographics in Britain.
- Evaluate the significance of the Beveridge Report and the Butler Act in laying the foundations for post-war reconstruction.
- Assess the successes and limitations of the post-war Labour government's welfare policies, including the NHS.
2M Wars and Welfare: Britain in Transition, 1906–1957 – The search for stability, 1922–1929
Economic issues: post-war re-adjustment and return to Gold Standard; the problems of the coal mines; industrial disputes and the General Strike
- Analyse the economic consequences of Britain's return to the Gold Standard in 1925.
- Explain the structural and immediate problems facing the British coal industry in the 1920s.
- Evaluate the causes, events, and outcomes of the 1926 General Strike.
2M Wars and Welfare: Britain in Transition, 1906–1957 – The search for stability, 1922–1929
Political developments: the decline of the Liberals; the 1923 election; the first Labour government: aims, reforms, international relations and collapse; the Conservative resurgence and government; the roles of Baldwin, Churchill and Chamberlain
- Explain the factors contributing to the decline of the Liberal Party and the rise of Labour in the 1920s.
- Assess the domestic and foreign policy achievements, as well as the collapse, of the first Labour government.
- Evaluate the roles and impact of Baldwin, Churchill, and Chamberlain during the 1924-1929 Conservative government.
2M Wars and Welfare: Britain in Transition, 1906–1957 – The search for stability, 1922–1929
Social and cultural change: unemployment and regional division; the post-war role of women; the growth of the media including newspapers and cinema; the cultural reaction to war
- Analyse the causes and social consequences of regional unemployment divisions in 1920s Britain.
- Evaluate the changing economic and social status of women in the immediate post-war decade.
- Assess the impact of mass media, specifically newspapers and cinema, on British cultural life.
2M Wars and Welfare: Britain in Transition, 1906–1957 – The search for stability, 1922–1929
The 1929 election: the franchise extension and 'flapper vote'; the new Labour government; MacDonald and Snowden and their aims; the state of Britain by 1929
- Explain the significance of the 1928 franchise extension on the electorate and the 1929 general election.
- Analyse the ideological aims and economic strategies of MacDonald and Snowden in the second Labour government.
- Evaluate the economic and social state of Britain on the eve of the Great Depression in 1929.
2N Revolution and dictatorship: Russia, 1917–1953 – Bolshevik consolidation, 1918–1924
Economic and social developments: state capitalism; social change; conditions in cities and countryside during the Civil War; war communism; the Red Terror: revolts of 1920–1921 including the Tambov revolt and Kronstadt rising; the NEP and its political and economic impact
- Differentiate between state capitalism, War Communism, and the NEP.
- Analyse the causes and consequences of the Tambov and Kronstadt revolts.
- Evaluate the political and economic impacts of the NEP on the Bolshevik state.
2N Revolution and dictatorship: Russia, 1917–1953 – Bolshevik consolidation, 1918–1924
Foreign relations and attitudes of foreign powers: foreign intervention in the Civil War; Comintern; the Russo-Polish War; discussions leading to the Rapallo Treaty; official recognition and the repercussions of the 'Zinoviev letter'; Lenin's rule by 1924
- Evaluate the reasons for and impact of foreign intervention in the Russian Civil War.
- Analyse the shift in Soviet foreign policy following the Russo-Polish War and the signing of the Rapallo Treaty.
- Assess the state of Lenin's rule and international standing by 1924, including the fallout from the Zinoviev letter.
2N Revolution and dictatorship: Russia, 1917–1953 – Bolshevik consolidation, 1918–1924
The Civil War: causes and course; the role of Trotsky; the murder of the Tsar; the reasons for the Red victory; government and control in wartime
- Identify the main causes and trace the key events of the Russian Civil War.
- Evaluate the significance of Trotsky's leadership and the murder of the Tsar in the context of the conflict.
- Compare the reasons for Red victory with the causes of White defeat, including the impact of wartime government control.
2N Revolution and dictatorship: Russia, 1917–1953 – Bolshevik consolidation, 1918–1924
The consolidation of the Communist dictatorship: the establishment of one-party control; the removal of the Constituent Assembly; the ending of involvement in the First World War
- Describe the steps taken by the Bolsheviks to establish one-party control between 1917 and 1918.
- Explain the reasons for and consequences of the removal of the Constituent Assembly.
- Analyse the impact of ending involvement in the First World War on the consolidation of Bolshevik power.
2N Revolution and dictatorship: Russia, 1917–1953 – Dissent and Revolution, 1917
Developments between the revolutions including: the return of Lenin; Lenin's ideology and the April Theses; the July Days; the Kornilov coup and the roles of both the Provisional Government and Trotsky; Lenin and the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party
- Explain the ideological shift introduced by Lenin's April Theses and its impact on Bolshevik strategy.
- Analyse the causes and consequences of the July Days and the Kornilov coup on the balance of power in Petrograd.
- Evaluate the roles of Lenin, Trotsky, and the Provisional Government in the lead-up to the October Revolution.
2N Revolution and dictatorship: Russia, 1917–1953 – Dissent and Revolution, 1917
The condition of Russia before the revolution of February/March 1917: the Tsar and political authority; the war effort; the economic and social state of Russia; discontent
- Analyse the structural weaknesses of the Tsar's political authority on the eve of the revolution.
- Evaluate the impact of the First World War on Russia's economic and social stability.
- Explain the diverse sources of discontent among the Russian population by early 1917.
2N Revolution and dictatorship: Russia, 1917–1953 – Dissent and Revolution, 1917
The February/March revolution of 1917: causes and course of revolution; issues of leadership and the Tsar's abdication; the establishment of Provisional Government and the Petrograd Soviet; the workings of the Dual authority
- Describe the chronological course and immediate causes of the February 1917 revolution.
- Analyse the factors compelling the Tsar's abdication and the leadership vacuum it created.
- Evaluate the establishment and practical workings of the Dual Authority system.
2N Revolution and dictatorship: Russia, 1917–1953 – Dissent and Revolution, 1917
The October/November 1917 revolution: causes, course and extent of revolution; leadership and the establishment of Bolshevik authority; Sovnarkom and decrees and actions to December
- Describe the tactical course of the October Revolution and the specific role of the Military Revolutionary Committee.
- Evaluate the extent to which the Bolsheviks had established nationwide authority by December 1917.
- Analyse the purpose and impact of Sovnarkom's initial decrees on land, peace, and workers' control.
2N Revolution and dictatorship: Russia, 1917–1953 – Economy and society, 1929–1941 (A-level only)
Agricultural and social developments in the countryside: voluntary and forced collectivisation; state farms; mechanisation; the impact of collectivisation on the kulaks and other peasants; the famine of 1932–1934; the success of collectivisation
- Describe the transition from voluntary to forced collectivisation and the establishment of state farms.
- Analyse the impact of mechanisation, dekulakisation, and the 1932–1934 famine on the peasantry.
- Evaluate the overall success of collectivisation against its political, economic, and social aims.
2N Revolution and dictatorship: Russia, 1917–1953 – Economy and society, 1929–1941 (A-level only)
Industrial and social developments in towns and cities: Gosplan; the organisation, aims and results of the first three Five Year Plans; new industrial centres and projects; the involvement of foreign companies; the working and living conditions of managers, workers and women; Stakhanovites; the success of the Five Year Plans
- Explain the organisation and aims of Gosplan and the first three Five Year Plans.
- Analyse the impact of new industrial centres, foreign involvement, and the Stakhanovite movement on Soviet industry.
- Evaluate the effects of rapid industrialisation on the working and living conditions of managers, workers, and women.
2N Revolution and dictatorship: Russia, 1917–1953 – Economy and society, 1929–1941 (A-level only)
The development of the Stalin cult: literature, the arts and other propaganda; Socialist Realism
- Describe the key characteristics and development of the Stalin cult of personality.
- Explain the principles of Socialist Realism and its application in literature and the arts.
- Analyse the political purpose and effectiveness of various forms of propaganda in Stalinist Russia.
2N Revolution and dictatorship: Russia, 1917–1953 – Economy and society, 1929–1941 (A-level only)
The social and economic condition of the Soviet Union by 1941: strengths and weaknesses
- Evaluate the economic achievements and failures of the Soviet Union by the eve of the Second World War.
- Analyse the social transformations and hardships experienced by the Soviet population by 1941.
- Formulate a balanced judgement on the overall strength and stability of the Soviet state in 1941.
2N Revolution and dictatorship: Russia, 1917–1953 – Stalin’s rise to power, 1924–1929
Economic developments: reasons for and impact of the 'Great Turn'; the economic shift; the launch of the first Five Year Plan and the decision to collectivise
- Explain the political, economic, and ideological reasons for the 'Great Turn'.
- Analyse the mechanisms and initial impacts of the first Five Year Plan on Soviet industry.
- Evaluate the motivations behind the decision to collectivise Soviet agriculture.
2N Revolution and dictatorship: Russia, 1917–1953 – Stalin’s rise to power, 1924–1929
Government, propaganda and the beginning of the Stalinist cult; Stalin's attitude to foreign powers: China; Germany and the Treaty of Berlin; changes in the Comintern
- Analyse the methods used to develop government control and the early Stalinist cult through propaganda.
- Evaluate Stalin's pragmatic foreign policy decisions regarding China and the Treaty of Berlin with Germany.
- Explain the ideological and practical changes imposed on the Comintern during Stalin's rise to power.
2N Revolution and dictatorship: Russia, 1917–1953 – Stalin’s rise to power, 1924–1929
Ideological debates and issues in the leadership struggle: NEP and industrialisation; 'permanent revolution' versus 'Socialism in One Country'; how and why Stalin became party leader and the outcome for the other contenders
- Compare the ideological concepts of 'Permanent Revolution' and 'Socialism in One Country'.
- Analyse the debates surrounding the continuation of the NEP versus the need for rapid industrialisation.
- Explain the political strategies Stalin used to become party leader and describe the final outcomes for his rivals.
2N Revolution and dictatorship: Russia, 1917–1953 – Stalin’s rise to power, 1924–1929
The power vacuum and power struggle: ideology and the nature of leadership; Lenin's testament; divisions and contenders for power: character, strengths and weaknesses of Stalin, Trotsky, Bukharin, Kamenev, Rykov, Tomsky and Zinoviev
- Analyse the impact of Lenin's Testament on the power struggle and the contenders' reputations.
- Evaluate the character, strengths, and weaknesses of all seven major contenders for power.
- Explain how ideological differences and views on the nature of leadership contributed to the divisions among the Bolsheviks.
2N Revolution and dictatorship: Russia, 1917–1953 – Stalinism, politics and control, 1929–1941 (A-level only)
Culture and society: church; women, young people and working men; urban and rural differences; 'socialist man' and the impact of cultural change; similarities and differences between Lenin's and Stalin's USSR
- Explain the concept of the 'socialist man' and how the state attempted to mould young people and working men.
- Analyse the impact of Stalin's policies on women, the Church, and the differing realities of urban and rural life.
- Compare and contrast the cultural and social environments of Lenin's and Stalin's USSR.
