Question 1

What is an epic simile and how do I analyse it?

Accepted Answer

An epic simile is a detailed comparison that extends over several lines, often used in epic poetry to make a heroic moment more vivid. To analyse it, first identify the two things being compared (e.g., a warrior and a lion). Then explain what the simile adds: it might emphasise the warrior's strength, create tension, or evoke sympathy. Finally, comment on the language used—words like 'as' or 'so' signal the comparison, and the imagery often draws from nature or everyday life.

Question 2

How do I identify ring composition in a passage?

Accepted Answer

Ring composition occurs when a passage starts and ends with similar words, phrases, or ideas. Look for repetition of key terms or themes at the beginning and end of a section. For example, a speech might open with 'I beg you' and close with 'I beg you again.' This structure creates a sense of completeness and emphasises the central message. In the exam, note the repeated element and explain how it frames the content inside the 'ring.'

Question 3

What is the difference between a simile and a metaphor in ancient literature?

Accepted Answer

A simile uses 'like' or 'as' to compare two things (e.g., 'He fought like a lion'), while a metaphor states that one thing is another (e.g., 'He was a lion in battle'). In ancient texts, similes are more common in epic poetry because they allow for extended description. Metaphors are often used in speeches or lyric poetry for more direct impact. Both create vivid imagery, but similes tend to be more elaborate in Homer and Virgil.

Question 4

Why do ancient authors use personification so often?

Accepted Answer

Personification makes abstract concepts tangible and emotionally engaging. For example, Virgil personifies Rumour as a monster with many eyes and tongues to show how quickly gossip spreads and causes harm. This technique helps the audience visualise ideas like fame, famine, or war, making them feel more immediate and powerful. It also reflects the ancient belief that gods and spirits embodied natural forces.

Question 5

How should I structure my answer to a passage-based question on literary techniques?

Accepted Answer

Start by identifying the technique(s) used in the passage, quoting specific words. Then explain the effect on the reader: does it create tension, evoke pity, or highlight a theme? Next, link the technique to the wider context of the text—how does it relate to character or plot? Finally, consider the author's purpose: why did they choose this technique here? Use clear paragraphs and always support your points with evidence from the passage.

Question 6

What is the significance of starting a story in medias res?

Accepted Answer

Starting in medias res (in the middle of things) grabs the audience's attention immediately and creates intrigue. Homer uses this in the Odyssey, beginning with Odysseus trapped on Calypso's island rather than his departure from Troy. This technique also allows the author to reveal background information gradually through flashbacks, keeping the narrative dynamic. In the exam, note how this structure affects the pacing and engages the reader from the first line.

Literary techniques and composition

Topic Overview

Key Concepts

What You Need to Demonstrate

Marking Points

Examiner Tips

Common Mistakes

Frequently Asked Questions

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