Agriculture

    Crossfields Institute
    Vocational

    Specification: 610/0241/0

    The CROSSFIELDS-INSTITUTE Vocational Agriculture specification covers 91 topics with 129 learning objectives (610/0241/0). Use the topic browser below to explore subtopics, exam tips, common mistakes, and key terminology for each area of the course.

    This subject will help you develop key knowledge and skills required for exam success.

    91

    Units

    129

    Learning Outcomes

    348

    Assessment Guidance

    364

    Key Skills

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    Key Features

    • Master key concepts
    • Develop exam technique
    • Apply knowledge effectively

    Common Exam Mistakes

    Pitfalls to avoid in your exams

    • •Confusing organic farming with regenerative agriculture; assuming all organic practices are inherently regenerative.
    • •Overlooking the importance of socio-cultural dimensions in agroecology, focusing only on technical practices.
    • •Misunderstanding that regenerative systems often require context-specific adaptations rather than one-size-fits-all solutions.
    • •Failing to recognise the role of livestock integration in nutrient cycling within land-based systems.
    • •Underestimating the time required for financial returns from regenerative practices, leading to overly optimistic cash flow projections.
    • •Neglecting the integration of ecological principles into business planning, treating sustainability as a separate add-on rather than a core operational practice.
    • •Overlooking the legal and practical considerations of employing transient or volunteer labour, such as insurance, fair compensation, and training.
    • •Confusing agroforestry with simple tree planting or monoculture forestry, failing to appreciate the intentional integration and management of multiple components.

    Top Examiner Tips

    Expert advice for exam success

    • •When answering assessment questions, always link theoretical principles to practical examples from case studies or fieldwork.
    • •Use the FAO's 10 Elements of Agroecology or similar frameworks to structure your analysis of a given system.
    • •In coursework, provide evidence of critical thinking by discussing both the benefits and potential limitations of specific regenerative practices.
    • •Ensure your answers demonstrate a holistic understanding by considering environmental, economic, and social outcomes of land-based systems.
    • •Ground your business plan in a real or hypothetical farm case study to demonstrate contextual understanding and practical application.
    • •Clearly link every financial and operational decision back to the regenerative outcomes it supports, showing how business choices impact ecological and social goals.
    • •When presenting marketing strategies, provide evidence of market research and validate your pricing model against comparable regenerative products in the market.
    • •Include annotated photographs, diagrams, or maps from site visits to demonstrate practical observation and application of agroforestry principles.

    Qualification Units

    91 units

    How this qualification is graded

    Vocational qualifications are marked against criteria, not an exam percentage. Each unit is assessed across three bands - build up from Pass by applying your knowledge to realistic workplace scenarios.

    Pass

    Accurately describe and explain the core knowledge for the unit and link it to the given scenario.

    Merit

    Apply and analyse that knowledge in detail, showing why it matters in the workplace context.

    Distinction

    Evaluate and justify decisions, weigh up alternatives and make well-reasoned professional recommendations.

    Agroecology and Regenerative Land Based Systems

    This subtopic explores the fundamental concepts of agroecology and regenerative land-based systems, emphasising their role in sustainable food production, ecosystem health, and climate resilience. It examines the historical and contemporary context of agricultural intensification and the need for alternative approaches that enhance biodiversity, soil fertility, and water cycles. Learners will connect theory to practice by assessing real-world applications that demonstrate the integration of ecological principles into farming operations.

    CFI Level 4 Diploma in Regenerative Land Based Systems: Agroecological Principles and Practices

    1 learning outcomes8 guidance points

    Operational business skills for an Agroecological and Regenerative Farming business

    This element equips learners with the essential business skills to manage a regenerative farm enterprise holistically, integrating financial planning, human resource management, and market engagement. It emphasises the operationalisation of agroecological principles through viable business models, ensuring profitability while enhancing ecosystem health. Learners will develop practical competencies in budgeting, labour coordination, and direct-to-consumer marketing strategies tailored to sustainable food systems.

    CFI Level 4 Certificate in Agroecological System Design: Sustainable Farming and Business Practices, CFI Level 4 Diploma in Regenerative Land Based Systems: Agroecological Principles and Practices

    2 learning outcomes16 guidance points2 criteria

    Agroforestry

    Agroforestry encompasses the intentional integration of trees and shrubs with crops and/or livestock in land-based systems to create productive, resilient, and regenerative landscapes. This subtopic explores the ecological, economic, and social rationales behind agroforestry, alongside the practical design and management of diverse systems such as silvopasture, forest farming, and riparian buffers. Learners will develop the ability to assess site potential, select appropriate species, and apply regenerative principles that enhance biodiversity, soil health, water cycles, and carbon sequestration.

    Crossfields Institute Level 3 Diploma in Regenerative Land Based Systems: Food and Farming, CFI Level 2 Award in Regenerative Land Based Systems

    2 learning outcomes14 guidance points2 criteria

    Animal Life and Phenomenology

    This element deepens the understanding of domesticated animals as integral organs within the biodynamic farm organism, moving beyond mere production units to recognise their spiritual and ecological roles. Through phenomenological study, learners develop sensitive observation skills to assess animal well-being and health, fostering a holistic approach that informs practical management decisions and enhances the vitality of the whole holding.

    Crossfields Institute Level 3 Diploma in Biodynamic Farming and Growing

    1 learning outcomes8 guidance points

    Agroecology principles and practices for pest, weed and disease control

    This subtopic explores how agroecology principles—such as enhancing biodiversity, recycling nutrients, and minimising disturbance—are applied to manage pests, weeds, and diseases in regenerative land-based systems. It emphasises ecological processes over synthetic inputs, promoting practices like crop diversification, habitat creation for natural enemies, and soil health improvement to reduce vulnerability. Learners will examine the practical integration of these principles into farm design and day-to-day operations for resilient and productive systems.

    CFI Level 2 Award in Regenerative Land Based Systems

    1 learning outcomes10 guidance points

    Community Orcharding Practice

    This element introduces the foundational skills needed to successfully establish and manage fruit trees within a community setting. Learners will explore practical techniques for planting, feeding, and protecting young trees, alongside the collaborative skills essential for engaging volunteers and ensuring long-term orchard sustainability. The focus is on applying basic horticultural knowledge to real-world community projects, fostering shared responsibility and environmental stewardship.

