AQA · GCSE · German

    Course version: 8662 · Version from Sept 2016

    Grammar (Foundation): Conjunctions

    This topic covers the essential rules of German conjunctions, which are vital for structuring complex sentences. You will learn the difference between coordinating (V2) and subordinating (Verb-End) conjunctions, enabling you to score higher marks across Listening, Speaking, Reading, and Writing exams.

    • 10 min read
    • 4 worked examples
    • 6 practice questions
    • 8 key terms

    Check what you remember

    Read the wording for your board, then hide it and explain Conjunction in your own words. Rough notes are fine. This is a self-check, with no mark or grade.

    Reference: AQA

    A joining word used to link two clauses or sentences together.
    AQA · Grammar (Foundation): Conjunctions

    Study Notes

    Overview

    Header image for Grammar (Foundation): Conjunctions

    Conjunctions are the 'glue' that holds sentences together. In GCSE German, using a variety of conjunctions is one of the easiest ways to demonstrate range of language and secure higher marks. This topic appears in all four skills (Listening, Speaking, Reading, Writing). Examiners specifically look for subordinating conjunctions to award top marks for grammatical complexity.


    🎧 The Revision Podcast

    Listen to our 10-minute deep dive into German conjunctions, covering all the rules, memory tricks, and exam traps!


    📖 Essential Vocabulary

    Tier 1 — Foundation Core (Coordinating Conjunctions)
    GermanEnglishFunctionExample Sentence
    undandAdds informationIch spiele Fußball und ich schwimme gern.
    aberbutShows contrastIch mag Mathe, aber es ist schwer.
    oderorOffers an alternativeGehen wir ins Kino oder bleiben wir hier?
    dennbecauseGives a reasonIch lerne Deutsch, denn es ist nützlich.
    sondernbut ratherCorrects a negativeIch trinke keinen Kaffee, sondern ich trinke Tee.
    Tier 2 — Higher Tier (Subordinating Conjunctions)
    GermanEnglishFunctionExample Sentence
    weilbecauseGives a reasonIch lerne Deutsch, weil es nützlich ist.
    obwohlalthoughShows contrastIch gehe schwimmen, obwohl es kalt ist.
    wennwhen / ifCondition / HabitIch spiele am Computer, wenn ich Zeit habe.
    alswhen (past)Single past eventAls ich jünger war, spielte ich oft Tennis.
    dassthatConnects clausesIch denke, dass das eine gute Idee ist.
    damitso thatExpresses purposeIch lerne viel, damit ich gute Noten bekomme.
    bevorbeforeTime sequenceIch mache Hausaufgaben, bevor ich fernsehe.
    nachdemafterTime sequenceIch gehe ins Bett, nachdem ich ein Buch gelesen habe.
    seitdemsinceTime referenceIch spiele Gitarre, seitdem ich acht Jahre alt bin.
    obwhether / ifIndirect questionIch weiß nicht, ob er heute kommt.
    High-Frequency Words & Phrases
    PhraseEnglishUsage Context
    entweder ... odereither ... orGiving two options
    weder ... nochneither ... norExcluding two options
    nicht nur ... sondern auchnot only ... but alsoAdding emphasis
    einerseits ... andererseitson the one hand ... on the other handDiscussing pros and cons
    sowohl ... als auchboth ... andLinking two positive points

    📝 Grammar Focus

    Grammar quick reference for Coordinating vs Subordinating Conjunctions

    Key Structure 1: Coordinating Conjunctions (The V2 Rule)

    When to use it: Use these to join two main clauses. The word order in the second clause does not change.

    Rule: Clause 1 + Conjunction + Clause 2 (Subject + Verb + Rest)

    The Big Five (ADUSO)
    ConjunctionEnglishWord Order Effect
    AberbutNone (V2)
    DennbecauseNone (V2)
    UndandNone (V2)
    Sondernbut ratherNone (V2)
    OderorNone (V2)
    Key Structure 2: Subordinating Conjunctions (The Verb-End Rule)

    Visual explanation of German word order rules

    When to use it: Use these to introduce a subordinate clause. The conjugated verb is 'kicked' to the very end of the clause.