2N Revolution and dictatorship: Russia, 1917–1953 – Stalinism, politics and control, 1929–1941 (A-level only)
Dictatorship and Stalinism: the machinery of state terror; the NKVD; the early purges; Kirov's murder; the show trials; the Stalin constitution
- Describe the structure and function of the machinery of state terror, including the NKVD.
- Analyse the causes and consequences of the early purges, Kirov's murder, and the subsequent show trials.
- Evaluate the purpose and reality of the 1936 Stalin Constitution.
2N Revolution and dictatorship: Russia, 1917–1953 – Stalinism, politics and control, 1929–1941 (A-level only)
Stalin and international relations: co-operation with Germany; entry into the League of Nations; pacts with France and Czechoslovakia; intervention in the Spanish Civil War; reaction to Western appeasement and Japanese aggression; the Nazi-Soviet Pact and its outcome
- Trace the evolution of Stalin's foreign policy from co-operation with Germany to collective security and back to the Nazi-Soviet Pact.
- Explain the impact of the Spanish Civil War, Western appeasement, and Japanese aggression on Soviet diplomacy.
- Evaluate the strategic outcomes of the Nazi-Soviet Pact for the USSR up to 1941.
2N Revolution and dictatorship: Russia, 1917–1953 – Stalinism, politics and control, 1929–1941 (A-level only)
The Yezhovshchina: mass terror and repression at central and local levels; treatment of national minorities; the gulags; the end of the purges; the death of Trotsky; responsibility for and impact of the Terror and purges
- Explain the characteristics and scale of the Yezhovshchina at both central and local levels.
- Analyse the treatment of national minorities and the function of the gulag system.
- Evaluate the differing historical interpretations regarding who was responsible for the Terror and its overall impact.
2N Revolution and dictatorship: Russia, 1917–1953 – The Great Patriotic War and Stalin’s Dictatorship, 1941–1953 (A-level only)
High Stalinism: dictatorship and totalitarianism; renewed Terror; the NKVD under Beria; Zhdanovism and the cultural purge; Stalin's cult of personality; the Leningrad affair; purges and the Doctors' Plot
- Define the key features of High Stalinism and explain how totalitarian control was reasserted after 1945.
- Analyse the methods and impacts of the renewed Terror, including the roles of Beria, the NKVD, and Zhdanovism.
- Evaluate the significance of the Leningrad Affair and the Doctors' Plot in demonstrating Stalin's political paranoia and methods of maintaining power.
2N Revolution and dictatorship: Russia, 1917–1953 – The Great Patriotic War and Stalin’s Dictatorship, 1941–1953 (A-level only)
The defeat of the Germans: reasons and results; post-war reconstruction; industry and agriculture
- Evaluate the multifaceted reasons for the Soviet victory over Nazi Germany.
- Analyse the priorities and outcomes of post-war industrial reconstruction under the Fourth Five-Year Plan.
- Assess the causes and consequences of agricultural failure in the post-war Soviet Union.
2N Revolution and dictatorship: Russia, 1917–1953 – The Great Patriotic War and Stalin’s Dictatorship, 1941–1953 (A-level only)
The impact of the war on the Soviet Union: Operation Barbarossa and the Stalinist reaction; the course of the war; the USSR under occupation and the fight-back; the Soviet economy; mobilisation and evacuation of industry; foreign aid
- Analyse Stalin's reaction to Operation Barbarossa and his evolving leadership style.
- Evaluate the logistical achievement of evacuating Soviet industry and its impact on the war economy.
- Assess the relative significance of domestic mobilisation and foreign aid in the Soviet fight-back.
2N Revolution and dictatorship: Russia, 1917–1953 – The Great Patriotic War and Stalin’s Dictatorship, 1941–1953 (A-level only)
The transformation of the Soviet Union’s international position: the emergence of a 'superpower'; the formation of a soviet bloc; conflict with USA and the capitalist West; death of Stalin and Stalin's legacy at home and abroad
- Explain how the Soviet Union transformed into a global superpower and established a bloc of satellite states in Eastern Europe.
- Analyse the origins and early development of the conflict between the Soviet Union and the capitalist West.
- Evaluate Stalin's legacy in 1953, distinguishing between his impact on domestic Soviet society and his influence on international relations.
2O Democracy and Nazism: Germany, 1918–1945 – The 'Golden Age' of the Weimar Republic, 1924–1928
Economic developments: Stresemann; the Dawes Plan; industry, agriculture and the extent of recovery; the reparations issue and the Young Plan
- Analyse the impact of the Dawes and Young Plans on Germany's reparations burden and international standing.
- Compare the economic performance of German industry and agriculture between 1924 and 1928.
- Evaluate the extent to which the Weimar economy genuinely recovered during the 'Golden Age'.
2O Democracy and Nazism: Germany, 1918–1945 – The 'Golden Age' of the Weimar Republic, 1924–1928
Germany’s international position; Stresemann's foreign policy aims and achievements including: Locarno; the League of Nations; the Treaty of Berlin; the end of allied occupation and the pursuit of disarmament
- Explain Stresemann's foreign policy aims and his strategy of fulfilment.
- Evaluate the impact of the Locarno Pact, League of Nations membership, and the Treaty of Berlin on Germany's international standing.
- Assess the extent to which Stresemann achieved his goals regarding the end of Allied occupation and the pursuit of disarmament.
2O Democracy and Nazism: Germany, 1918–1945 – The 'Golden Age' of the Weimar Republic, 1924–1928
Political developments and the workings of democracy: President Hindenburg; parties ; elections and attitudes to the Republic from the elites and other social groups; the position of the extremists, including the Nazis and Communists; the extent of political stability
- Analyse the significance of Hindenburg's election as President in 1925 for the Weimar Republic's stability.
- Evaluate the diverging electoral performance and strategic shifts of the Nazi and Communist parties between 1924 and 1928.
- Assess the extent to which the Weimar Republic achieved genuine political stability during its 'Golden Age' by examining coalition governments.
2O Democracy and Nazism: Germany, 1918–1945 – The 'Golden Age' of the Weimar Republic, 1924–1928
Social developments: social welfare reforms; the development of Weimar culture; art, architecture, music, theatre, literature and film; living standards and lifestyles
- Evaluate the effectiveness and financial viability of Weimar social welfare reforms.
- Identify key developments across Weimar art, architecture, music, theatre, literature and film.
- Analyse the extent to which living standards and lifestyles changed for different social groups during the 'Golden Age'.
2O Democracy and Nazism: Germany, 1918–1945 – The Collapse of Democracy, 1928–1933
Hindenburg, Papen, Schleicher and the 'backstairs intrigue' leading to Hitler’s appointment as chancellor
- Analyse the specific roles of Hindenburg, Papen, and Schleicher in the political crisis of 1932 to 1933.
- Evaluate the motivations behind the 'backstairs intrigue' that led to the conservative alliance with the Nazi Party.
- Explain how the traditional German elites fatally miscalculated their ability to control Adolf Hitler.
2O Democracy and Nazism: Germany, 1918–1945 – The Collapse of Democracy, 1928–1933
Political developments: the Reichstag Fire; parties and elections; the Enabling Act and the end of democracy; the state of Germany by March 1933
- Explain the political impact of the Reichstag Fire on civil liberties and the suppression of political opposition.
- Analyse the results of the March 1933 elections and the tactics used by the Nazi party against other political parties.
- Evaluate how the Enabling Act facilitated the end of democracy and transformed the political state of Germany by March 1933.
2O Democracy and Nazism: Germany, 1918–1945 – The Collapse of Democracy, 1928–1933
The appeal of Nazism and Communism; the tactics and fortunes of the extremist parties, including the role of propaganda
- Identify the core ideological appeals of both the KPD and the NSDAP to the German electorate during the Depression.
- Analyse the methods and effectiveness of Nazi propaganda in mobilising mass support across different demographic groups.
- Evaluate how the tactics of street violence and intimidation contributed to the rising fortunes of extremist parties at the expense of the democratic centre.
2O Democracy and Nazism: Germany, 1918–1945 – The Collapse of Democracy, 1928–1933
The economic, social and political impact of the Depression: elections; governments and policies
- Describe the economic and social consequences of the Great Depression on different demographic groups in Germany.
- Explain how the economic crisis led to the collapse of parliamentary government and the rise of presidential decree.
- Analyse the relationship between government economic policies and the results of the Reichstag elections from 1930 to 1932.
2O Democracy and Nazism: Germany, 1918–1945 – The Establishment and early years of Weimar, 1918–1924
Economic and social issues: post-war legacy and the state of the German economy and society; reparations, inflation and hyperinflation; the invasion of the Ruhr and its economic impact; social welfare and the social impact of hyperinflation
- Explain the economic and social legacy of the First World War on Germany, including welfare demands.
- Analyse the causes of hyperinflation, including reparations and the economic impact of the Ruhr invasion.
- Evaluate the varying social impacts of hyperinflation on different socio-economic groups in Germany.
2O Democracy and Nazism: Germany, 1918–1945 – The Establishment and early years of Weimar, 1918–1924
Political instability and extremism; risings on the left and right, including the Kapp Putsch; the political impact of the invasion of the Ruhr; the Munich Putsch; problems of coalition government and the state of the Republic by 1924
- Compare the nature and impact of left-wing and right-wing risings, including the Kapp and Munich Putsches.
- Explain how the invasion of the Ruhr exacerbated political instability and extremism.
- Assess the problems of coalition government and evaluate the overall state of the Weimar Republic by 1924.
2O Democracy and Nazism: Germany, 1918–1945 – The Establishment and early years of Weimar, 1918–1924
The impact of war and the political crises of October to November 1918; the context for the establishment of the Weimar Constitution; terms, strengths and weaknesses
- Analyse the impact of the First World War on the political stability of Germany in late 1918.
- Explain the sequence and significance of the political crises between October and November 1918.
- Assess the terms, strengths, and weaknesses of the Weimar Constitution in its historical context.
2O Democracy and Nazism: Germany, 1918–1945 – The Establishment and early years of Weimar, 1918–1924
The Peace Settlement: expectations and reality; terms and problems; attitudes within Germany and abroad
- Contrast German expectations of the peace settlement with the reality of the Treaty of Versailles.
- Identify the key territorial, military, and economic terms of the treaty and the problems they caused.
- Evaluate the differing attitudes towards the peace settlement both within Germany and among the Allied powers.
2O Democracy and Nazism: Germany, 1918–1945 – The impact of War, 1939–1945 (A-level only)
Opposition and resistance in wartime including students, churchmen, the army and civilian critics; assassination attempts and the July Bomb Plot; overview of the Nazi state by 1945
- Identify and differentiate the various groups involved in wartime opposition and resistance to the Nazi regime.
- Evaluate the causes, execution, and consequences of the July Bomb Plot and other assassination attempts.
- Assess the structural and administrative condition of the Nazi state as it faced defeat in 1945.
2O Democracy and Nazism: Germany, 1918–1945 – The impact of War, 1939–1945 (A-level only)
Policies towards the Jews and the ‘untermenschen’ during wartime; the Wannsee Conference and the 'Final Solution'
- Trace the escalation of Nazi racial policies from the outbreak of war to the implementation of the 'Final Solution'.
- Analyse the specific policies directed at both the Jewish population and other groups deemed 'untermenschen'.
- Evaluate the purpose and historical significance of the Wannsee Conference in the context of the Holocaust.