    CFI Level 1 Award in Community Orcharding

    1 learning outcomes8 guidance points

    Business planning, local sales and marketing

    This element explores the integration of entrepreneurial thinking with agroecological principles, guiding learners through the development of resilient business models that prioritise local markets, direct sales, and regenerative practices. It addresses legal compliance specific to land-based enterprises, ensuring that business planning is grounded in both ecological and regulatory realities.

    CFI Level 3 Certificate in Agroecological System Design: Farming and Business Practices, Crossfields Institute Level 3 Diploma in Regenerative Land Based Systems: Food and Farming

    2 learning outcomes11 guidance points2 criteria

    'Think Global, Act Local' (The UN Sustainability Goals and Scope 1, 2 & 3 emissions and the place of Accreditations, Awards and Certifications)

    This subtopic equips learners in regenerative and sustainable hospitality to connect global sustainability frameworks with local operational practices. It covers the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UNSDGs) as a universal blueprint, the measurement of carbon emissions through Scope 1, 2, and 3 criteria, and the role of third-party accreditations, awards, and certifications in validating sustainability claims. Learners learn to translate these concepts into actionable strategies for hospitality businesses, enhancing environmental stewardship, social responsibility, and economic viability.

    CFI Level 3 Award in Regenerative and Sustainable Hospitality

    1 learning outcomes6 guidance points

    Practical horticulture

    This element covers the practical skills essential for plant propagation within regenerative horticulture, focusing on seed germination and vegetative techniques to establish healthy, resilient crops. Learners develop competence in preparing growing media, applying dormancy-breaking methods, and selecting appropriate propagation methods for diverse species, while adhering to sustainable and regenerative principles.

    CFI Level 2 Award in Regenerative Land Based Systems

    6 learning outcomes8 guidance points

    Permaculture in Practice as a Design Methodology

    This element focuses on applying permaculture design methodologies in real-world contexts, integrating observation, analysis, and creative design to develop regenerative land-based systems. Learners must demonstrate the ability to select and use appropriate design frameworks (such as SADIM and OBREDIM) while engaging stakeholders through effective communication and facilitation, culminating in a coherent, professional design presentation that meets client and site-specific needs.

    Crossfields Institute Level 3 Diploma in Regenerative Land Based Systems: Food and Farming, CFI Level 3 Certificate in Agroecological System Design: Farming and Business Practices

    2 learning outcomes12 guidance points2 criteria

    Soil and Plant Ecology in Agroecological and Regenerative Farm Systems

    This subtopic explores the interdependent relationship between soil and plant ecology within regenerative and agroecological farming systems, focusing on how soil food webs, nutrient cycling, and symbiotic interactions directly influence crop health and farm productivity. Learners examine practical applications such as fostering beneficial soil microorganisms, optimizing nutrient availability, and designing plant communities that enhance ecosystem resilience, equipping them to implement sustainable food production strategies.

    CFI Level 4 Diploma in Regenerative Land Based Systems: Agroecological Principles and Practices

    1 learning outcomes6 guidance points

    Dairy Husbandry

    This subtopic explores the integral role of dairy animals within the biodynamic farm organism, emphasising their contribution to soil fertility, nutrient cycling, and farm resilience. It examines biodynamic husbandry practices that align with the rhythms of nature and the spiritual-scientific principles of anthroposophy, alongside the management of milk production as a quality product. Learners will develop practical skills in managing a dairy enterprise holistically and reflect critically on their experiences to deepen their connection to the living farm.

    Crossfields Institute Level 3 Diploma in Biodynamic Farming and Growing

    1 learning outcomes8 guidance points

    What is Regenerative and Sustainable Hospitality? Why does it matter?

    This subtopic explores the fundamental concepts of regenerative and sustainable hospitality, distinguishing between practices that merely sustain current resources and those that actively restore ecosystems, communities, and local economies. Learners will examine why these approaches are critical for addressing global challenges such as climate change and resource depletion, while also enhancing business resilience and guest experiences. Practical application involves integrating methodologies like circular economy principles, carbon footprinting, and stakeholder engagement into daily operations to capture meaningful data and drive continuous improvement.

    CFI Level 3 Award in Regenerative and Sustainable Hospitality

    1 learning outcomes6 guidance points

    Energy and Carbon

    Agriculture faces significant energy and carbon challenges, requiring understanding of emissions sources and reduction strategies. Calculating a carbon footprint helps identify key areas for improvement. Implementing changes can reduce environmental impact and improve sustainability.

    Crossfields Institute Level 3 Diploma in Biodynamic Farming and Growing

    1 learning outcomes6 guidance points

    Principles of regenerative business management

    This element explores the integration of financial planning, marketing, and legal compliance within the context of a regenerative farm business. It equips learners to manage resources sustainably while building a viable enterprise that aligns with regenerative principles. Practical application includes developing business models that enhance ecosystem health and community resilience.

    CFI Level 2 Award in Regenerative Land Based Systems

    6 learning outcomes9 guidance points

    Plant Science and Ecology for Regenerative Systems

    This element explores the fundamental principles of plant biology and ecological relationships within regenerative farming. Learners examine how soil health, nutrient cycling, and biodiversity underpin robust plant growth, and apply this knowledge to select and implement crop management techniques that enhance ecosystem function.

    Crossfields Institute Level 3 Diploma in Regenerative Land Based Systems: Food and Farming

    1 learning outcomes6 guidance points

    Strategic business skills for an Agroecological and Regenerative Farming business

    This subtopic explores the intersection of business acumen and ecological principles, equipping learners to develop resilient farm enterprises. It covers strategic planning tailored to regenerative goals, navigating legal and grant frameworks to support sustainable transitions, and pursuing diversification and value-adding activities that enhance both profitability and ecosystem services. Practical application involves creating business plans that integrate agroecological metrics and securing funding through environmental stewardship schemes.

    CFI Level 4 Diploma in Regenerative Land Based Systems: Agroecological Principles and Practices, CFI Level 4 Certificate in Agroecological System Design: Sustainable Farming and Business Practices

    2 learning outcomes12 guidance points2 criteria

    Regenerative Water Management

    Regenerative water management explores natural water cycles and their impact at global, bioregional, and farm scales. It emphasises techniques like rainwater harvesting, swales, and wetland restoration to enhance water retention and quality. Understanding these scales helps design resilient land-based systems.

