## Overview Effective planning, drafting, and editing are the foundational skills for high-level performance in OCR J351 Components 01 and 02 Section B. These skills are not just about avoiding errors; they are the mechanism by which candidates demonstrate structural cohesion (AO5) and conscious control over language (AO6). This guide will break down the reading and writing skills required to excel.  ## Reading Skills ### Identifying Information & Ideas To secure marks in reading comprehension, candidates must be able to locate both explicit (obvious) and implicit (suggested) information in unseen texts. This involves careful reading and the ability to infer meaning from the writer\'s choices. ### Analysing Language #### Key Language Features to Identify | Feature | Definition | Effect on Reader | Example | |---|---|---|---| | Metaphor | A figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable. | Creates a powerful image, making an abstract concept more concrete and relatable. | \'The classroom was a zoo.\' | | Simile | A figure of speech involving the comparison of one thing with another thing of a different kind, used to make a description more emphatic or vivid (e.g., as brave as a lion). | Makes a description more vivid and easier for the reader to visualise. | \'He was as strong as an ox.\' | | Pathetic Fallacy | The attribution of human feelings and responses to inanimate things or animals, especially in art and literature. | Creates a specific mood or atmosphere that reflects the emotional state of a character. | \'The miserable weather reflected his mood.\' | | Personification | The attribution of a personal nature or human characteristics to something non-human, or the representation of an abstract quality in human form. | Brings an object or idea to life, allowing the reader to connect with it on an emotional level. | \'The wind whispered through the trees.\' | | Alliteration | The occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words. | Draws attention to a particular phrase and can create a specific sound effect (e.g., harsh, soft). | \'The sweet smell of success.\' | | Sibilance | A figure of speech in which a hissing sound is created within a group of words through the repetition of \'s\' sounds. | Can create a sinister, soft, or flowing sound, depending on the context. | \'The snake slithered silently.\' | | Juxtaposition | The fact of two things being seen or placed close together with contrasting effect. | Highlights the differences between two things, often to create a dramatic effect. | \'The pristine new building stood next to the crumbling ruins.\' | ### Analysing Structure  Structural analysis involves looking at how a writer has organised their text to create meaning and effects. Key features to consider include: - **Openings:** How does the writer hook the reader? - **Shifts in focus:** Where does the narrative or argument change direction? - **Narrative perspective:** First, second, or third person? How does this affect the reader\'s relationship with the text? - **Sentence length variation:** How are short and long sentences used for effect? - **Paragraph structure:** How are paragraphs used to build ideas or tension? - **Cyclical structure:** Does the ending link back to the opening? - **Flashback/Foreshadowing:** How is time manipulated to create suspense or provide context? ### Evaluating Critically This skill requires you to form and express a personal judgement about a writer\'s methods. A strong evaluative response follows this structure: 1. **Statement:** Make a clear point about the writer\'s success. 2. **Evidence:** Select a short, relevant quotation. 3. **Analysis:** Explain how the writer\'s choices create a particular effect. 4. **Link:** Connect your analysis back to the overall question. ### Comparing Writers\' Viewpoints For comparison questions, you need a clear framework: 1. **Identify Viewpoints:** What is the main argument or perspective of each writer? 2. **Compare Methods:** How do the writers use language and structure to present their viewpoints? Compare specific features. 3. **Evaluate Effectiveness:** Which writer is more successful in conveying their message and why? ## Writing Skills ### Creative Writing  For narrative and descriptive tasks, focus on these techniques: - **Show, Don\'t Tell:** Instead of saying a character is angry, describe their clenched fists and narrowed eyes. - **Sensory Description:** Appeal to all five senses to immerse the reader in the scene. - **Varied Sentence Structures:** Mix simple, compound, and complex sentences to create rhythm and pace. - **Engaging Openings:** Start with action, dialogue, or a mystery. - **Satisfying Endings:** Provide a sense of closure, perhaps by linking back to the opening. - **One-Scene Rule:** Focus on a single, significant moment rather than trying to tell a long story. ### Transactional/Non-Fiction Writing  For letters, articles, speeches, and leaflets, structure is key. Use the **AFOREST** model for persuasive techniques: - **A**lliteration - **F**acts - **O**pinions - **R**hetorical questions - **E**motive language - **S**tatistics - **T**hree (Rule of) Always consider the **Purpose-Form-Audience** framework to ensure your tone and style are appropriate. ### Technical Accuracy (SPaG) Spelling, punctuation, and grammar (SPaG) are worth a significant portion of the marks. To impress examiners, use ambitious punctuation correctly: - **Semicolons (;)** to link two closely related independent clauses. - **Colons (:)** to introduce a list, explanation, or quotation. - **Dashes (-)** to add emphasis or a dramatic pause. - **Parenthetical Commas (,)** to add extra, non-essential information. Paragraphs should be clearly structured with topic sentences and discourse markers (e.g., \'Furthermore\', \'In contrast\') to guide the reader."