2O Democracy and Nazism: Germany, 1918–1945 – The impact of War, 1939–1945 (A-level only)
Rationing, indoctrination, propaganda and morale; the changing impact of war on different sections of society including the elites, workers, women and youth
- Analyse the methods used by the Nazi regime to maintain civilian morale through rationing and propaganda.
- Evaluate the impact of the war on the traditional elites and the working classes.
- Assess the contradiction between Nazi ideology and the wartime experiences of women and youth.
2O Democracy and Nazism: Germany, 1918–1945 – The impact of War, 1939–1945 (A-level only)
The wartime economy and the work of Speer; the impact of bombing; the mobilisation of the labour force and prisoners of war
- Evaluate the impact of Albert Speer's reforms on the efficiency and output of the German wartime economy.
- Analyse the effects of Allied strategic bombing on German industrial production and civilian life.
- Assess the role and treatment of prisoners of war and foreign workers in sustaining the German labour force.
2O Democracy and Nazism: Germany, 1918–1945 – The Nazi Dictatorship, 1933–1939 (A-level only)
Economic policies and the degree of economic recovery; Schacht; Goering; the industrial elites
- Compare the economic strategies of Schacht and Goering.
- Evaluate the extent to which Germany achieved economic recovery by 1939.
- Analyse the relationship between the Nazi regime and industrial elites.
2O Democracy and Nazism: Germany, 1918–1945 – The Nazi Dictatorship, 1933–1939 (A-level only)
Hitler’s consolidation of power, March 1933–1934: governmental and administrative change and the establishment of the one-party state; the Night of the Long Knives and the impact of the death of President Hindenburg
- Describe the key governmental and administrative changes implemented between March 1933 and August 1934.
- Explain the sequence of events that led to the establishment of a one-party state by July 1933.
- Analyse the causes and consequences of the Night of the Long Knives and Hindenburg's death on Hitler's absolute power.
2O Democracy and Nazism: Germany, 1918–1945 – The Nazi Dictatorship, 1933–1939 (A-level only)
Social policies: young people; women; workers; the churches; the degree of Volksgemeinschaft; benefits and drawbacks of Nazi rule
- Evaluate the impact of Nazi policies on the lives of women and young people between 1933 and 1939.
- Assess the extent to which the regime successfully controlled workers and the Churches.
- Analyse the reality of the Volksgemeinschaft compared to its propaganda image, weighing the benefits and drawbacks of Nazi rule.
2O Democracy and Nazism: Germany, 1918–1945 – The Nazi Dictatorship, 1933–1939 (A-level only)
The 'Terror State': the police, including the SS and Gestapo; the courts; extent, effectiveness and limitations of opposition and non-conformity; propaganda: aims, methods and impact; extent of totalitarianism
- Detail the roles of the SS, Gestapo, and the courts in enforcing the Nazi 'Terror State'.
- Categorise different forms of opposition and non-conformity, evaluating their effectiveness and limitations.
- Assess the aims, methods, and impact of Nazi propaganda and use this to evaluate the extent of totalitarianism in Germany.
2O Democracy and Nazism: Germany, 1918–1945 – The Racial State, 1933–1941 (A-level only)
Anti-Semitism: policies and actions towards the Jews, including the boycott of Jewish shops and the Nuremberg Laws
- Describe the events and outcomes of the April 1933 boycott of Jewish shops.
- Explain the specific legal changes introduced by the 1935 Nuremberg Laws and their impact on Jewish life.
- Analyse the gradual radicalisation of anti-Semitic policies and actions in Germany between 1933 and 1941.
2O Democracy and Nazism: Germany, 1918–1945 – The Racial State, 1933–1941 (A-level only)
The development of anti-Semitic policies and actions; the effect of the Anschluss; Reichkristallnacht; emigration; the impact of the war against Poland
- Analyse the effect of the Anschluss on the acceleration of anti-Semitic policies and actions.
- Evaluate the significance of Reichkristallnacht as a turning point in the persecution of Jews.
- Explain how the impact of the war against Poland altered the demographic scale and direction of Nazi racial policies, shifting from emigration to deportation.
2O Democracy and Nazism: Germany, 1918–1945 – The Racial State, 1933–1941 (A-level only)
The radicalisation of the state: Nazi racial ideology; policies towards the mentally ill, asocials, homosexuals, members of religious sects, the Roma and Sinti
- Explain the fundamental principles of Nazi racial ideology and how they shaped state policy.
- Describe the specific policies implemented against the mentally ill, asocials, homosexuals, religious sects, and the Roma and Sinti.
- Analyse the chronological radicalisation of persecution methods from 1933 to 1941.
2O Democracy and Nazism: Germany, 1918–1945 – The Racial State, 1933–1941 (A-level only)
The treatment of Jews in the early years of war: the Einsatzgruppen; ghettos and deportations
- Describe the conditions within the ghettos and explain their role in Nazi racial policy.
- Analyse the function and impact of the Einsatzgruppen following the invasion of the Soviet Union.
- Evaluate how the context of war facilitated the transition from deportation to mass murder.
2P The Transformation of China, 1936–1997 – 1962 The Origins of the Civil War, 1936–1946
The Chinese Communist Party: background; Mao's leadership; ideology and policies; hostility to the Guomindang
- Explain the historical background that led to the CCP's relocation to rural China.
- Analyse how Mao Zedong adapted Marxist ideology to suit Chinese socio-economic conditions.
- Evaluate the reasons for the enduring hostility between the Chinese Communist Party and the Guomindang.
2P The Transformation of China, 1936–1997 – 1962 The Origins of the Civil War, 1936–1946
The condition of China in 1936: Japanese expansion in China; Jiang Jieshi and the Guomindang; leadership, ideology and policies
- Describe the extent of Japanese expansion in China by 1936.
- Analyse the ideological principles and practical policies of the Guomindang under Jiang Jieshi.
- Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of Jiang Jieshi's leadership and his control over China.
2P The Transformation of China, 1936–1997 – 1962 The Origins of the Civil War, 1936–1946
The end of the Japanese war: the breakdown of Nationalist/Communist cooperation and outbreak of Civil War; the relative political and military strengths of the two sides
- Explain the factors that led to the breakdown of Nationalist and Communist cooperation following the Japanese surrender.
- Evaluate the relative military strengths and weaknesses of the GMD and CCP at the outbreak of the Civil War.
- Analyse the political and economic conditions that influenced the relative popular support for the GMD and CCP in 1945.
2P The Transformation of China, 1936–1997 – 1962 The Origins of the Civil War, 1936–1946
The Sino-Japanese war: the Xi'an incident and the Second United Front; political and military co-operation and division in war; the impact of war on China, Jiang Jieshi and the GMD, Mao and the CCP
- Explain the sequence of events and significance of the Xi'an Incident in forming the Second United Front.
- Analyse the extent of political and military co-operation and division between the GMD and CCP during the Sino-Japanese War.
- Compare the impact of the Sino-Japanese War on the political and military strength of Jiang Jieshi's GMD and Mao's CCP.
2P The Transformation of China, 1936–1997 – Communist victory and the consolidation of Mao's rule, 1946–1952
Communist victory: reasons for Communist success; the state of China in the aftermath of war; regional and economic issues; industry and agriculture
- Analyse the political, military, and economic reasons for the Communist victory over the GMD.
- Describe the physical, economic, and regional state of China immediately following the Civil War.
- Assess the specific challenges facing both the industrial and agricultural sectors in 1949.
2P The Transformation of China, 1936–1997 – Communist victory and the consolidation of Mao's rule, 1946–1952
PRC's international position and dealings with neighbours: Korea, Tibet, Taiwan and the USSR
- Evaluate the strategic and ideological motivations behind the PRC's intervention in the Korean War.
- Analyse the nature of the PRC's relationship with the USSR and the implications of the 1950 Sino-Soviet Treaty.
- Explain the PRC's actions regarding Tibet and Taiwan, and how these reflected its broader goals for territorial consolidation.
2P The Transformation of China, 1936–1997 – Communist victory and the consolidation of Mao's rule, 1946–1952
The consolidation of power: mass mobilisation campaigns and purges; the role of the PLA; the use of terror and propaganda; land reform; attacks on landlords and land redistribution
- Analyse the methods used by the CCP to eliminate political opposition through purges and mass mobilisation.
- Evaluate the role of the PLA in establishing administrative and military control across China.
- Explain the political and social consequences of the 1950 Agrarian Reform Law, including the attacks on landlords and land redistribution.
2P The Transformation of China, 1936–1997 – Communist victory and the consolidation of Mao's rule, 1946–1952
The People's Republic of China: Mao's position in government; the power structure and influence of the CCP; mass party membership; democratic centralism
- Identify Mao's specific titles and explain how they cemented his position in the government.
- Analyse the power structure of the PRC and the mechanisms through which the CCP exerted influence.
- Evaluate the function of mass party membership and democratic centralism in consolidating Communist rule.
2P The Transformation of China, 1936–1997 – Reform and Control, 1962–1966 (A-level only)
Economic developments: pragmatism and the policies of Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping
- Describe the specific agricultural and industrial policies implemented by Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping.
- Evaluate the impact of pragmatic economic reforms on China's recovery from the Great Leap Forward.
- Explain how the economic policies of the early 1960s contributed to the ideological divide within the CCP leadership.
2P The Transformation of China, 1936–1997 – Reform and Control, 1962–1966 (A-level only)
International relations: Sino-Soviet relations and conflict over Xinjiang
- Explain the ideological and practical reasons for the deterioration of Sino-Soviet relations between 1962 and 1966.
- Analyse the causes and consequences of the 1962 conflict over Xinjiang.
- Evaluate the impact of the Sino-Soviet split on China's international standing and domestic security policies.
2P The Transformation of China, 1936–1997 – Reform and Control, 1962–1966 (A-level only)
Leadership in the PRC: Mao's position in 1962; party division and ideology versus pragmatism; the power struggle; supporters and opponents of Mao's policies; the personality cult of Mao Zedong
- Explain how Mao's political position changed following the Great Leap Forward in 1962.
- Compare the ideological approach of Mao's supporters with the pragmatic approach of his opponents.
- Analyse the methods used to develop the personality cult of Mao Zedong and its political purpose.
2P The Transformation of China, 1936–1997 – Reform and Control, 1962–1966 (A-level only)
Social change: women; education; youth; culture; ethnic groups and attacks on religion; the benefits and disadvantages of communist rule
- Analyse the impact of communist policies on the daily lives of women and youth between 1962 and 1966.
- Evaluate the methods used by the state to control culture, religion, and ethnic groups.
- Formulate a balanced argument regarding the benefits and disadvantages of communist rule during this period.
2P The Transformation of China, 1936–1997 – The Cultural Revolution, 1966–1976 (A-level only)
Foreign affairs: deterioration of relations with USSR and border conflict of 1969; improved relations with USA; Kissinger and Nixon's visits and ping-pong diplomacy; condition of China internally and externally at Mao's death
- Analyse the causes and consequences of the deteriorating relations with the USSR, including the 1969 border conflict.
- Evaluate the process and strategic importance of improving relations with the USA, including ping-pong diplomacy and Nixon's visit.