    Crossfields Institute Level 3 Diploma in Regenerative Land Based Systems: Food and Farming

    1 learning outcomes6 guidance points

    The political and social context for Agroecological Farming Systems

    This subtopic examines agroecological farming systems within their political and social contexts, exploring how global food system pressures and historical UK agricultural policies have shaped current practices. Learners will analyze agroecology as a multidimensional response—integrating scientific, activist, and practical perspectives—while critically evaluating the intersections between food systems, governance, and social structures at national and international levels.

    CFI Level 4 Diploma in Regenerative Land Based Systems: Agroecological Principles and Practices

    1 learning outcomes6 guidance points

    Enterprise Planning

    This element focuses on the integrated planning required to establish and sustain a small biodynamic farming enterprise, combining efficiency management to optimize resource use with robust financial management to ensure long-term viability. Learners develop practical business plans that translate biodynamic principles into operational objectives, addressing seasonal cycles, market positioning, and regulatory compliance.

    Crossfields Institute Level 3 Diploma in Biodynamic Farming and Growing

    1 learning outcomes6 guidance points

    Soil ecology for regenerative systems

    This subtopic explores the living components of soil and their critical roles in regenerative land-based systems. Learners investigate soil types, structure, and the complex web of organisms that drive nutrient cycling and fertility. Emphasis is placed on practical management techniques that harness soil ecology to promote sustainable plant and livestock growth.

    CFI Level 2 Award in Regenerative Land Based Systems

    6 learning outcomes10 guidance points

    Water Management for resilience in Agroecological and Regenerative Land Based Systems

    This subtopic explores the critical role of water management in building resilience within agroecological and regenerative land-based systems. It examines the interplay between large-scale hydrological cycles and on-farm micro-catchments, equipping learners with the knowledge to design integrated rainwater harvesting, efficient irrigation, and land management strategies that enhance water retention, reduce runoff, and support climate adaptation. Practical application focuses on evaluating and implementing context-specific solutions that align farm productivity with ecosystem health.

    CFI Level 4 Diploma in Regenerative Land Based Systems: Agroecological Principles and Practices

    1 learning outcomes6 guidance points

    Environmental Rhythms and Agricultural Astronomy

    This element explores the profound influence of cosmic and terrestrial rhythms on plant growth and soil vitality. Learners integrate astronomical observations, such as lunar phases, planetary constellations, and seasonal cycles, to create and apply biodynamic planting calendars that optimise seed sowing, cultivation, and harvesting within a holistic farm organism.

    Crossfields Institute Level 3 Diploma in Biodynamic Farming and Growing

    1 learning outcomes8 guidance points

    Soil Science and Soil Ecology for Regenerative Systems

    This subtopic delves into the foundational role of soil as a living ecosystem, exploring its physical, chemical, and biological properties within regenerative farming. It equips learners with the knowledge to assess soil health, understand nutrient cycles, and apply management techniques that enhance soil fertility, water retention, and biodiversity, directly supporting resilient crop and livestock systems.

    Crossfields Institute Level 3 Diploma in Regenerative Land Based Systems: Food and Farming

    1 learning outcomes8 guidance points

    Farm Ecosystem

    This element explores the integral connection between agricultural practices and the wider landscape ecology, emphasising how biodynamic farming fosters a holistic farm organism that supports biodiversity. Learners will develop practical skills to assess, plan, and implement habitat enhancements on their own holding, integrating ecological principles with productive farming to create resilient and self-sustaining ecosystems.

    Crossfields Institute Level 3 Diploma in Biodynamic Farming and Growing

    1 learning outcomes8 guidance points

    Work Experience

    This subtopic enables learners to undertake a structured work placement in a regenerative agriculture setting, applying theoretical knowledge to real-world contexts. It focuses on developing practical skills in soil management, holistic grazing, and biodiversity enhancement, while fostering reflective practice to evaluate personal and professional growth within the regenerative framework.

    Crossfields Institute Level 3 Diploma in Regenerative Land Based Systems: Food and Farming

    1 learning outcomes6 guidance points

    Farm Fertility and Compost

    This element explores the biodynamic philosophy of the farm as a living organism, emphasising the creation of on-farm fertility cycles through composting, green manures, and dynamic preparation use. Learners will develop practical skills in building, monitoring, and applying biodynamic compost to enhance soil health and crop vitality, integrating cosmic rhythms and the farm’s unique context into fertility planning.

    Crossfields Institute Level 3 Diploma in Biodynamic Farming and Growing

    1 learning outcomes6 guidance points

    Farm Improvement Project

    This element focuses on the complete lifecycle of a farm improvement project, from initial planning through practical implementation to critical evaluation. Learners must integrate biodynamic principles—such as closed-loop systems, soil vitality, and cosmic rhythms—into a tangible, real-world project that enhances the farm organism. The emphasis is on applied learning, where evidence of authentic change and reflective analysis demonstrates competence.

    Crossfields Institute Level 3 Diploma in Biodynamic Farming and Growing

    1 learning outcomes6 guidance points

    Flower Growing

    This element equips learners with the skills to establish and manage a biodynamic flower growing enterprise, integrating cosmic rhythms and holistic farm organism principles. Practical application includes planning for seasonal production cycles, applying biodynamic preparations, and fostering biodiversity. The focus is on creating a viable business that aligns with ethical and ecological standards.

    Crossfields Institute Level 3 Diploma in Biodynamic Farming and Growing

    1 learning outcomes6 guidance points

    Fruit Growing

    This subtopic explores the principles and practices of establishing and managing a biodynamic fruit growing enterprise, from site selection and planting to holistic orchard care. Learners will integrate biodynamic methods such as using preparations, following lunar rhythms, and fostering biodiversity to enhance fruit quality and ecosystem health. Practical application involves planning a commercial or community orchard, implementing biodynamic techniques, and critically reflecting on outcomes to improve sustainable fruit production.

    Crossfields Institute Level 3 Diploma in Biodynamic Farming and Growing

    1 learning outcomes8 guidance points

    Goat Husbandry

    This subtopic explores the integral role of goats within the biodynamic farm organism, emphasizing their contribution to soil fertility, landscape management, and the production of high-quality milk and meat. Learners will engage with biodynamic husbandry practices that respect the animal's inherent nature, incorporating rhythms, homeopathic remedies, and the use of biodynamic preparations. Through practical management and reflective practice, the learner develops the skills to run a resilient goat enterprise aligned with the spiritual and ecological principles of biodynamic agriculture.

