This subtopic examines the use of stubs as test doubles in end-to-end (E2E) testing, focusing on their role in simulating external services or dependencies to enable comprehensive system validation without requiring live environments. Learners explore stub design, implementation, and integration within a test harness, ensuring that E2E tests remain isolated, repeatable, and efficient. The material emphasises practical application in verifying system behaviour when interacting with third-party APIs, databases, or legacy systems, highlighting both technical implementation and strategic testing considerations.
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