- Assess the contrasting internal and external conditions of China at the time of Mao's death in 1976.
2P The Transformation of China, 1936–1997 – The Cultural Revolution, 1966–1976 (A-level only)
The development of the Cultural Revolution: the actions of the Red Guards; Lin Biao and the PLA; the widening and radicalisation of campaigns; the purging of the Red Guards; the end of the campaign by 1969 and its political aftermath; the fortunes of Lin Biao, Jiang Qing and the Shanghai radicals, Zhou Enlai and Deng Xiaoping
- Assess the impact of the Red Guards' actions and the reasons for their subsequent purging by the PLA.
- Explain the role of Lin Biao and the PLA in the development and containment of the Cultural Revolution.
- Analyse the political fortunes of key CCP figures following the end of the mass campaign in 1969.
2P The Transformation of China, 1936–1997 – The Cultural Revolution, 1966–1976 (A-level only)
The economic, social and cultural impact of the Cultural Revolution: effect on economic growth; effect on young people; the 'four olds’; anarchy, repression and rectification; censorship and cultural stagnation; Mao's 'little red book'
- Analyse the impact of the Cultural Revolution on China's economic growth and industrial output.
- Evaluate the role of young people, the 'little red book', and the campaign against the 'four olds' in driving social anarchy.
- Assess the mechanisms of censorship and repression that led to cultural stagnation and the subsequent rectification by the PLA.
2P The Transformation of China, 1936–1997 – The Cultural Revolution, 1966–1976 (A-level only)
The origins of the Cultural Revolution: the Shanghai radicals; Mao's aims; political divisions and the power struggle within the CCP; the purge of the party leadership and the fall of Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping
- Analyse Mao's ideological and personal aims in launching the Cultural Revolution.
- Evaluate the role of the Shanghai radicals in triggering the political purges.
- Explain the reasons for and the process of the fall of Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping.
2P The Transformation of China, 1936–1997 – The PRC under Deng Xiaoping, 1976–1997 (A-level only)
China as a global power by 1997: diplomatic ties and role in UN Security Council; IMF and World Bank; co-operation with Japan and growing trade links; improved relations with the USA and visits; Hong Kong regained
- Evaluate China's diplomatic strategy and its role within international organisations like the UN, IMF, and World Bank.
- Analyse the development of China's bilateral trade and diplomatic relations with Japan and the USA.
- Explain the historical and political significance of the 1997 handover of Hong Kong to the PRC.
2P The Transformation of China, 1936–1997 – The PRC under Deng Xiaoping, 1976–1997 (A-level only)
Economic developments: the 'Four Modernisations' and economic growth; agriculture; industry; defence; science and technology
- Explain the key features of the Four Modernisations in agriculture, industry, defence, and science and technology.
- Assess the impact of economic reforms on growth and society.
- Evaluate the extent to which the Four Modernisations achieved their aims.
2P The Transformation of China, 1936–1997 – The PRC under Deng Xiaoping, 1976–1997 (A-level only)
Mao's legacy: the power struggle after Mao’s death; Hua Guofeng and Deng Xiaoping; the defeat of the Gang of Four; new-style leadership
- Explain the causes and consequences of the power struggle after Mao’s death.
- Compare the roles of Hua Guofeng and Deng Xiaoping in the succession crisis.
- Evaluate the significance of the defeat of the Gang of Four and the emergence of new-style leadership.
2P The Transformation of China, 1936–1997 – The PRC under Deng Xiaoping, 1976–1997 (A-level only)
Political developments: limitations to change; events leading to, and the aftermath of, the Tiananmen Square demonstrations
- Explain the limitations placed on political reform by the CCP leadership during the 1980s.
- Trace the sequence of events and underlying causes that culminated in the Tiananmen Square protests.
- Assess the domestic and international consequences of the military crackdown in June 1989.
2P The Transformation of China, 1936–1997 – The transition to Socialism, 1952–1962
Economic developments: industry and agriculture; voluntary and compulsory collectivisation; the first Five Year Plan for industry and the Great Leap Forward; purge of Peng Dehuai; reasons for the failure of GLF and its aftermath; debates over economic policy
- Compare the methods and outcomes of the First Five Year Plan with the Great Leap Forward.
- Explain the transition from voluntary to compulsory collectivisation in Chinese agriculture.
- Analyse the political and economic consequences of Peng Dehuai's purge and the subsequent debates over economic recovery.
2P The Transformation of China, 1936–1997 – The transition to Socialism, 1952–1962
Foreign affairs: Korea; the Sino-Soviet split; clashes and the breakdown of relations between Khrushchev and Mao
- Explain the consequences of the Korean War for China's international reputation and domestic politics.
- Identify the key ideological and personal factors that led to the Sino-Soviet split.
- Evaluate the impact of the breakdown in relations between Mao and Khrushchev on China's economic and military development.
2P The Transformation of China, 1936–1997 – The transition to Socialism, 1952–1962
Political developments: issues of leadership and purges of the CCP; the 100 Flowers campaign; Mao's resignation as Chairman of PRC
- Analyse the causes and consequences of early CCP purges, including the Gao Gang affair.
- Evaluate Mao's motives for launching the 100 Flowers campaign and its subsequent reversal.
- Assess the political impact of Mao's resignation as Chairman of the PRC on the CCP leadership dynamic.
2P The Transformation of China, 1936–1997 – The transition to Socialism, 1952–1962
Social developments: the destruction of rightists, class enemies and rectification campaigns; women's rights and welfare campaigns; the impact of collectivisation; the famine
- Explain the methods used in the destruction of rightists and class enemies during rectification campaigns.
- Analyse the impact of welfare campaigns and legislation on women's rights and the daily lives of Chinese women.
- Evaluate the causal link between the impact of collectivisation and the outbreak of the famine.
2Q The American Dream: reality and illusion, 1945–1980 – Eisenhower: tranquility and crisis, 1952–1960
African-Americans in North and South: the emergence of the Civil Rights Movement; the policies and attitudes of the main political parties; the responses of the state and federal authorities
- Contrast the social and economic conditions of African-Americans living in the North and the South during the 1950s.
- Explain the causes and consequences of the Montgomery Bus Boycott in the development of the Civil Rights Movement.
- Evaluate the motivations behind Eisenhower's federal intervention at Little Rock in the face of state-level resistance.
2Q The American Dream: reality and illusion, 1945–1980 – Eisenhower: tranquility and crisis, 1952–1960
The growth of the American economy in the 1950s and the impact of the ‘consumer society’
- Identify the primary catalysts for the rapid growth of the American economy during the 1950s.
- Analyse the social and cultural impacts of the emerging consumer society on different demographic groups.
- Evaluate the extent to which the economic prosperity of the 1950s was an illusion for marginalised communities.
2Q The American Dream: reality and illusion, 1945–1980 – Eisenhower: tranquility and crisis, 1952–1960
The presidency: Eisenhower’s personality and the policies of ‘dynamic conservatism’; Nixon as Vice-President; the Republican Party; the end of McCarthyism
- Analyse the key features of Eisenhower's personality and his 'hidden-hand' leadership style.
- Evaluate the successes and limitations of 'dynamic conservatism' in domestic policy.
- Explain the causes for the decline of McCarthyism and the role played by the Eisenhower administration.
2Q The American Dream: reality and illusion, 1945–1980 – Eisenhower: tranquility and crisis, 1952–1960
The USA and the Cold War: Superpower rivalry and conflict with the USSR; responses to developments in Western and Eastern Europe; reactions to the rise of Communism in Asia; responses to crises in the Middle East
- Explain the principles of the 'New Look' policy and its application to superpower rivalry with the USSR.
- Analyse the reasons for US inaction during the Hungarian Uprising and its intervention in the Suez Crisis.
- Evaluate the methods used by the USA to contain Communism in Asia and the Middle East between 1952 and 1960.
2Q The American Dream: reality and illusion, 1945–1980 – John F Kennedy and the 'New Frontier', 1960–1963
African-Americans in North and South: the rise of the Civil Rights Movement; the opponents of Civil Rights, including within the Democratic Party; Kennedy’s policies in response to the pressures for change
- Compare the living conditions and civil rights challenges of African-Americans in the North and the South.
- Explain the methods used by the Civil Rights Movement and the nature of the opposition they faced, particularly from Southern Democrats.
- Evaluate the effectiveness and evolution of Kennedy's policies in response to the Civil Rights Movement.
2Q The American Dream: reality and illusion, 1945–1980 – John F Kennedy and the 'New Frontier', 1960–1963
Challenges to American power: the legacy of crises over Berlin and relations with Khrushchev; the challenge of Castro’s Cuba; deepening involvement in Vietnam
- Evaluate the impact of the Berlin crises and the Vienna Summit on US-Soviet relations.
- Analyse the causes, events, and consequences of the challenges posed by Castro's Cuba.
- Explain the methods and motivations behind the deepening US military involvement in Vietnam under Kennedy.
2Q The American Dream: reality and illusion, 1945–1980 – John F Kennedy and the 'New Frontier', 1960–1963
The presidential election of 1960 and reasons for Kennedy’s victory; the policies and personalities of the Kennedy administration; the ideas behind the ‘New Frontier’
- Explain the key factors that contributed to Kennedy's victory in the 1960 presidential election.
- Identify and describe the roles of significant personalities within the Kennedy administration.
- Analyse the ideological foundations and practical outcomes of the 'New Frontier' policies.
2Q The American Dream: reality and illusion, 1945–1980 – John F Kennedy and the 'New Frontier', 1960–1963
The United States by 1963: its position as a world power; economic prosperity; the growing pressures for social change from women and youth
- Assess the status of the United States as a global superpower and its economic condition by 1963.
- Explain the factors contributing to the growing dissatisfaction among American women and the emergence of early feminist thought.
- Analyse the reasons for the developing pressures for social change from the youth demographic by 1963.
2Q The American Dream: reality and illusion, 1945–1980 – only) The Johnson Presidency, 1963–1968 (A-level only)
African-Americans in North and South: developments in the Civil Rights Movement; Johnson’s role in passing Civil Rights legislation; the impact of change including urban riots
- Analyse the differences in the lived experiences of African-Americans in the North and the South during the 1960s.
- Evaluate Lyndon B. Johnson's political strategies in securing the passage of the 1964 and 1965 Civil Rights Acts.
- Explain the causes and consequences of the urban riots that occurred between 1965 and 1968.
2Q The American Dream: reality and illusion, 1945–1980 – only) The Johnson Presidency, 1963–1968 (A-level only)
Johnson as President: personality and policies; his pursuit of the ‘Great Society’; the impact of the Kennedy legacy; economic developments
- Analyse the impact of Johnson's personality on his ability to pass domestic legislation.
- Evaluate the successes and failures of the Great Society programmes.
- Explain how the economic demands of the Vietnam War affected domestic economic stability.
2Q The American Dream: reality and illusion, 1945–1980 – only) The Johnson Presidency, 1963–1968 (A-level only)
Maintaining American world power: escalation of the war in Vietnam; relations between the USA and its Western allies
- Explain the steps taken by the Johnson administration to escalate the war in Vietnam.
- Analyse the reasons why Western allies refused to support the United States in Vietnam.
- Evaluate the impact of the Vietnam War on America's international reputation and alliances.