    Crossfields Institute Level 3 Diploma in Biodynamic Farming and Growing

    1 learning outcomes6 guidance points

    Permaculture Design Skills

    This subtopic equips learners with the practical skills to undertake comprehensive site and client surveys, forming the foundation of an effective permaculture design. The ability to systematically observe and interpret landscape patterns, resources, and client aspirations is critical for creating regenerative agricultural systems at scale. Mastery of the permaculture design process ensures that ecological principles are translated into viable, context-specific plans for sustainable farming and business practices.

    CFI Level 4 Certificate in Agroecological System Design: Sustainable Farming and Business Practices, CFI Level 4 Diploma in Regenerative Land Based Systems: Agroecological Principles and Practices

    2 learning outcomes14 guidance points2 criteria

    Business Planning

    This element equips learners with the skills to develop comprehensive business plans for regenerative and sustainable hospitality ventures. It explores core planning principles, analysis of external macro and internal micro factors, and the creation of actionable business plans that embed ethical and environmental stewardship. Practical application involves drafting plans that balance profitability with planetary and social responsibility.

    CFI Level 3 Award in Regenerative and Sustainable Hospitality

    1 learning outcomes8 guidance points

    Agroforestry and Tree Crops in Agroecological and Regenerative Systems

    This subtopic explores the integration of trees into agricultural landscapes, focusing on the design and management of agroforestry systems that combine tree crops with other enterprises. It covers the ecological and economic principles underpinning successful fruit cropping systems within an agroforestry context, emphasising the environmental services such systems provide, including soil conservation, carbon sequestration, and biodiversity enhancement. Learners will also develop competence in implementing effective recording systems to monitor, evaluate, and improve the performance and sustainability of tree-based cropping systems.

    CFI Level 4 Diploma in Regenerative Land Based Systems: Agroecological Principles and Practices

    1 learning outcomes8 guidance points

    Permaculture in Practice – People and Permaculture

    This subtopic explores the human dimension of permaculture, focusing on deep nature connection as a core design principle and catalyst for personal and professional growth. It examines how fostering a reciprocal relationship with the natural world enhances observation skills, ethical grounding, and resilience. Learners will integrate these concepts into a structured plan for ongoing professional development within agroecological systems.

    CFI Level 3 Certificate in Agroecological System Design: Farming and Business Practices, Crossfields Institute Level 3 Diploma in Regenerative Land Based Systems: Food and Farming

    2 learning outcomes14 guidance points2 criteria

    Biodynamic Farming

    Biodynamic farming is a holistic, ecological, and ethical approach to agriculture that views the farm as a living organism, integrating cosmic rhythms and specific preparations to enhance soil and plant vitality. Originating from Rudolf Steiner’s 1924 lectures, it extends organic principles by incorporating spiritual and dynamic methods to regenerate land, foster biodiversity, and create self-sustaining food systems. This subtopic explores its historical context, core principles, and practical application within regenerative land-based systems.

    Crossfields Institute Level 3 Diploma in Regenerative Land Based Systems: Food and Farming

    1 learning outcomes5 guidance points

    Arable Production

    This subtopic covers the integration of biodynamic principles into arable production, from enterprise planning and seed selection through cultivation, harvest, and critical reflection. It emphasises the practical application of Steiner's Agricultural Course, including cosmic rhythms, biodynamic preparations, and the creation of a self-sustaining farm organism, with learners managing real-world arable enterprises while documenting their decisions and outcomes.

    Crossfields Institute Level 3 Diploma in Biodynamic Farming and Growing

    1 learning outcomes9 guidance points

    Orcharding Essentials

    This element introduces the foundational skills for community orcharding, focusing on accurate tree identification through botanical features, methods to maximise fruit and nut yields, and the ecological advantages of fostering biodiversity. Learners apply these principles to support sustainable orchard management and community engagement.

    CFI Level 1 Award in Community Orcharding

    1 learning outcomes6 guidance points

    Grassland and Fodder

    This element covers the biodynamic principles and techniques for establishing and managing grassland and fodder crops as integral components of the farm organism. Learners plan and implement a self-sufficient fodder enterprise, emphasizing soil fertility, appropriate seed selection, rotational grazing, and the use of biodynamic preparations. The practical application aims to enhance animal nutrition, farm resilience, and alignment with cosmic rhythms.

    Crossfields Institute Level 3 Diploma in Biodynamic Farming and Growing

    1 learning outcomes6 guidance points

    Herb Growing

    This subtopic explores the principles and practices of cultivating herbs within a biodynamic framework, integrating cosmic rhythms, soil vitality, and ecological balance. Learners will plan and manage a herb enterprise, applying biodynamic preparations and sustainable techniques to enhance medicinal and culinary herb quality while fostering a closed-loop farm system.

    Crossfields Institute Level 3 Diploma in Biodynamic Farming and Growing

    1 learning outcomes6 guidance points

    Land-based Machinery

    This element focuses on the identification, safe operation, and maintenance of land-based machinery within the context of biodynamic farming. Learners will develop the practical skills to use equipment such as tractors, tillage implements, and spraying apparatus while adhering to rigorous health and safety protocols. The aim is to integrate mechanical operations harmoniously with biodynamic principles, ensuring soil vitality and farm efficiency.

    Crossfields Institute Level 3 Diploma in Biodynamic Farming and Growing

    1 learning outcomes9 guidance points

    Land-based Therapeutic Care

    Land-based Therapeutic Care within a biodynamic context focuses on utilising the farm organism as a healing environment to facilitate human transformation. This subtopic explores how meaningful, rhythmic engagement with farm practices—such as plant care, animal husbandry, and craft work—can support vulnerable individuals in developing confidence, social skills, and a deeper connection to nature. Grounded in Rudolf Steiner's anthroposophical insights, it emphasises the therapeutic relationship between the facilitator, the participant, and the living farm as a coherent whole.

    Crossfields Institute Level 3 Diploma in Biodynamic Farming and Growing

    1 learning outcomes8 guidance points

    Local Community Project

    This element explores the role of local food networks in strengthening community ties to biodynamic farming. Learners will understand how fostering connections between farms and communities can enhance food security, environmental stewardship, and social well-being, and will develop skills to design and implement community-focused agricultural projects.

