Pearson Edexcel · GCSE · History
Course version: 1HI0 · Version from Sept 2016
Key topic 2: Involvements overseas, 1189–1204 - 3 Aftermath of the…
Full specification wording
Option B2: Key topic 2: Involvements overseas, 1189–1204 - 3 Aftermath of the crusade: Richard’s return from the Holy Land.
Following the Treaty of Jaffa in 1192, Richard I began his perilous return journey from the Holy Land to England.
Checked against the Pearson Edexcel 1HI0 specification (opens in a new tab) on .
- Point 1 of 2
- 4 key terms
Study notes
From the checked teaching notes for this specification point.
The idea
Following the Treaty of Jaffa in 1192, Richard I began his perilous return journey from the Holy Land to England. His route was fraught with danger because he had alienated several European rulers during the crusade, notably Leopold of Austria and Philip II of France. Unable to travel safely by sea through the Mediterranean due to hostile forces and bad weather, Richard was forced to travel overland in disguise. His journey highlights the complex political rivalries of medieval Europe and the vulnerability of a crusading monarch. In December 1192, despite his disguise, Richard was recognised and arrested near Vienna by Leopold of Austria, whom he had insulted at Acre, abruptly halting his return and leading to his imprisonment.
What earns the marks
- Detail the reasons why Richard's return journey was dangerous, including his quarrels with Philip II and Leopold of Austria.
- Explain the route Richard attempted to take and why he was forced to travel overland in disguise.
- Describe the circumstances of Richard's capture near Vienna in December 1192 by Leopold of Austria.
- Analyse how Richard's actions during the crusade directly impacted the security of his return journey.
Common mistakes and how to put them right
Believing Richard was captured by Muslims on his way home.
Put it right: Richard was captured by fellow Christian rulers (Leopold of Austria and later the Holy Roman Emperor) due to political disputes.
Assuming Richard took a direct, safe route back to England.
Put it right: Richard had to take a convoluted route and travel in disguise because his enemies controlled the standard routes.
Confusing the timeline of his return.
Put it right: Ensure students know he left the Holy Land in October 1192 and was captured in December 1192.
Exam tips
- Connect Richard's behaviour at the siege of Acre (insulting Leopold's banner) directly to his capture on the return journey.
- Use Richard's disguised travel to illustrate the severe breakdown in relations between the crusading leaders.
- Remember that Richard's delayed return created a power vacuum in England, which John attempted to exploit.
Try the lesson
The start of the Option B2: Key topic 2: Involvements overseas, 1189–1204 - 3 Aftermath of the crusade: Richard’s return from the Holy Land. lesson, made from checked teaching notes for this specification point.
Have a go first
Why was Richard I forced to travel back from the Holy Land in disguise?
Listen
Following the Treaty of Jaffa in 1192, Richard I began his perilous return journey from the Holy Land to England. His route was fraught with danger because he had alienated several European rulers during the crusade, notably Leopold of Austria and Philip II of France. Unable to travel safely by sea through the Mediterranean due to hostile forces and bad weather, Richard was forced to travel overland in disguise. His journey highlights the complex political rivalries of medieval Europe and the vulnerability of a crusading monarch. In December 1192, despite his disguise, Richard was recognised and arrested near Vienna by Leopold of Austria, whom he had insulted at Acre, abruptly halting his return and leading to his imprisonment. A strong answer earns marks for these points. Detail the reasons why Richard's return journey was dangerous, including his quarrels with Philip II and Leopold of Austria. Explain the route Richard attempted to take and why he was forced to travel overland in disguise. Describe the circumstances of Richard's capture near Vienna in December 1192 by Leopold of Austria. Analyse how Richard's actions during the crusade directly impacted the security of his return journey. A common slip: Believing Richard was captured by Muslims on his way home. Instead, Richard was captured by fellow Christian rulers (Leopold of Austria and later the Holy Roman Emperor) due to political disputes. Exam tip: Connect Richard's behaviour at the siege of Acre (insulting Leopold's banner) directly to his capture on the return journey.
Key words
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European diplomacy and rivalries
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Royal vulnerability
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Journey and navigation
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Consequences of the crusade
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See every definition
- European diplomacy and rivalries
- The complex political relationships between European rulers, which Richard had strained by alienating several of them during the crusade.
- Royal vulnerability
- The exposure of a crusading monarch to danger, shown by Richard being forced to travel overland in disguise and being recognised and arrested.
- Journey and navigation
- Richard's perilous return route from the Holy Land, which could not safely go by sea through the Mediterranean due to hostile forces and bad weather.
- Consequences of the crusade
- The effects of Richard's actions during the crusade, including his quarrels with Philip II and Leopold of Austria, which made his return dangerous.
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