2Q The American Dream: reality and illusion, 1945–1980 – only) The Johnson Presidency, 1963–1968 (A-level only)
Social divisions and protest movements: education and youth; feminism; radicalisation of African-Americans; anti-war movements; the role of the media
- Identify the key factors that led to the emergence of the youth, feminist, and anti-war protest movements.
- Analyse the reasons for the radicalisation of the African-American civil rights movement and the rise of Black Power.
- Evaluate the extent to which television and print media influenced public opinion and government policy during the 1960s.
2Q The American Dream: reality and illusion, 1945–1980 – Republican reaction: the Nixon Presidency, 1968–1974 (A-level only)
The limits of American world power: peace negotiations and the continuation of the war in Vietnam and Cambodia; the influence of Kissinger on US policies towards the USSR, Latin America and China
- Explain the reasons for the continuation of the Vietnam War and the expansion into Cambodia.
- Analyse the influence of Henry Kissinger on US relations with the USSR, China, and Latin America.
- Evaluate the extent to which American world power was limited during the Nixon presidency.
2Q The American Dream: reality and illusion, 1945–1980 – Republican reaction: the Nixon Presidency, 1968–1974 (A-level only)
The Presidential election of 1968 and the reasons for Nixon’s victory: divisions within the Democratic Party; the personalities and policies of the Nixon administration
- Analyse the causes and consequences of the divisions within the Democratic Party in 1968.
- Evaluate the campaign strategies that led to Richard Nixon's victory in the 1968 Presidential election.
- Assess the impact of key personalities and policies on the domestic and foreign agenda of the Nixon administration.
2Q The American Dream: reality and illusion, 1945–1980 – Republican reaction: the Nixon Presidency, 1968–1974 (A-level only)
The restoration of conservative social policies; the reaction to protest movements and forces of social change; economic change and the end of the post-war boom
- Evaluate the methods used by the Nixon administration to restore conservative social policies.
- Analyse the government's reaction to ongoing protest movements and forces of social change.
- Explain the factors that contributed to economic change and the end of the post-war economic boom.
2Q The American Dream: reality and illusion, 1945–1980 – Republican reaction: the Nixon Presidency, 1968–1974 (A-level only)
The Watergate Affair and its aftermath: the role of Congress; the resignation of the President; Nixon’s political legacy
- Describe the key events of the Watergate scandal and the subsequent cover-up.
- Evaluate the role of Congress in investigating the President and upholding the Constitution.
- Assess the short-term and long-term impacts of Nixon's resignation on American politics and his historical legacy.
2Q The American Dream: reality and illusion, 1945–1980 – The USA after Nixon, 1974–1980 (A-level only)
African-Americans in North and South: the impact of civil rights legislation; change and continuity in the ‘New South’
- Analyse the political and economic impact of civil rights legislation on African-Americans by 1980.
- Compare the lived experiences of African-Americans in the North and the South during the 1970s.
- Evaluate the extent of change and continuity in the 'New South' following the civil rights movement.
2Q The American Dream: reality and illusion, 1945–1980 – The USA after Nixon, 1974–1980 (A-level only)
Ford and Carter as presidents: responses to social divisions; political corruption and the loss of national self-confidence
- Analyse the impact of Ford's pardon of Nixon on public trust in government.
- Evaluate the effectiveness of Carter's domestic policies in addressing social divisions.
- Explain the causes and manifestations of the 'loss of national self-confidence' during the 1970s.
2Q The American Dream: reality and illusion, 1945–1980 – The USA after Nixon, 1974–1980 (A-level only)
The position of the USA as a world power: the final withdrawal from Vietnam; relations with the USSR and China; the response to crises in the Middle East; Iran and Afghanistan
- Evaluate the impact of the 1975 withdrawal from Vietnam on American global prestige.
- Analyse the causes and consequences of the Iran hostage crisis for US foreign policy.
- Explain the shift in US-Soviet relations following the invasion of Afghanistan.
2Q The American Dream: reality and illusion, 1945–1980 – The USA after Nixon, 1974–1980 (A-level only)
The USA by 1980: its position as a Superpower; the extent of social and economic change; the reasons for Reagan’s victory in the presidential election.
- Evaluate the factors that weakened the USA's international standing as a Superpower by 1980.
- Analyse the social and economic transformations that characterised the USA at the end of the 1970s.
- Explain the domestic and international reasons behind Ronald Reagan's victory in the 1980 presidential election.
2Q The American Dream: reality and illusion, 1945–1980 – Truman and Post-war America, 1945–1952
African-Americans in North and South: the impact of the Second World War; campaigns for Civil Rights; the responses of the federal and state authorities
- Distinguish between the living conditions and forms of segregation faced by African-Americans in the North and the South.
- Explain how the Second World War and the Double V campaign impacted African-American campaigns for civil rights.
- Evaluate the differing responses of federal and state authorities to the emerging civil rights movement between 1945 and 1952.
2Q The American Dream: reality and illusion, 1945–1980 – Truman and Post-war America, 1945–1952
The United States in 1945 and the legacies of the world war: the powers of the presidency; the main political parties; post-war prosperity; regional, ethnic and social divisions
- Explain how the legacies of the Second World War shaped the powers of the US presidency in 1945.
- Analyse the composition and internal divisions of the main political parties at the end of the war.
- Evaluate the causes and limitations of post-war prosperity, identifying the regional, ethnic, and social divisions that persisted.
2Q The American Dream: reality and illusion, 1945–1980 – Truman and Post-war America, 1945–1952
The USA as a Superpower: Truman’s character and policies; post-war peace making; the Cold War and ‘containment’ in Europe and Asia; the response to the rise of Communism in Asia
- Evaluate the impact of Truman's character on his approach to post-war peace making and policy formulation.
- Analyse the development and application of the containment strategy in Europe.
- Assess the US response to the rise of Communism in Asia and the subsequent application of containment in the region.
2Q The American Dream: reality and illusion, 1945–1980 – Truman and Post-war America, 1945–1952
Truman and post-war reconstruction: the economy; political divisions and domestic problems; the rise of McCarthyism
- Explain the economic challenges of post-war reconstruction, including inflation and labour disputes.
- Analyse the political divisions facing Truman, including the 1948 election and congressional opposition.
- Evaluate the causes and domestic impact of the rise of McCarthyism during Truman's presidency.
2R The Cold War, c1945–1991 – 1963 The Origins of the Cold War, c1945–1949
Conflict over Germany: developments within the sectors, including Bizonia and currency reform; the Berlin blockade; the creation of East and West Germany; formation of NATO
- Trace the developments within the German occupation sectors, focusing on the economic impact of Bizonia and the 1948 currency reform.
- Analyse the causes, events, and consequences of the Berlin blockade and the subsequent Allied airlift.
- Explain how the crisis over Germany culminated in the creation of two separate German states and the formation of the NATO alliance.
2R The Cold War, c1945–1991 – 1963 The Origins of the Cold War, c1945–1949
Developing tensions: the Soviet Union occupation/control of eastern and southern Europe; Kennan's Long Telegram; the Iron Curtain speech; Cominform; the Greek Civil War and the Truman Doctrine on containment
- Describe the methods used by the USSR to establish control over eastern and southern Europe.
- Explain the ideological and practical links between the Long Telegram, the Greek Civil War, and the Truman Doctrine.
- Evaluate the significance of the Iron Curtain speech and Cominform in solidifying the division of Europe.
2R The Cold War, c1945–1991 – 1963 The Origins of the Cold War, c1945–1949
The USA’s involvement in Europe: policy towards Britain and Europe; the launch of the Marshall Plan; US attitudes to Germany and Berlin
- Explain the reasons for the USA's changing policy towards Britain and the wider European continent after 1945.
- Analyse the motivations behind the launch of the Marshall Plan and its impact on European alignments.
- Evaluate the evolution of US attitudes towards the economic and political future of Germany and Berlin.
2R The Cold War, c1945–1991 – 1963 The Origins of the Cold War, c1945–1949
US, British and USSR relations in 1945: conflicting ideologies; tensions at Yalta; relations between Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill; the breakdown of the Grand Alliance at Potsdam; relations between Stalin, Truman and Attlee
- Compare the diplomatic outcomes and atmosphere of the Yalta and Potsdam conferences.
- Analyse the impact of leadership changes on the breakdown of the Grand Alliance.
- Explain how conflicting ideologies shaped the post-war objectives of the US, Britain, and the USSR.
2R The Cold War, c1945–1991 – Confrontation and cooperation, c1963–1972 (A-level only)
Confrontation in the Vietnam War: Johnson's policy in Vietnam; the Gulf of Tonkin resolution; escalation; tactics and relative strengths of the two sides; the Tet Offensive
- Explain the significance of the Gulf of Tonkin resolution in facilitating US escalation in Vietnam.
- Compare the military tactics and relative strengths of the US forces and the Vietcong.
- Evaluate the military and political consequences of the 1968 Tet Offensive.
2R The Cold War, c1945–1991 – Confrontation and cooperation, c1963–1972 (A-level only)
Cooperation: attitudes of Khrushchev and Kennedy; Hot-line; Moscow Test Ban Treaty; nuclear non-proliferation treaty; cut back in materials for nuclear weapons
- Explain how the attitudes of Kennedy and Khrushchev changed following the Cuban Missile Crisis.
- Evaluate the effectiveness of the Moscow Test Ban Treaty and the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in controlling the arms race.
- Describe the purpose of the Hot-line and the agreement to cut back on nuclear materials in reducing Cold War tensions.
2R The Cold War, c1945–1991 – Confrontation and cooperation, c1963–1972 (A-level only)
Nixon's policies in Vietnam: Vietnamisation; extension into Cambodia and Laos; relations with China; the beginning of the Paris peace talks
- Define the concept of Vietnamisation and evaluate its effectiveness in reducing US involvement.
- Analyse the strategic reasons for and consequences of US incursions into Cambodia and Laos.
- Explain how Nixon's changing relations with China influenced the progress of the Paris peace talks.
2R The Cold War, c1945–1991 – Confrontation and cooperation, c1963–1972 (A-level only)
Pressures on USSR: the crisis in Czechoslovakia and the Brezhnev doctrine; relations with China
- Explain the causes and outcomes of the 1968 crisis in Czechoslovakia.
- Define the Brezhnev Doctrine and analyse its impact on Soviet foreign policy.
- Evaluate the reasons for the deterioration of Sino-Soviet relations and its geopolitical consequences.
2R The Cold War, c1945–1991 – The Brezhnev era, 1972–1985 (A-level only)
Developments in Africa and the Americas: the impact of Cuban intervention in Angola and Ethiopia; the impact of US intervention in Latin America and the Caribbean including Chile, Grenada and Nicaragua
- Explain the motivations and the impact of Cuban intervention in Angola and Ethiopia.
- Compare the methods and impact of US intervention in Latin America and the Caribbean, including Chile, Grenada, and Nicaragua.
- Assess the impact of these developments in Africa and the Americas on the broader trajectory of the Cold War during the Brezhnev era.
2R The Cold War, c1945–1991 – The Brezhnev era, 1972–1985 (A-level only)
The extent of Détente up to 1979: the SALT talks; Ostpolitik and Helsinki accords; arms race; relations with China
- Analyse the terms and limitations of the SALT I and SALT II agreements in controlling the nuclear arms race.