    Rule: Main Clause + , + Conjunction + Subject + Rest + VERB.

    Examples of Verb-End
    Main ClauseConjunctionSubjectRestVerb (End)
    Ich bleibe zu Hause, weilichkrankbin.
    Er lernt viel, damiterdie Prüfungbesteht.
    Wir spielen Fußball, obwohlesstarkregnet.
    Key Structure 3: Starting with a Subordinate Clause

    When to use it: To sound like a native speaker and score top marks for complex syntax, start your sentence with the subordinate clause.

    Rule: Conjunction + Subject + Rest + VERB 1 + , + VERB 2 + Subject + Rest.
    (Also known as the 'Comma-Verb-Verb' rule)

    Examples:

    • Weil ich krank bin, bleibe ich zu Hause.
    • Wenn ich Zeit habe, gehe ich ins Kino.
    • Obwohl es regnet, spielen wir Fußball.

    🎧 Listening Skills

    What to Expect

    In the listening exam, conjunctions are often used as distractors. You might hear someone state an opinion, followed by 'aber' (but) or 'obwohl' (although), which completely changes the meaning of what they just said.

    Listening Strategies
    • Listen for the 'Turn': Words like aber, obwohl, and sondern indicate a change in direction. The speaker's true opinion usually comes after these words.
    • Identify Reasons: Listen out for weil and denn. Examiners love to ask 'Why does the speaker like X?' The answer will follow these words.
    • Watch for Past vs Present: Pay attention to wenn vs als. Als tells you they are talking about the past.
    Common Listening Traps
    • Hearing a negative statement, then missing the sondern (but rather) which gives the actual positive answer.
    • Confusing denn (because) with dann (then).

    🗣️ Speaking Skills

    Role Play Scenarios

    Scenario 1: In a restaurant

    • Examiner: Was möchten Sie trinken?
    • Candidate: Ich möchte einen Kaffee, aber ohne Milch, bitte.

    Scenario 2: Buying a train ticket

    • Examiner: Warum fahren Sie nach Berlin?
    • Candidate: Ich fahre nach Berlin, weil ich meine Tante besuche.
    Photo Card Practice

    Model Photo Card Response (Theme: School):

    • Qu 1 (Description): Auf dem Foto gibt es drei Schüler. Sie lernen in der Bibliothek, weil sie eine Prüfung haben.
    • Qu 2 (Opinion): Ich finde die Bibliothek gut, obwohl sie manchmal zu laut ist.
    • Qu 3 (Related topic): Nächstes Jahr werde ich auf die Uni gehen, damit ich Medizin studieren kann.
    • Qu 4 (Past/Future): Als ich jünger war, hasste ich die Schule, aber jetzt mag ich sie.
    • Qu 5 (Unpredictable): Hausaufgaben sind wichtig, denn man muss den Stoff üben.
    General Conversation Questions
    Question (German)Model AnswerEnglish Translation
    Was machst du in deiner Freizeit?Ich spiele gern Fußball, weil ich gern draußen bin.I like playing football because I like being outside.
    Wie findest du deine Stadt?Ich mag meine Stadt, obwohl es hier nicht viel zu tun gibt.I like my town, although there isn't much to do here.
    Was hast du letztes Wochenende gemacht?Als das Wetter schön war, sind wir in den Park gegangen.When the weather was nice, we went to the park.
    Was wirst du in der Zukunft machen?Ich werde an der Uni studieren, damit ich einen guten Job bekomme.I will study at university so that I get a good job.
    Ist es wichtig, Fremdsprachen zu lernen?Ja, weil man andere Kulturen besser verstehen kann.Yes, because you can understand other cultures better.

