Design and Technology

    Edexcel
    GCSE

    Specification: Pearson-GCSE-Design-and-Technology

    The EDEXCEL GCSE Design and Technology specification covers 69 topics with 0 learning objectives (Pearson-GCSE-Design-and-Technology). Use the topic browser below to explore subtopics, exam tips, common mistakes, and key terminology for each area of the course.

    This subject will help you develop key knowledge and skills required for exam success.

    69

    Topics

    0

    Objectives

    164

    Exam Tips

    103

    Pitfalls

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    Study Guides

    62 revision guides for Edexcel GCSE Design and Technology

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    Key Features

    • Master key concepts
    • Develop exam technique
    • Apply knowledge effectively

    About Edexcel GCSE Design and Technology

    The Edexcel GCSE in Design and Technology provides students with a strong foundation in the iterative design process, blending creativity with technical and practical skills. Throughout the course, you'll explore how products are developed, manufactured, and brought to market, gaining a real understanding of the design world around you. You'll build knowledge across a wide range of materials—such as timbers, metals, polymers, textiles, and electronic systems—as well as modern manufacturing methods like 3D printing and CAD/CAM.

    The course is structured to develop your ability to think like a designer: identifying user needs, generating ideas, modelling solutions, and evaluating outcomes in a cyclical, reflective manner. Core technical principles cover topics like sustainability, smart materials, mechanical systems, and health & safety, ensuring you grasp the fundamental theory that underpins all design disciplines. You will then specialise in at least one material area, allowing you to focus on projects that match your interests and strengths, whether that's working with wood, metal, fabric, or electronics.

    Edexcel’s specification emphasises designing for real-world contexts and encourages you to engage with wider issues including environmental impact, social responsibility, and the influence of culture on design. By the end of the course, you'll have not only a robust theoretical understanding but also a portfolio of creative, well-crafted projects that demonstrate your practical abilities—preparing you excellently for further study at A Level, apprenticeships, or careers in the creative, engineering, and manufacturing industries.

    Assessment Structure

    The qualification is assessed through two components: one written examination and a non-examined assessment (NEA). The written paper lasts 1 hour and 45 minutes and is worth 50% of the GCSE (100 marks). It consists of three sections: Section A tests core technical principles, Section B assesses specialist technical principles in your chosen material area, and Section C evaluates designing and making principles. The NEA makes up the remaining 50% (100 marks) and is a substantial design-and-make project where you respond to a contextual challenge set by Edexcel, producing a portfolio and a final prototype. Both components are taken at the end of the linear course.

    Why Choose Edexcel?

    • Edexcel offers a clear, well-structured specification that balances theoretical knowledge with a strong practical project, giving you the chance to demonstrate your creativity and making skills in a way that can significantly boost your final grade. The NEA carries a 50% weighting, which is ideal if you thrive through hands-on, iterative design work rather than just exams.
    • The course provides specialist material options, meaning you can focus on an area you’re passionate about—such as timbers, polymers, or electronic systems—allowing you to tailor your learning and produce a project that truly reflects your interests and career aspirations.
    • Edexcel specifications are renowned for their accessibility and clear mark schemes, with plenty of past papers and examiner reports to support revision. The board also works closely with industry partners and higher education institutions, ensuring the content is current, challenging, and valued by employers and universities alike.

    Frequently Asked Questions

    Assessment Objectives

    AO1
    10%

    Identify, investigate and outline design possibilities to address needs and wants

    AO2
    30%

    Design and make prototypes that are fit for purpose

    AO3
    20%

    Analyse and evaluate – • design decisions and outcomes, including for prototypes made by themselves and others • wider issues in design technology

    AO4
    40%

    Demonstrate and apply knowledge and understanding of – • technical principles • design and making principles

    What Gets Top Grades

    A*/Grade 9

    Knowledge & Understanding

    Demonstrates comprehensive and accurate knowledge

    • Uses correct subject-specific terminology
    • Shows detailed understanding of concepts
    • Makes accurate connections between topics
    • Demonstrates depth beyond surface-level knowledge

    Application

    Applies knowledge effectively to new contexts

    • Selects relevant knowledge for the question
    • Adapts understanding to unfamiliar scenarios
    • Uses examples appropriately
    • Shows awareness of context