- Evaluate the significance of Ostpolitik and the Helsinki Accords in stabilising European borders and introducing human rights discourse.
- Explain how changing relations with China influenced US and Soviet foreign policy strategies during the 1970s.
2R The Cold War, c1945–1991 – The Brezhnev era, 1972–1985 (A-level only)
The Second Cold War: the reasons for renewed hostilities and developments, including the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan; new personalities, including Reagan, Thatcher and Pope John Paul II; the crushing of Solidarity in Poland; the shooting down of KAL 007
- Explain the reasons for the collapse of Détente, focusing on the impact of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.
- Evaluate the influence of Reagan, Thatcher, and Pope John Paul II on the escalation of Cold War tensions.
- Analyse the significance of the Solidarity movement in Poland and the KAL 007 incident as indicators of Soviet vulnerability and paranoia.
2R The Cold War, c1945–1991 – The Brezhnev era, 1972–1985 (A-level only)
The USA and SE Asia: Paris peace talks; Northern victory; continuing problems in Cambodia; costs of war
- Explain the terms and limitations of the Paris peace talks and Accords in resolving the conflict in Vietnam.
- Analyse the causes of the Northern victory and the subsequent fall of South Vietnam.
- Evaluate the human, economic, and political costs of the war for both the USA and Southeast Asia, including continuing problems in Cambodia.
2R The Cold War, c1945–1991 – The ending of the Cold War, 1985–1991 (A-level only)
Gorbachev and the ending of the Cold War: pressures on and significance of Gorbachev as Soviet leader; new thinking and practicalities: the importance of Soviet economic problems;
- Identify the severe economic problems that pressured the Soviet leadership in the mid-1980s.
- Explain the principles of Gorbachev's 'New Political Thinking' and how they differed from previous Soviet foreign policy.
- Evaluate the significance of Gorbachev's leadership in prioritising practical economic survival over ideological confrontation.
2R The Cold War, c1945–1991 – The ending of the Cold War, 1985–1991 (A-level only)
The collapse of Communism in the Eastern European soviet satellite states; the end of the Brezhnev Doctrine and significance of events of 1989
- Explain the meaning and impact of the end of the Brezhnev Doctrine on Eastern Europe.
- Describe the sequence and specific characteristics of the anti-communist revolutions in the satellite states during 1989.
- Evaluate the short-term and long-term significance of the events of 1989 for the broader Cold War conflict.
2R The Cold War, c1945–1991 – The ending of the Cold War, 1985–1991 (A-level only)
The ending of Cold War tensions in Asia: Afghanistan; the Americas: Cuba, Nicaragua and El Salvador; Africa: Angola and Ethiopia; the end of the Cold War: the Malta summit and its aftermath, including the reunification of Germany; the collapse of the USSR and resignation of Gorbachev
- Explain how Soviet withdrawal impacted proxy conflicts in Afghanistan, the Americas, and Africa.
- Analyse the diplomatic significance of the Malta Summit and the process of German reunification.
- Evaluate the domestic and international factors that led to the collapse of the USSR and Gorbachev's resignation.
2R The Cold War, c1945–1991 – The ending of the Cold War, 1985–1991 (A-level only)
The summits between the USA and the USSR, including Geneva, Reykjavik, Washington and Moscow; Reagan; star wars; Bush and the US response
- Trace the chronological progression and specific outcomes of the Geneva, Reykjavik, Washington and Moscow summits.
- Analyse the impact of Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative on US-Soviet arms control negotiations.
- Evaluate George H.W. Bush's diplomatic response to the shifting geopolitical landscape of the late 1980s.
2R The Cold War, c1945–1991 – The Global War, 1955–1963
Conflict in Asia: Indo-China under Ho Chi-Minh in the North and Diem in the South; formation of NLF; Kennedy's policies towards Indo-China and Diem's assassination
- Contrast the leadership and domestic policies of Ho Chi-Minh in the North and Diem in the South.
- Explain the causes behind the formation of the NLF and its objectives in South Vietnam.
- Evaluate the effectiveness of Kennedy's policies in stabilising South Vietnam prior to Diem's assassination.
2R The Cold War, c1945–1991 – The Global War, 1955–1963
Confrontation between the superpowers: US attitudes to Cuba and developments leading to the missile crisis; the 13 days; the significance of the crisis
- Analyse the reasons behind US hostility towards Castro's Cuba prior to 1962.
- Trace the chronological escalation and resolution of the 13-day missile crisis.
- Evaluate the short-term and long-term significance of the crisis on superpower relations.
2R The Cold War, c1945–1991 – The Global War, 1955–1963
Khrushchev and East-West relations: impact of risings in Poland and Hungary and Soviet intervention; the degree of 'peaceful coexistence', including exchange of visits and Paris summit
- Compare the causes and Soviet responses to the 1956 uprisings in Poland and Hungary.
- Evaluate the extent to which 'peaceful coexistence' improved East-West relations between 1955 and 1960.
- Analyse the reasons for the failure of the 1960 Paris Summit and its impact on the Cold War.
2R The Cold War, c1945–1991 – The Widening of the Cold War, 1949–1955
Alliances and shifts: FRG and NATO; the Warsaw Pact; SEATO; Eisenhower, Dulles and 'brinkmanship'; the domino theory; attitude to French struggle in Indo-China; the Geneva Conference
- Explain the sequence of events linking the FRG's entry into NATO with the formation of the Warsaw Pact.
- Analyse the concepts of 'brinkmanship' and the 'domino theory' in the context of Eisenhower and Dulles's foreign policy.
- Evaluate the US response to the French defeat in Indo-China and the significance of the 1954 Geneva Conference.
2R The Cold War, c1945–1991 – The Widening of the Cold War, 1949–1955
Increasing Cold War tensions: McCarthyism in the USA and its influence in Britain and Europe; US dominance in the UN and role as 'world policeman'; the isolation of China
- Analyse the impact of McCarthyism on US foreign policy and its reception in Britain and Europe.
- Evaluate the extent of US dominance in the United Nations and its role as a global policeman.
- Explain the methods and consequences of the US policy to isolate the People's Republic of China.
2R The Cold War, c1945–1991 – The Widening of the Cold War, 1949–1955
The Korean War: causes, position and aims of Kim ll Sung and Syngman Rhee; attitudes and actions of the UN, USA, USSR and China; military involvement and settlement
- Assess the relative responsibility of internal Korean leaders and external superpowers for the outbreak of the war.
- Explain the shifting military objectives of the USA and UN throughout the conflict.
- Evaluate the geopolitical consequences of the 1953 armistice for Asia and the wider Cold War.
2R The Cold War, c1945–1991 – The Widening of the Cold War, 1949–1955
US containment in action in Asia: the reconstruction of Japan and US-Japanese relations; support for Jiang Jieshi and policy towards China and Taiwan; the defensive perimeter strategy; support for South Korea; NSC-68
- Explain the strategic importance of the reconstruction of Japan to US containment policy.
- Analyse the impact of the 'loss of China' on US policy towards Taiwan and the wider Asian region.
- Evaluate the significance of NSC-68 in transforming the nature of US containment.
2S The Making of Modern Britain, 1951–2007 – The Affluent Society, 1951–1964
Conservative governments and reasons for political dominance: Churchill, Eden, Macmillan and Home as political leaders; domestic policies; internal Labour divisions; reasons for Conservatives' fall from power
- Compare the political leadership and domestic policies of Churchill, Eden, Macmillan, and Home.
- Explain how ideological divisions between Bevanites and Gaitskellites weakened the Labour Party's electoral prospects.
- Evaluate the economic, political, and social factors that led to the Conservative fall from power in 1964.
2S The Making of Modern Britain, 1951–2007 – The Affluent Society, 1951–1964
Economic developments: post-war boom; balance of payments issues and 'stop-go' policies
- Define the key characteristics of the post-war economic boom in Britain.
- Explain the mechanics and objectives of 'stop-go' economic policies.
- Analyse the causes and consequences of Britain's balance of payments issues during this period.
2S The Making of Modern Britain, 1951–2007 – The Affluent Society, 1951–1964
Foreign relations: EFTA and attempts to join the EEC; relations with and policies towards USA and USSR; debates over the nuclear deterrent; Korean War; Suez; the ‘Winds of Change' and decolonisation
- Explain the causes and consequences of the 1956 Suez Crisis and the Korean War on foreign relations.
- Analyse the reasons for Britain's formation of EFTA and attempts to join the EEC between 1951 and 1964.
- Assess the impact of the Cold War on British foreign and defence policy, including relations with and policies towards USA and USSR, and debates over the nuclear deterrent.
2S The Making of Modern Britain, 1951–2007 – The Affluent Society, 1951–1964
Social developments: rising living standards; the impact of affluence and consumerism; changing social attitudes and tensions; class and 'the Establishment'; the position of women; attitudes to immigration; racial violence; the emergence of the 'teenager' and youth culture
- Evaluate the impact of consumerism on British living standards and social attitudes.
- Analyse the changing dynamics of class and deference towards 'the Establishment'.
- Explain the emergence of youth culture and its relationship with post-war affluence.
2S The Making of Modern Britain, 1951–2007 – The end of Post-War Consensus, 1970–1979
Britain's entry into and relations with Europe; the state of the 'special relationship' with USA; attitudes to USSR and China
- Explain the process and domestic political consequences of Britain's entry into the EEC.
- Analyse the changing dynamics of the 'special relationship' with the USA between 1970 and 1979.
- Compare and contrast British diplomatic attitudes towards the USSR and China during the 1970s.
2S The Making of Modern Britain, 1951–2007 – The end of Post-War Consensus, 1970–1979
Heath’s government: Heath as leader; political and economic policies; industrial relations and the miners' strikes; the 'troubles' in Northern Ireland, including the Sunningdale Agreement
- Explain the reasons for Heath's economic 'U-turn' and its political consequences.
- Analyse the impact of the miners' strikes on the British economy and Heath's government.
- Evaluate the aims and ultimate failure of the Sunningdale Agreement in Northern Ireland.
2S The Making of Modern Britain, 1951–2007 – The end of Post-War Consensus, 1970–1979
Labour governments of Wilson and Callaghan: political, economic and industrial problems and policies; problems of Northern Ireland
- Analyse the causes and consequences of the 1976 IMF crisis on Labour's economic policy.
- Evaluate the effectiveness of the Social Contract in managing industrial relations up to the Winter of Discontent.
- Explain the reasons for the collapse of the Sunningdale Agreement and its impact on Northern Ireland.
2S The Making of Modern Britain, 1951–2007 – The end of Post-War Consensus, 1970–1979
Society in the 1970s: progress of feminism; the Sex Discrimination Act; race and immigration; youth; environmentalism
- Evaluate the effectiveness of the 1975 Sex Discrimination Act in advancing the progress of feminism.
- Analyse the causes of racial tension in the 1970s and the responses from both the government and grassroots organisations.
- Explain how the economic conditions of the 1970s influenced the development of youth culture and environmentalism.