    Crossfields Institute Level 3 Diploma in Biodynamic Farming and Growing

    1 learning outcomes6 guidance points

    Nutrition and Food

    This subtopic examines the intricate relationship between biodynamic food production and human nutrition, exploring how agricultural practices directly influence the nutritional quality and vitality of food. It addresses the holistic impact of biodynamic methods on soil health, plant resilience, and ultimately, the physical, emotional, and spiritual well-being of consumers, emphasizing the concept of food as more than just physical sustenance.

    Crossfields Institute Level 3 Diploma in Biodynamic Farming and Growing

    1 learning outcomes6 guidance points

    On-Farm Processing

    On-farm processing in biodynamic farming involves transforming raw produce into value-added goods such as cheese, preserves, or herbal preparations, directly on the holding. This practice enhances farm autonomy, reduces waste, and aligns with biodynamic principles by integrating cosmic rhythms and holistic quality standards. Learners engage practically in a processing activity and reflect on the experience to deepen their understanding of how on-farm processing contributes to a resilient, closed-loop farm organism.

    Crossfields Institute Level 3 Diploma in Biodynamic Farming and Growing

    1 learning outcomes6 guidance points

    Pig Husbandry

    This subtopic explores the integral role of pigs as dynamic cultivators and fertility builders within the biodynamic farm organism, focusing on their ability to transform waste, manage pastures through rooting, and contribute to closed-loop systems. Learners will examine biodynamic husbandry practices that align with cosmic rhythms, such as farrowing and pasture management synchronized with lunar cycles, and the application of specific preparations to enhance animal health and soil vitality. Practical enterprise management is covered, including outdoor housing, breed selection, homeopathic care, and the integration of pigs into crop rotations to create a self-sustaining farm individuality.

    Crossfields Institute Level 3 Diploma in Biodynamic Farming and Growing

    1 learning outcomes8 guidance points

    Plant Life and Phenomenology

    This subtopic explores the holistic understanding of plant health within biodynamic agriculture, integrating Goethean phenomenology to perceive plant vitality and quality. Learners develop the capacity to sense and interpret earthly and cosmic influences—such as soil conditions, lunar rhythms, and planetary aspects—on plant growth, and apply this knowledge to enhance farming practices, from seed selection to harvest timing.

    Crossfields Institute Level 3 Diploma in Biodynamic Farming and Growing

    1 learning outcomes8 guidance points

    Poultry Husbandry

    This subtopic examines poultry husbandry within the biodynamic context, focusing on the integration of poultry into the farm organism to enhance soil fertility, pest control, and nutrient cycling. It covers biodynamic-specific practices such as the use of preparation 507 (valerian) for stress reduction, alignment of care with cosmic rhythms, and the application of homeopathic remedies, emphasising a holistic, self-sustaining approach that avoids synthetic inputs and promotes animal welfare.

    Crossfields Institute Level 3 Diploma in Biodynamic Farming and Growing

    1 learning outcomes8 guidance points

    Bee Husbandry

    This subtopic explores the integral role of bees within the biodynamic farm organism, emphasizing their spiritual and ecological significance beyond mere pollination. Learners engage with biodynamic principles to foster bee health and hive vitality, integrating practices such as natural comb building, swarm respect, and alignment with cosmic rhythms. The focus is on developing a reflective, holistic approach to bee husbandry that nurtures both the bees and the broader farm ecosystem.

    Crossfields Institute Level 3 Diploma in Biodynamic Farming and Growing

    1 learning outcomes5 guidance points

    Permaculture in Practice – The Built Environment

    Applying permaculture principles to the design and management of the built environment—buildings, energy, water, and waste systems—within a regenerative land-based system. This subtopic focuses on practical integration of these elements to enhance ecological function, reduce reliance on external resources, and lower personal carbon footprints through holistic design and lifestyle choices.

    CFI Level 3 Certificate in Agroecological System Design: Farming and Business Practices, Crossfields Institute Level 3 Diploma in Regenerative Land Based Systems: Food and Farming

    2 learning outcomes12 guidance points2 criteria

    Biodynamic farming and growing

    This subtopic explores biodynamic agriculture as a holistic, ecological, and ethical approach to farming, viewing the farm as a living organism. It covers the foundational principles derived from Rudolf Steiner's lectures, including cosmic rhythms, biodiversity, and closed-loop systems, and their practical application in soil fertility, planting calendars, and community-supported agriculture.

    CFI Level 2 Award in Regenerative Land Based Systems

    1 learning outcomes7 guidance points

    How to make your Bar Green

    This subtopic explores the integration of sustainable practices within bar operations, focusing on reducing environmental footprints from sourcing to service. Learners will critically evaluate the lifecycle impacts of alcoholic beverages, from production energy and water use to packaging and distribution, and develop practical strategies to transition towards organic, local, and regenerative supply chains. The content empowers future hospitality professionals to make informed, eco-conscious decisions that align with circular economy principles and net-zero goals.

    CFI Level 3 Award in Regenerative and Sustainable Hospitality

    1 learning outcomes7 guidance points

    Permaculture Technical Design Skills

    This element develops advanced technical design skills for creating comprehensive large-scale permaculture farm plans and detailed accompanying reports. Learners integrate ecological principles with practical design considerations, ensuring plans are both visually communicative and substantiated by robust justification addressing sustainability, productivity, and business viability.

    CFI Level 4 Certificate in Agroecological System Design: Sustainable Farming and Business Practices, CFI Level 4 Diploma in Regenerative Land Based Systems: Agroecological Principles and Practices

    2 learning outcomes20 guidance points2 criteria

    Holistic Livestock Management in Agroecological and Regenerative Land Based Systems

    This subtopic examines how livestock can be strategically integrated into farming systems to mimic natural ecosystem functions, thereby enhancing soil health, biodiversity, and whole-farm resilience. It covers practical grazing techniques, multi-species management, and the pivotal role of meticulous record-keeping in adaptive, regenerative decision-making.

    CFI Level 4 Diploma in Regenerative Land Based Systems: Agroecological Principles and Practices

    1 learning outcomes5 guidance points

    Protected Growing

    Protected growing in biodynamic agriculture involves the design and management of structures such as greenhouses and polytunnels to extend the growing season, enhance crop quality, and integrate cosmic and terrestrial influences. This subtopic covers planning a viable protected enterprise, applying biodynamic preparations and rhythms, managing soil health and pest control within enclosed environments, and critically reflecting on practical experiences to continuously improve operations. Students learn to align protected cultivation with the holistic principles of the farm organism, ensuring that the enclosed space becomes a vibrant, self-sustaining ecosystem.