    ✍️ Writing Skills

    Translation Practice

    English → German:

    EnglishGermanKey Grammar
    I play tennis and I swim.Ich spiele Tennis und ich schwimme.Coordinating (und) - V2
    I learn German because it is fun.Ich lerne Deutsch, weil es Spaß macht.Subordinating (weil) - Verb End
    I stay at home when it rains.Ich bleibe zu Hause, wenn es regnet.Subordinating (wenn) - Verb End
    Although I am tired, I do my homework.Obwohl ich müde bin, mache ich meine Hausaufgaben.Comma-Verb-Verb rule
    When I was younger, I played the piano.Als ich jünger war, spielte ich Klavier.Als + Comma-Verb-Verb
    Extended Writing

    **Model 90-word response (Foundation) - Topic: Free Time:**In meiner Freizeit spiele ich gern Fußball, weil es sehr gesund ist. Ich spiele jeden Samstag mit meinen Freunden im Park. Letztes Wochenende haben wir ein Spiel gewonnen und das war toll. Nächstes Wochenende werde ich ins Kino gehen, obwohl die Tickets sehr teuer sind. Ich mag Filme, denn sie sind spannend. Normalerweise sehe ich Komödien, aber manchmal sehe ich auch Actionfilme.

    **Model 150-word response (Higher) - Topic: Holidays:**Letztes Jahr bin ich nach Spanien gefahren, weil das Wetter dort immer sonnig ist. Als wir angekommen sind, sind wir sofort an den Strand gegangen. Ich finde Strandurlaube wunderbar, obwohl sie manchmal ein bisschen langweilig sein können. Mein Bruder wollte nicht schwimmen, sondern er wollte in der Stadt einkaufen gehen. Nächstes Jahr werden wir vielleicht nach Österreich fahren, damit ich mein Deutsch üben kann. Wenn ich älter bin, möchte ich eine Weltreise machen. Ich denke, dass Reisen extrem wichtig ist, denn man lernt viel über andere Kulturen. Obwohl es teuer ist, lohnt es sich auf jeden Fall.

    Writing Checklist
    • ✅ Have I used at least one weil or obwohl?
    • ✅ Have I sent the verb to the end after subordinating conjunctions?
    • ✅ Have I remembered the comma before subordinating conjunctions?
    • ✅ Have I used the Comma-Verb-Verb rule to start a sentence?
    • ✅ Have I used als for the past and wenn for the present/future?

    📚 Reading Skills

    Key Strategies
    • Look for the Comma: In German reading texts, a comma often signals a subordinate clause. Use this to break long, scary sentences down into manageable chunks.
    • Find the Verb: If you see weil or obwohl, scan straight to the end of the clause to find the verb. This will tell you the main action of the sentence.
    False Friends & Tricky Words
    WordLooks LikeActually Means
    dennthenbecause (dann = then)
    alsalsowhen (in the past) (auch = also)
    wennwhenwhen/if (wann = question word 'when')
    dassdas (the)that (conjunction)

    🌍 Cultural Knowledge

    In German-speaking countries, expressing ideas clearly and logically is highly valued. The structured nature of German grammar, particularly the strict rules surrounding conjunctions and word order, reflects a cultural preference for order and clarity. When writing formal letters or emails in Germany (e.g., applying for an internship or work experience), using complex sentences with subordinating conjunctions (like da, weil, obwohl) demonstrates high education and professionalism. Mastering these structures doesn't just get you exam marks; it makes you sound polite and educated to native speakers.