2S The Making of Modern Britain, 1951–2007 – The Era of New Labour, 1997–2007 (A-level only)
Foreign affairs: attitudes to Europe; the 'special relationship' with USA; military interventions and the 'war on terror'; Britain's position in the world by 2007
- Analyse New Labour's attitude towards European integration and the Euro.
- Evaluate the causes and consequences of British military interventions between 1997 and 2007.
- Assess the impact of the 'war on terror' on Britain's global position by the end of Blair's premiership.
2S The Making of Modern Britain, 1951–2007 – The Era of New Labour, 1997–2007 (A-level only)
Social issues: workers, women and youth; the extent to which Britain had become a multicultural society
- Evaluate the impact of government legislation on the rights and economic status of workers and women between 1997 and 2007.
- Analyse the dual approach to youth policy, balancing educational expansion with punitive measures against anti-social behaviour.
- Assess the evidence for and against the successful development of a multicultural society in Britain during this period.
2S The Making of Modern Britain, 1951–2007 – The Era of New Labour, 1997–2007 (A-level only)
The Conservative Party: leaders and reason for divisions; reason for electoral failures in 2001 and 2005
- Detail the sequence of Conservative leaders from 1997 to 2005 and their respective political strategies.
- Explain the root causes of internal Conservative divisions regarding Europe and social modernisation.
- Analyse the specific strategic and contextual reasons for the Conservative electoral defeats in 2001 and 2005.
2S The Making of Modern Britain, 1951–2007 – The Era of New Labour, 1997–2007 (A-level only)
The Labour governments: Blair as leader, character and ideology; constitutional change; domestic policies; Brown and economic policy; Northern Ireland and the Good Friday Agreement
- Define the core tenets of Blair's 'Third Way' ideology and evaluate its impact on Labour's domestic policies.
- Assess the significance of Gordon Brown's economic strategies, including Bank of England independence.
- Explain the key components of the Good Friday Agreement and evaluate the factors that led to its successful negotiation.
2S The Making of Modern Britain, 1951–2007 – The impact of Thatcherism, 1979–1987 (A-level only)
Foreign Affairs: the Falklands; the 'special relationship' with USA; moves to end the Cold War; Thatcher as an international figure; attitudes to Europe, including Thatcher's policies; divisions within the Conservative Party
- Analyse the causes and political consequences of the Falklands War.
- Evaluate Thatcher's contribution to the 'special relationship' and the ending of the Cold War.
- Explain how Thatcher's evolving policies towards Europe created lasting divisions within the Conservative Party.
2S The Making of Modern Britain, 1951–2007 – The impact of Thatcherism, 1979–1987 (A-level only)
Impact of Thatcherism on society: sale of council houses; miners' strike and other industrial disputes; poll tax; extra-parliamentary opposition
- Evaluate the social consequences of the sale of council houses under the 'Right to Buy' scheme.
- Analyse the significance of the miners' strike and other industrial disputes in reducing trade union power.
- Assess the impact of the poll tax and various forms of extra-parliamentary opposition on British society and politics.
2S The Making of Modern Britain, 1951–2007 – The impact of Thatcherism, 1979–1987 (A-level only)
Thatcher's economic policies and their impact: monetarism; privatisation; deregulation; issues of inflation, unemployment and economic realignment
- Define monetarism and explain its application and impact on inflation and unemployment in the early 1980s.
- Analyse the process and consequences of privatisation and deregulation on the British economy.
- Evaluate the extent of economic realignment and its regional impact on manufacturing and service sectors.
2S The Making of Modern Britain, 1951–2007 – The impact of Thatcherism, 1979–1987 (A-level only)
The Thatcher governments: Thatcher as leader, character and ideology; ministers; support and opposition; electoral success; internal Labour divisions and the formation of the SDP; Northern Ireland and the troubles
- Evaluate the impact of Thatcher's ideology and character on her management of government ministers.
- Analyse the factors contributing to Conservative electoral dominance and the fragmentation of the Labour Party.
- Assess the effectiveness of the Thatcher government's policies and responses to the Troubles in Northern Ireland.
2S The Making of Modern Britain, 1951–2007 – The Sixties, 1964–1970
Liberal reforming legislation: private members' bills and the end of capital punishment; divorce reform; the legalisation of abortion; the legalisation of homosexual relations; educational reform
- Identify the key pieces of liberal reforming legislation passed between 1964 and 1970.
- Explain the role of Private Members' Bills in passing controversial social legislation.
- Assess the limitations and societal impact of the educational and moral reforms of the 1960s.
2S The Making of Modern Britain, 1951–2007 – The Sixties, 1964–1970
Relations with and policies towards USA, particularly issue of Vietnam; response to world affairs and relations with Europe; decolonisation including 'withdrawal East of Suez' and Rhodesia.
- Analyse the reasons for Wilson's refusal to commit troops to the Vietnam War.
- Evaluate the causes and consequences of the decision to withdraw military forces East of Suez.
- Explain the challenges faced by the British government in responding to the Rhodesian UDI.
2S The Making of Modern Britain, 1951–2007 – The Sixties, 1964–1970
Social and cultural change: the expansion of the mass media; growth in leisure activities; the impact of scientific developments; the reduction in censorship; progress towards female equality; changes in moral attitudes; youth culture and the 'permissive society'; anti-Vietnam war riots; issues of immigration and race
- Describe the key drivers of social and cultural change in the 1960s, including media and science.
- Analyse the extent to which Britain became a 'permissive society' during this period.
- Evaluate the impact of immigration and race relations on British society and politics in the late 1960s.
2S The Making of Modern Britain, 1951–2007 – The Sixties, 1964–1970
Wilson and the Labour governments: Wilson's ideology and leadership; economic policies and problems; devaluation; industrial relations; the trade unions; other domestic policies; Labour divisions; the beginning of the 'troubles' in Northern Ireland; the end of post-war consensus; loss of 1970 election
- Evaluate the success of Wilson's economic policies, focusing on the 1967 devaluation.
- Analyse the relationship between the Labour government and trade unions, particularly regarding 'In Place of Strife'.
- Explain the factors that led to the Labour Party's defeat in the 1970 general election.
2S The Making of Modern Britain, 1951–2007 – Towards a new Consensus, 1987–1997 (A-level only)
Fall of Thatcher and her legacy; Major as leader; economic developments, including 'Black Wednesday' and its impact; political sleaze, scandals and satire; political policies; approach to Northern Ireland; Conservative divisions
- Explain the immediate causes and long-term legacy of Margaret Thatcher's resignation.
- Analyse the political consequences of 'Black Wednesday' and ongoing scandals on John Major's government.
- Evaluate Major's successes and failures, comparing his Northern Ireland approach with his handling of Conservative divisions over Europe.
2S The Making of Modern Britain, 1951–2007 – Towards a new Consensus, 1987–1997 (A-level only)
Foreign affairs: relations with Europe, including the impact of the Single European Act and Maastricht Treaty; interventions in the Balkans; contribution and attitude to the end of the Cold War
- Explain the differing attitudes of Thatcher and Major towards European integration and the resulting treaties.
- Evaluate the effectiveness of British diplomatic and military interventions in the Balkans during the 1990s.
- Analyse the extent of Margaret Thatcher's influence on the diplomatic processes that ended the Cold War.
2S The Making of Modern Britain, 1951–2007 – Towards a new Consensus, 1987–1997 (A-level only)
Realignment of the Labour Party under Kinnock, Smith and Blair; reasons for Labour victory in 1997
- Trace the chronological steps taken by Kinnock, Smith, and Blair to reform the Labour Party.
- Analyse the significance of abolishing Clause IV in changing Labour's ideological stance.
- Evaluate the relative importance of Labour's realignment versus Conservative failures in determining the 1997 election result.
2S The Making of Modern Britain, 1951–2007 – Towards a new Consensus, 1987–1997 (A-level only)
Social issues: the extent of 'social liberalism'; anti-establishment culture; the position of women and race-relations
- Assess the extent to which British society became more socially liberal between 1987 and 1997.
- Identify key examples of anti-establishment culture and explain their origins.
- Evaluate the progress made in the position of women and the state of race relations during this decade.
2T The Crisis of Communism: The USSR and the Soviet Empire, 1953–2000 (A-level only) – 'Real existing Socialism', 1968–1980
Challenges to Soviet control in the Soviet satellite states: Western influence and the media; the impact of the Helsinki accords; political activism including Charter 77 and KOR (Czechoslovakia); Church organisations (Poland and GDR); contested elections (Hungary)
- Evaluate the role of Western media and the Helsinki Accords in stimulating opposition within the Soviet bloc.
- Analyse the methods and impact of specific dissident groups, including Charter 77 and KOR.
- Assess the contribution of Church organisations and limited electoral reforms to challenging Soviet hegemony.
2T The Crisis of Communism: The USSR and the Soviet Empire, 1953–2000 (A-level only) – 'Real existing Socialism', 1968–1980
Economic and social developments in the Soviet satellite states: economic reforms; strengths and weaknesses; the influence of the West, economically and socially
- Analyse the aims and outcomes of economic reforms in Soviet satellite states during the 1970s.
- Evaluate the systemic strengths and weaknesses of 'Real existing Socialism' in Eastern Europe.
- Assess the extent to which Western economic loans and social culture undermined Soviet satellite regimes.
2T The Crisis of Communism: The USSR and the Soviet Empire, 1953–2000 (A-level only) – 'Real existing Socialism', 1968–1980
Political developments in the satellite states of central Europe: Poland and the leadership of Gierek; Czechoslovakia and the leadership of Husak; Hungary and the leadership of Kadar; the GDR and the leadership of Honecker; policy changes and the extent of reform
- Compare the leadership styles and policy changes of Gierek, Husak, Kadar, and Honecker.
- Evaluate the extent of economic and political reform achieved in Hungary and Poland during the 1970s.
- Analyse the methods used by the GDR and Czechoslovakia to maintain political stability and Soviet alignment.
2T The Crisis of Communism: The USSR and the Soviet Empire, 1953–2000 (A-level only) – 'Real existing Socialism', 1968–1980
Strikes and demonstrations in Poland; the emergence of Solidarity in 1980 and the reaction of the Polish government and USSR
- Describe the economic and political causes of the 1980 Polish strikes.
- Analyse the terms and significance of the Gdańsk Agreement.
- Evaluate the differing reactions of the Polish communist leadership and the Soviet Politburo to the emergence of Solidarity.
2T The Crisis of Communism: The USSR and the Soviet Empire, 1953–2000 (A-level only) – De-Stalinisation, 1953–1964
Economic and social developments: the reasons for and results of reform of industry and agriculture, including partial decentralisation and the virgin lands scheme; social conditions and living standards; the extent of the 'thaw' culturally
- Assess the reasons for and the results of Khrushchev's agricultural and industrial reforms, including the Virgin Lands Scheme and partial decentralisation.
- Evaluate the extent to which social conditions and living standards improved for the Soviet population during this period.
- Analyse the boundaries and significance of the cultural 'thaw' in Soviet society.
2T The Crisis of Communism: The USSR and the Soviet Empire, 1953–2000 (A-level only) – De-Stalinisation, 1953–1964
Khrushchev as leader: character; ideology and aims; style of leadership; political and legal reforms: the Secret Speech and de-Stalinisation within the USSR; changes to party organisation
- Analyse Khrushchev's character, ideology, and leadership style in contrast to Stalin.