    Crossfields Institute Level 3 Diploma in Biodynamic Farming and Growing

    1 learning outcomes9 guidance points

    Reflective Practice

    This subtopic focuses on developing the reflective skills necessary to critically evaluate personal growth and learning within the biodynamic farming context, while also enabling learners to position biodynamic methods within the broader landscape of agricultural approaches. Through structured reflection, learners gain insight into their own practice and can make informed comparisons between biodynamic, organic, conventional, and other farming systems, fostering a holistic understanding of sustainable agriculture.

    Crossfields Institute Level 3 Diploma in Biodynamic Farming and Growing

    1 learning outcomes6 guidance points

    Seed Growing

    This subtopic centres on the biodynamic approach to seed growing, integrating spiritual-scientific principles with practical horticulture. Learners develop skills to plan, manage, and evaluate a seed growing enterprise, emphasizing ecological sustainability, cosmic rhythms, and the use of biodynamic preparations to enhance seed vitality and adaptability.

    Crossfields Institute Level 3 Diploma in Biodynamic Farming and Growing

    1 learning outcomes8 guidance points

    Seed Production

    This element explores the core principles and practical techniques of seed production, with a specific emphasis on biodynamic approaches that view the seed as a living entity attuned to cosmic and earthly rhythms. Learners will examine conventional seed biology alongside biodynamic methods such as observation of planetary influences, the use of biodynamic preparations, and maintenance of varietal purity through open-pollination. The focus is on equipping students to produce high-quality, resilient seeds that contribute to farm self-sufficiency and ecological sustainability.

    Crossfields Institute Level 3 Diploma in Biodynamic Farming and Growing

    1 learning outcomes10 guidance points

    Sheep Husbandry

    This subtopic delves into the integral role of sheep within the biodynamic farm organism, emphasizing their contribution to soil fertility, pasture management, and the spiritual-economic balance of the holding. It equips learners with the knowledge and skills to implement biodynamic husbandry practices, including holistic health care, seasonal rhythm alignment, and the use of preparations, while fostering reflection on their own management experiences to deepen understanding of the farm's individuality.

    Crossfields Institute Level 3 Diploma in Biodynamic Farming and Growing

    1 learning outcomes8 guidance points

    Soil Cultivation and Care

    This element explores soil cultivation and care within the biodynamic framework, emphasizing the soil as a living, dynamic system enlivened by cosmic and earthly forces. Learners engage with biodynamic preparations, composting methods, and tillage practices that aim to enhance soil vitality, structure, and fertility, ensuring a holistic approach to farm organism health. Practical application focuses on integrating these methods into a cohesive management plan that respects the rhythms of nature and supports long-term sustainability.

    Crossfields Institute Level 3 Diploma in Biodynamic Farming and Growing

    1 learning outcomes9 guidance points

    Soil Science and Phenomenology

    This element delves into the foundational knowledge of soil genesis and the principles underpinning soil health within a biodynamic framework. Learners will explore geological, biological, and climatic factors shaping soil, while developing the observational and phenomenological skills required to assess soil quality in situ. The integration of scientific understanding with practical, sensory evaluation is central to this unit, preparing learners to make informed management decisions for regenerative farming.

    Crossfields Institute Level 3 Diploma in Biodynamic Farming and Growing

    1 learning outcomes6 guidance points

    Sustainable Resources

    This element explores the principles of sustainable resource management within a biodynamic farm organism, focusing on closed-loop systems that minimise external inputs and regenerate natural capital. Learners analyse how energy, water, soil fertility, and biodiversity are conserved and enhanced through practices such as composting, water harvesting, and rotational grazing. Mastery involves critically evaluating resource flows on one’s own holding to identify areas for improved sustainability and resilience against environmental and economic pressures.

    Crossfields Institute Level 3 Diploma in Biodynamic Farming and Growing

    1 learning outcomes8 guidance points

    The Farm Organism

    The farm organism concept views the farm as a self-contained, living entity where all elements—soil, plants, animals, and humans—interact in a dynamic, closed-loop system. This principle underpins Biodynamic farming by emphasizing on-farm recycling of nutrients, integrated livestock, and enhancing biodiversity to foster resilience and reduce external inputs. Applying this to one’s own holding involves analyzing its unique ecological, social, and economic contexts to optimize the farm’s individuality and health, while Demeter standards codify these ideals into certifiable practices such as minimum biodiversity areas and limits on imported fertility.

    Crossfields Institute Level 3 Diploma in Biodynamic Farming and Growing

    1 learning outcomes5 guidance points

    Vegetable Growing

    This subtopic covers the planning, implementation, and reflective evaluation of a biodynamic vegetable growing enterprise. Learners integrate cosmic rhythms, soil vitality, and spiritual-scientific principles to produce high-quality vegetables, emphasising crop planning, biodynamic preparations, composting, and holistic farm management for regenerative outcomes.

    Crossfields Institute Level 3 Diploma in Biodynamic Farming and Growing

    1 learning outcomes6 guidance points

    Food Quality and Health

    This subtopic explores the interconnected principles of food quality for human wellbeing and environmental sustainability within regenerative agriculture. It examines how farming practices influence nutritional profiles, ecological integrity, and social health, so learners can apply holistic thinking to produce truly wholesome food.

    Crossfields Institute Level 3 Diploma in Regenerative Land Based Systems: Food and Farming

    1 learning outcomes6 guidance points

    Biodynamic Preparations

    This subtopic introduces the nine biodynamic preparations (500–508) with a focus on 500–507, exploring their role in enhancing soil vitality, plant health, and compost quality. Learners delve into the principles underpinning their use, such as the dynamic interplay of cosmic and terrestrial forces, and gain hands-on competence in applying horn manure (500), horn silica (501), and the compost preparations (502–507) to foster a self-sustaining farm organism. Mastery of these techniques enables practitioners to regenerate agricultural ecosystems in alignment with Rudolf Steiner's indications.

    Crossfields Institute Level 3 Diploma in Biodynamic Farming and Growing

    1 learning outcomes9 guidance points

    Introducing the Triple Bottom Line - Planet, People, Profit

    This subtopic introduces the Triple Bottom Line framework—Planet, People, Profit—as a foundational principle for regenerative and sustainable hospitality. It examines how businesses can balance ecological stewardship, social equity, and economic viability to create lasting positive impact. Learners will explore practical methods for measuring and recording triple bottom line outcomes within hospitality operations.