    Visual Resources

    2 diagrams and illustrations

    Grammar quick reference for Coordinating vs Subordinating Conjunctions
    Grammar quick reference for Coordinating vs Subordinating Conjunctions
    Visual explanation of German word order rules
    Visual explanation of German word order rules

    Interactive Diagrams

    1 interactive diagram to visualise key concepts

    Conceptual Flow Outline

    Join two clauses
    ➔Which Conjunction?
    Which Conjunction?
    ➔"ADUSO (und, aber, oder, denn, sondern)"Coordinating Conjunction
    ➔"weil, obwohl, dass, wenn, als..."Subordinating Conjunction
    Coordinating Conjunction
    ➔Verb stays in Position 2
    Verb stays in Position 2
    ➔Ich spiele, ABER es ist kalt.
    Subordinating Conjunction
    ➔Verb goes to the END
    Verb goes to the END
    ➔Ich spiele, OBWOHL es kalt IST.

    Decision tree for German word order with conjunctions

    Worked Examples

    4 worked examples — open one to explore the question and available guidance.

    Practice Questions

    Try the question, then reveal an answer plan or example response

    Q1

    Writing: Translate into German: 'I learn German because it is interesting, but it is difficult.'

    3 marks
    standard

    Hint: You need one subordinating conjunction (because) and one coordinating conjunction (but). Watch your verb positions!

    Q2

    Writing: Rewrite these two sentences as one, starting with 'Obwohl': 'Es regnet. Wir spielen Fußball.'

    2 marks
    challenging

    Hint: Remember the Comma-Verb-Verb rule when starting a sentence with a subordinating conjunction.

    Q3

    Reading: Read the sentence and answer in English: 'Als ich zehn Jahre alt war, bin ich nach Berlin gefahren.' When did the person go to Berlin?

    1 mark
    foundation

    Hint: What does 'Als' mean in the context of the past?

    Q4

    Speaking: How would you extend this basic sentence using 'damit'? 'Ich lerne viel.' (To get good grades)

    2 marks
    standard

    Hint: 'damit' means 'so that' and sends the verb to the end.

    Q5

    Writing: Fill in the blank with either 'wenn' or 'als': '_______ ich gestern in der Stadt war, habe ich ein T-Shirt gekauft.'

    1 mark
    standard

    Hint: Is this a repeated action or a single event in the past?

    Q6

    Writing: Correct the mistake in this sentence: 'Ich gehe ins Bett, weil ich bin müde.'

    1 mark
    foundation

    Hint: Look at the conjunction 'weil'. What does it do to the verb?

    Exam technique

    How to turn what you know into marks

    How to approach the question

    Skill-by-skill strategy: Listening — read questions first, note keywords. Speaking — prepare opinions in advance, have fillers ready. Reading — skim first, then detail. Writing — plan before writing, check accuracy after.

    How to structure your answer

    Writing: Introduction → Main points with opinions → Justified reasons (using WEIL) → Different tenses → Conclusion. Speaking: Give opinion → Justify (using OBWOHL/WEIL) → Extend → Use different tense.

    Timing

    Listening: 25 mins (heard twice). Speaking: 7-12 mins total (role play + photo card + conversation). Reading: 45-60 mins. Writing: 60-75 mins (translation + structured + extended).

    Common pitfalls

    • Forgetting to move the verb to the end after 'weil' or 'obwohl'.
    • Confusing 'denn' (because - V2) with 'weil' (because - Verb End).
    • Forgetting the mandatory comma before subordinating conjunctions.
    • Using 'als' for the present tense instead of 'wenn'.
    • Writing simple, short sentences without any conjunctions, which caps the mark band.

    What the command words want

    Describe the photo
    Say what you can see, give an opinion, relate to your experience using conjunctions to expand sentences
    Translate into German
    Write full sentences with correct grammar — partial marks for partially correct
    Translate into English
    Meaning over word-for-word — capture the sense, don't guess cognates
    Write approximately 90 words
    Foundation task — cover all 4 bullet points, use present + one other tense, include at least one 'weil'
    Write approximately 150 words
    Higher task — 3 tenses, opinions, complex structures, use a variety of subordinating conjunctions
    Watch or listen (optional)
    🎙 Podcast Episode
    Grammar (Foundation): Conjunctions
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