- Evaluate the significance of the Secret Speech and the extent of political and legal reforms during de-Stalinisation.
- Explain the changes made to party organisation and their impact on Khrushchev's political survival.
2T The Crisis of Communism: The USSR and the Soviet Empire, 1953–2000 (A-level only) – De-Stalinisation, 1953–1964
Soviet foreign and international policies: split with China; peaceful coexistence with the West; the Cuban Missile Crisis; negotiations with the West over Berlin; the space programme
- Explain the ideological and practical reasons for the Sino-Soviet split.
- Analyse the impact of the Cuban Missile Crisis and Berlin negotiations on East-West relations.
- Evaluate the significance of the space programme in promoting Soviet international prestige.
2T The Crisis of Communism: The USSR and the Soviet Empire, 1953–2000 (A-level only) – De-Stalinisation, 1953–1964
The USSR in 1953: the Stalinist legacy; terror and paranoia; economic centralisation; the power vacuum and contenders: Malenkov, Beria, Molotov and Khrushchev; Khrushchev's success
- Describe the political, economic, and social condition of the USSR at the time of Stalin's death in 1953, including terror and paranoia.
- Compare the power bases and political strategies of Malenkov, Beria, Molotov, and Khrushchev in the resulting power vacuum.
- Explain the sequence of events and political manoeuvres that led to Khrushchev's ultimate success in the power struggle.
2T The Crisis of Communism: The USSR and the Soviet Empire, 1953–2000 (A-level only) – Soviet Satellites, 1953–1968
Life in the Soviet satellite states: enforced Sovietisation; the use of propaganda; living standards; education; state organisations; benefits and problems
- Explain the methods used to enforce Sovietisation in Eastern Europe.
- Analyse the impact of state-controlled education and propaganda on the population.
- Evaluate the balance between the benefits and problems of living standards under communist rule.
2T The Crisis of Communism: The USSR and the Soviet Empire, 1953–2000 (A-level only) – Soviet Satellites, 1953–1968
Repression in the Soviet satellite states: state security; secret police systems; censorship; legal systems; the Church; emigration restrictions and defections
- Describe the structure and function of secret police systems in maintaining state security.
- Analyse the methods used to repress the Church and control the legal system.
- Evaluate the reasons for, and consequences of, emigration restrictions and defections.
2T The Crisis of Communism: The USSR and the Soviet Empire, 1953–2000 (A-level only) – Soviet Satellites, 1953–1968
The political and economic condition of the satellite states of central Europe: Poland and the leadership of Gomulka; Czechoslovakia and the leadership of Novotny; Hungary and the leadership of Nagy; Rakosi, Gero and Kadar; East Germany and the leadership of Ulbricht; the political organisation and influence of the Communist Party; economic organisation, state of collectivisation and the centrally planned economy; political and economic strengths and weaknesses of states
- Differentiate between the leadership styles and policies of Gomulka, Novotny, Nagy, Rakosi, Gero, Kadar, and Ulbricht.
- Analyse the structural strengths and weaknesses of centrally planned economies and collectivisation in the Eastern Bloc.
- Evaluate the extent of Communist Party influence and political organisation within the satellite states.
2T The Crisis of Communism: The USSR and the Soviet Empire, 1953–2000 (A-level only) – Soviet Satellites, 1953–1968
Threats to stability in the Soviet satellite states: risings in East Germany, Poland and Hungary; issues over Berlin and the Berlin Wall; Dubcek and the Prague Spring in Czechoslovakia; reasons for the threats, their development and outcome for the state and for its relations with USSR
- Explain the causes and development of the uprisings in East Germany, Poland, and Hungary.
- Analyse the issues surrounding Berlin and the strategic reasons for the construction of the Berlin Wall.
- Evaluate the impact of Dubcek's Prague Spring on Czechoslovakia's domestic politics and its relations with the USSR.
2T The Crisis of Communism: The USSR and the Soviet Empire, 1953–2000 (A-level only) – The Collapse of the Soviet Empire, 1980–2000
Political developments and activism within the satellite states before 1989: Jaruzelski and attempts to restrain Solidarity in Poland; pressure groups in Czechoslovakia and electoral contests in Hungary; regional peace workshops; the IFN and environmental groups in GDR
- Explain the motives behind and consequences of Jaruzelski's Martial Law in Poland.
- Analyse the methods used by pressure groups in Czechoslovakia and the GDR to challenge state authority.
- Evaluate the impact of Hungary's electoral reforms on the stability of its communist regime.
2T The Crisis of Communism: The USSR and the Soviet Empire, 1953–2000 (A-level only) – The Collapse of the Soviet Empire, 1980–2000
The collapse of Communism within the satellite states in 1989: reasons for and results of demonstrations and peaceful revolution in East Germany, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria and violent change in Romania
- Explain the overarching reasons for the collapse of Communist regimes across Eastern Europe in 1989.
- Compare the peaceful revolutions in East Germany, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Bulgaria with the violent uprising in Romania.
- Assess the results of the demonstrations and revolutions on the political structures of the former satellite states.
2T The Crisis of Communism: The USSR and the Soviet Empire, 1953–2000 (A-level only) – The Collapse of the Soviet Empire, 1980–2000
The new national states of Eastern and Central Europe: political issues; problems of creating united and stable governments, including the separation of Czech and Slovak republics; the restoration of capitalism; closer ties with the West; political, economic and social progress and continuing difficulties by 2000
- Explain the political issues and problems encountered in creating stable governments, including the 1993 separation of Czechoslovakia.
- Analyse the social and economic consequences of restoring capitalism and implementing market reforms in former communist states.
- Evaluate the extent of political, economic, and social progress made by 2000 compared to the continuing difficulties and the drive for closer Western ties.
2T The Crisis of Communism: The USSR and the Soviet Empire, 1953–2000 (A-level only) – The Collapse of the Soviet Empire, 1980–2000
The state of Communism in the satellite states of Romania and Bulgaria by 1989: leadership of Ceausescu in Romania and Zhivkov in Bulgaria; political and economic problems
- Describe the specific economic policies implemented by Ceaușescu and Zhivkov and their impact on living standards.
- Analyse the political methods used by both leaders to suppress opposition and maintain control.
- Evaluate the extent to which economic and political problems undermined the stability of Romania and Bulgaria by 1989.
2T The Crisis of Communism: The USSR and the Soviet Empire, 1953–2000 (A-level only) – The Gorbachev Revolution, 1985–2000
Economic, political and social policies under Gorbachev: impact of Chernobyl; attempts at economic restructuring and the outcome; the attempt to democratise the Soviet political system and its outcome; main political reforms
- Analyse the social and political impact of the Chernobyl disaster on Soviet policy.
- Evaluate the methods and outcomes of Gorbachev's economic restructuring (Perestroika).
- Assess the consequences of Gorbachev's attempts to democratise the Soviet political system.
2T The Crisis of Communism: The USSR and the Soviet Empire, 1953–2000 (A-level only) – The Gorbachev Revolution, 1985–2000
Gorbachev as leader: personality, aims and power base; reasons for perestroika, glasnost and demokratizatsiya; withdrawal from Afghanistan and readiness to end the Cold War; summit meetings leading to the Malta Agreement
- Define the distinct concepts and underlying reasons for perestroika, glasnost, and demokratizatsiya.
- Explain the strategic and economic rationale for the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan.
- Evaluate the significance of the summit meetings leading to the Malta Agreement in ending the Cold War.
2T The Crisis of Communism: The USSR and the Soviet Empire, 1953–2000 (A-level only) – The Gorbachev Revolution, 1985–2000
Revolution and counter-revolution in the USSR: opposition to Gorbachev's policies; nationalist unrest; deepening economic and political crises; the coup of August 1991 and Yeltsin's counter-attack; Gorbachev's resignation as president; the collapse of the USSR; reasons for Gorbachev's apparent failure
- Explain the causes and consequences of nationalist unrest within the Soviet republics.
- Analyse the events of the August 1991 coup and the significance of Yeltsin's counter-attack.
- Evaluate the overarching reasons for Gorbachev's political failure and the subsequent collapse of the USSR.
2T The Crisis of Communism: The USSR and the Soviet Empire, 1953–2000 (A-level only) – The Gorbachev Revolution, 1985–2000
Yeltsin as leader: personality and aims; style of rule; economic and political problems and policies; political unrest; re-election and resignation; Putin as leader; the state of Russia politically, economically and socially by 2000
- Analyse the impact of Yeltsin's personality and style of rule on Russian politics.
- Evaluate the success and failure of economic 'shock therapy' and its social consequences.
- Assess the state of Russia across political, economic, and social dimensions by the year 2000.
2T The Crisis of Communism: The USSR and the Soviet Empire, 1953–2000 (A-level only) – Years of Stagnation, 1964–1985
Brezhnev as leader: reasons for Khrushchev's removal from power and Brezhnev's ascendancy; character, views and aims of Brezhnev and his associates in government; the nomenklatura system and corruption
- Explain the political, economic, and diplomatic factors that caused Khrushchev's removal from power.
- Describe the character and political aims of Brezhnev and his key government associates.
- Analyse how the nomenklatura system led to widespread corruption and political stagnation.
2T The Crisis of Communism: The USSR and the Soviet Empire, 1953–2000 (A-level only) – Years of Stagnation, 1964–1985
Economic and social policies and problems under Brezhnev: attempted reforms of Kosygin; the 10th Five Year Plan; agriculture; defence spending; consumer goods, living standards and life-styles for the elite and the workers
- Explain the aims and ultimate failure of Kosygin's economic reforms.
- Analyse the impact of defence spending and agricultural failures on the Soviet economy during the 10th Five Year Plan.
- Compare the living standards and lifestyles of the Soviet elite with those of ordinary workers under Brezhnev.
2T The Crisis of Communism: The USSR and the Soviet Empire, 1953–2000 (A-level only) – Years of Stagnation, 1964–1985
Foreign and international policies: détente with the West; the invasion of Afghanistan and the impact on USSR; the Second Cold War
- Evaluate the successes and limitations of détente with the West during the 1970s.
- Analyse the causes of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and its subsequent impact on the USSR.
- Explain the factors that led to the outbreak of the Second Cold War and its consequences for Soviet stability.
2T The Crisis of Communism: The USSR and the Soviet Empire, 1953–2000 (A-level only) – Years of Stagnation, 1964–1985
Pressures for change and the reaction of the regime: political dissidents and protest, including Andrei Sakharov and Alexander Solzhenitsyn; the effect of the Helsinki accords; nationalist unrest; new leaders and political developments: Andropov; limited political and economic reform; Chernenko as leader and stagnation; the reformers and position of Gorbachev
- Explain the roles of Andrei Sakharov and Alexander Solzhenitsyn in the Soviet dissident movement.
- Compare the political and economic approaches of Yuri Andropov and Konstantin Chernenko.
- Assess the factors that strengthened the position of reformers like Mikhail Gorbachev by 1985.
Regulatory & Verification Details
- Qualification Number (QN)
- 601/4973/5
- Regulated Status
- Available to learners
- Awarding Body
- AQA
- Qualification Type
- GCE A Level
- Operational Start
- Sept 2015