    CFI Level 3 Award in Regenerative and Sustainable Hospitality

    1 learning outcomes9 guidance points

    Crop care and pruning

    This element covers essential horticultural practices for maintaining crop health and productivity within regenerative land-based systems. Learners explore efficient irrigation methods, integrated weed management, structural support for plants, optimal harvest timing, and post-harvest handling, alongside formative pruning techniques for fruit trees to enhance yield and longevity. Mastery of these skills ensures sustainable crop production aligned with ecological principles.

    CFI Level 2 Award in Regenerative Land Based Systems

    1 learning outcomes10 guidance points

    Horticulture and arable cropping systems in Agroecological and Regenerative Farming Systems

    This subtopic examines the practical design and management of arable and vegetable cropping systems grounded in agroecological and regenerative principles. Learners will explore how to enhance soil health, biodiversity, and water cycles while maintaining viable production, and will develop skills in implementing effective recording systems to monitor, evaluate, and adapt these complex agricultural systems for long-term resilience and sustainability.

    CFI Level 4 Diploma in Regenerative Land Based Systems: Agroecological Principles and Practices

    1 learning outcomes8 guidance points

    Water Resource

    This subtopic focuses on the holistic understanding and practical management of water resources within a biodynamic farming or growing holding, emphasising the farm as a self-sustaining organism. It covers the assessment of natural water cycles, on-farm water sources, storage, distribution, conservation, and the planning of ecologically sound improvements such as rainwater harvesting, greywater recycling, and the creation of ponds or swales to enhance water vitality and biodiversity in alignment with biodynamic principles.

    Crossfields Institute Level 3 Diploma in Biodynamic Farming and Growing

    1 learning outcomes6 guidance points

    Working with Draught Animals

    This subtopic explores the integral role of draught animals within the self-sustaining biodynamic farm organism, emphasizing their contribution to soil fertility, closed-loop systems, and the farm’s spiritual and ecological identity. Learners will gain hands-on experience in harnessing, hitching, and working with animals such as horses or oxen, while deepening their understanding of animal welfare, communication, and the rhythmic, mindful approach that distinguishes biodynamic practice. The focus extends to developing reflective skills to evaluate personal and farm-level outcomes from working with living power sources.

    Crossfields Institute Level 3 Diploma in Biodynamic Farming and Growing

    1 learning outcomes8 guidance points

    Biodynamics and Anthroposophy

    This subtopic introduces the philosophical foundations of biodynamic farming, rooted in Rudolf Steiner's Anthroposophy. Learners explore how spiritual science principles shape biodynamic practices, emphasizing the interconnectedness of cosmic, earthly, and human realms. The unit develops understanding of how self-awareness and inner development enhance observational skills and decision-making in farming, bridging theory and practice.

    Crossfields Institute Level 3 Diploma in Biodynamic Farming and Growing

    1 learning outcomes6 guidance points

    Managing a Sustainable Supply Chain - Supplier-Led Menus and Waste No Food

    This element focuses on developing regenerative and sustainable food supply networks within hospitality, emphasising supplier-led menu design that adapts to seasonal availability and local sourcing. Learners explore how to minimise food waste through holistic ‘waste-no-food’ strategies, integrating circular economy principles from procurement to plate. The practical application lies in building collaborative supplier relationships that enhance ecosystem health, reduce carbon footprint, and deliver economic viability for hospitality businesses.

    CFI Level 3 Award in Regenerative and Sustainable Hospitality

    1 learning outcomes9 guidance points

    Diversification in business

    This subtopic explores the principles and practical approaches to diversifying farm activities within a regenerative land-based system. It covers the identification of viable diversification opportunities that align with ecological principles, market demands, and farm resources. Learners gain insight into integrating new enterprises such as agro-tourism, direct marketing, value-added processing, or ecosystem services into an existing farm business plan.

    CFI Level 2 Award in Regenerative Land Based Systems

    1 learning outcomes4 guidance points

    Impact Assessment

    This element explores the collection and analysis of impact data within regenerative farming systems, equipping learners to evaluate ecological, social, and economic outcomes. It covers biodiversity monitoring techniques, social impact assessment tools tailored to farms, and methods to gauge farm resilience to climate change, enabling evidence-based decision-making and transparent reporting.

    CFI Level 4 Diploma in Regenerative Land Based Systems: Agroecological Principles and Practices

    1 learning outcomes6 guidance points

    Holistic Livestock Management for Regenerative Land Based Systems

    This subtopic explores how livestock can be integrated into farming systems to enhance ecological health, focusing on management methods like adaptive multi-paddock grazing and their role in building soil organic matter, water retention, and biodiversity. Learners will assess the impacts of livestock on land—both positive and negative—and design grazing plans that mimic natural herd movements to regenerate pastures and sequester carbon.

    Crossfields Institute Level 3 Diploma in Regenerative Land Based Systems: Food and Farming

    1 learning outcomes10 guidance points

    Cattle Husbandry

    This unit explores the integral role of cattle within the biodynamic farm organism, emphasizing their contribution to soil fertility, nutrient cycling, and farm resilience. Learners examine biodynamic-specific husbandry practices, including the use of horn manure (500) and horn silica (501) preparations, and gain practical skills to manage a cattle enterprise aligned with organic and spiritual-ethical principles. The focus is on fostering a holistic understanding of the cow as a mediator between cosmic and earthly forces, enhancing both agricultural productivity and ecological harmony.

    Crossfields Institute Level 3 Diploma in Biodynamic Farming and Growing

    1 learning outcomes7 guidance points

    Managing Resources - How Equipment Technology Can Help and Hinder

    This subtopic explores how equipment technology in hospitality settings influences resource efficiency and environmental impact. Learners examine measurement and management of energy, water, and waste, alongside life-cycle thinking models. Practical application involves selecting, using, and maintaining equipment to minimise ecological footprints while meeting operational needs. This forms a critical part of regenerative and sustainable hospitality, where technology can either advance or undermine sustainability goals.

    CFI Level 3 Award in Regenerative and Sustainable Hospitality

    1 learning outcomes8 guidance points

    Introduction to Permaculture Principles and Ethics

    This subtopic introduces the foundational concepts of permaculture as a holistic design system for regenerative land use, encompassing its definition, historical development by Bill Mollison and David Holmgren in the 1970s, and its guiding ethics and principles. It examines how permaculture integrates ecological science, traditional knowledge, and sustainable practices to create resilient agricultural systems, emphasizing the practical application of ethics in real-world farming.

    Crossfields Institute Level 3 Diploma in Regenerative Land Based Systems: Food and Farming

    1 learning outcomes6 guidance points

    Holistic livestock management for regenerative land based systems

    This subtopic explores how livestock, when managed through holistic planned grazing, can restore ecosystem function by enhancing soil fertility, water retention, and biodiversity. It emphasizes the practical application of animal movement strategies to mimic natural herds, fostering carbon sequestration and resilient pasture systems in regenerative agriculture.

    CFI Level 2 Award in Regenerative Land Based Systems

    1 learning outcomes6 guidance points

    Marketing, Storytelling and Greenwashing

    This element focuses on the ethical and effective marketing of sustainability in hospitality, emphasizing the critical need for truthful claims to avoid greenwashing. Learners explore diverse marketing channels and craft authentic sustainability stories that resonate with conscious consumers, applying regenerative principles to build brand trust and drive business success.

    CFI Level 3 Award in Regenerative and Sustainable Hospitality

    1 learning outcomes6 guidance points

    Introduction to permaculture principles and ethics

    This subtopic introduces learners to the foundational concepts of permaculture, including its historical development by Bill Mollison and David Holmgren, and its core ethical framework of Earth Care, People Care, and Fair Share. Learners explore how permaculture principles guide the design of sustainable land-based systems, integrating ecological and social considerations. Practical application is emphasised through understanding how these principles can be applied in real-world agricultural and horticultural contexts to create regenerative and resilient systems.

    CFI Level 2 Award in Regenerative Land Based Systems

    5 learning outcomes9 guidance points

    Introduction to Regenerative Land Based Systems

    This subtopic provides a foundational understanding of regenerative land-based systems within food and farming. It explores the critical importance of shifting from degenerative to regenerative practices, examining ecological, economic, and social dimensions. Learners will engage with key methodologies and definitions, enabling them to evaluate and apply regenerative principles in practical contexts.

    Crossfields Institute Level 3 Diploma in Regenerative Land Based Systems: Food and Farming

    1 learning outcomes8 guidance points

    Change and Challenge in Farming

    This subtopic examines the historical evolution of agricultural practices, from early subsistence methods to modern industrial systems, and critically analyses the environmental, social, and economic challenges facing contemporary farming. Learners explore how biodynamic and other sustainable agriculture approaches offer practical solutions to issues like soil degradation, biodiversity loss, and climate vulnerability, developing a holistic understanding of farming's future.

    Crossfields Institute Level 3 Diploma in Biodynamic Farming and Growing

    1 learning outcomes6 guidance points

    People and Community - How to Work Together to Humanise HR and Build Stronger Communities

    This element explores the dual role of Human Resources in regenerative hospitality: ensuring legal compliance through foundational policies while strategically humanising practices to foster wellbeing, loyalty, and community resilience. It equips learners to analyse how equitable, empathetic HR transforms not only workforce dynamics but also strengthens the social fabric in which an organisation operates.

    CFI Level 3 Award in Regenerative and Sustainable Hospitality

    1 learning outcomes8 guidance points

    Introduction to regenerative land based studies

    This element introduces the foundational concepts of regenerative land-based systems, emphasising the critical role they play in restoring ecosystems, enhancing biodiversity, and ensuring long-term food security. Learners explore why conventional farming methods are increasingly unsustainable and how regenerative practices can reverse soil degradation, sequester carbon, and build resilient rural communities. Through practical examples and theoretical frameworks, students begin to appreciate the urgency and potential of regenerative agriculture in addressing global environmental challenges.

    CFI Level 2 Award in Regenerative Land Based Systems

    6 learning outcomes8 guidance points

    Climate and Weather

    This element equips learners with the skills to observe, record, and interpret local weather and climate patterns, integrating traditional phenological indicators and modern instruments to inform biodynamic practice. It further explores climate adaptability, focusing on strategies like crop diversification, soil carbon building, water conservation, and the targeted use of biodynamic preparations to enhance farm resilience against extreme events. Mastery enables proactive decision-making to sustain productivity in a changing climate.

    Crossfields Institute Level 3 Diploma in Biodynamic Farming and Growing

    1 learning outcomes9 guidance points

    Public engagement, social impact and practical conservation for Agroecological and Regenerative Farming Systems

    This subtopic examines the integration of public engagement and nature connection into agroecological farming, emphasising how farms can foster social well-being and environmental stewardship through structured activities. It covers the design and facilitation of nature engagement experiences that align with regenerative principles, and explores the measurable conservation outcomes of on-farm habitat restoration and wildlife monitoring tasks. Learners will evaluate the reciprocal benefits: how community involvement enhances conservation impact and how conservation tasks raise public awareness of agroecology.

    CFI Level 4 Diploma in Regenerative Land Based Systems: Agroecological Principles and Practices

    1 learning outcomes6 guidance points

    Culture and Agriculture

    This subtopic delves into the symbiotic relationship between culture and agriculture, particularly within biodynamic farming, where cultural practices such as festivals, art, and community rituals are seen as integral to the vitality of the farm organism. It explores how agriculture is not merely a technical pursuit but a cultural act that shapes and is shaped by human values, traditions, and spiritual insights, aiming to enliven both the land and the community.

    Crossfields Institute Level 3 Diploma in Biodynamic Farming and Growing

    1 learning outcomes4 guidance points

    Plant ecology for regenerative systems

    This subtopic explores how understanding plant ecological principles such as succession, inter-species relationships, and soil-plant interactions underpins regenerative land management. It examines how applying this knowledge enables the design of cropping systems that enhance biodiversity, soil health, and ecosystem resilience while maintaining productivity. Learners will gain insight into how plant nomenclature and classification support effective plant selection and management in regenerative contexts.

    CFI Level 2 Award in Regenerative Land Based Systems

    6 learning outcomes8 guidance points

    Supply Chains - Food Systems, Farming and Fishing

    This subtopic explores the operational and ethical dimensions of UK food systems, focusing on farming and fishing methods that align with regenerative and sustainable principles. Learners evaluate how these primary production stages impact hospitality supply chains, considering environmental, social, and economic factors. The content equips hospitality professionals to make informed sourcing decisions and communicate the value of certified regenerative produce to their customers.

    CFI Level 3 Award in Regenerative and Sustainable Hospitality

    1 learning outcomes6 guidance points

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