    Analysis & Evaluation

    Develops sophisticated analytical arguments

    • Constructs logical chains of reasoning
    • Considers multiple perspectives
    • Weighs evidence to reach justified conclusions
    • Acknowledges limitations and nuances

    Key Command Words

    Edexcel
    State
    1 mark

    Give a single fact or term

    Identify
    1 mark

    Name, select, or recognise

    Outline
    2 marks

    Set out main features briefly

    Describe
    2-4 marks

    Give an account of what something is like or what happens

    Explain
    3-6 marks

    Give reasons with developed cause→effect chains

    Compare
    2-4 marks

    State similarities AND differences (both required)

    Analyse
    6-9 marks

    Examine in detail showing cause→effect→consequence chains

    Evaluate
    6-12 marks

    Weigh up BOTH sides, reach JUSTIFIED conclusion

    Assess
    6-12 marks

    Make judgments about importance with justification

    Calculate
    2-4 marks

    Show formula→substitution→calculation→answer with units

    Common Exam Mistakes

    Pitfalls to avoid in your exams

    • •Failing to link the impact of technologies to specific design and technology contexts
    • •Confusing different types of production systems (e.g., batch vs. continuous)
    • •Providing generic answers that do not demonstrate an understanding of the specific advantages or disadvantages of a technology
    • •Ignoring the social or ethical implications of new technologies
    • •Confusing thermoforming polymers with thermosetting polymers.
    • •Failing to link material properties to specific product applications.
    • •Inability to justify material selection based on the required working properties.
    • •Failing to justify material or process choices based on the specific context of the design problem.

    Top Examiner Tips

    Expert advice for exam success

    • •Ensure you can define and provide examples for each production system
    • •Practice applying the impact of technologies to real-world scenarios
    • •Use specific terminology related to industry, enterprise, and sustainability
    • •Be prepared to discuss both the positive and negative impacts of new technologies
    • •Ensure you can clearly distinguish between the behaviour of thermoforming and thermosetting polymers when heated.
    • •Be prepared to justify why a specific polymer is suitable for a product based on its insulating properties or toughness.
    • •Use technical terminology when describing material properties.
    • •Ensure you can distinguish between the different construction methods (woven vs. non-woven vs. knitted) and provide examples for each.

    Specification Topics

    69 topics

    The impact of new and emerging technologies

    This topic covers the impact of new and emerging technologies on industry, enterprise, sustainability, people, culture, society, the environment, and production systems. It requires students to understand the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of these technologies in a design and technology context.

    0 objectives4 tips4 pitfalls

    The categorisation of the types, properties and structure of thermoforming and thermosetting polymers

    The categorisation, properties, and structure of thermoforming and thermosetting polymers, focusing on their working properties, characteristics, applications, advantages, and disadvantages to enable appropriate material selection.

    0 objectives3 tips3 pitfalls

    The categorisation of the types, properties and structure of natural, synthetic, blended and mixed fibres, and woven, non-woven and knitted textiles

    The categorisation, properties, and structure of natural, synthetic, blended, and mixed fibres, and the construction methods of woven, non-woven, and knitted textiles.

    0 objectives3 tips

    The categorisation of the types, properties and structure of natural and manufactured timbers

    The categorisation, properties, and structure of natural and manufactured timbers, focusing on hardwoods, softwoods, and manufactured boards to enable appropriate material selection.

    0 objectives3 tips

    All design and technological practice takes place within contexts which inform outcomes

    This topic focuses on the understanding that all design and technological practice occurs within specific contexts that influence the final outcomes. It requires students to demonstrate knowledge of the performance characteristics of a wide range of materials, components, and manufacturing processes to make informed, justified selections.

    0 objectives3 tips3 pitfalls

    Investigate environmental, social and economic challenges when identifying opportunities and constraints that influence designing and making

    This topic focuses on the implications for designers and manufacturers when developing designs and products, specifically regarding social, ethnic, and economic groups, environmental issues, 'Green Designs', recycling, human capability, costs, manufacturing capability, and life cycle analysis.

    0 objectives

    Investigate and analyse the work of past and present professionals and companies in order to inform design

    This topic focuses on the strategies, techniques, and approaches used to investigate and analyse the work of past and present professionals and companies to inform design decisions. It includes the systematic analysis of products against specific criteria and the study of influential designers.

    0 objectives4 tips4 pitfalls

    Use different design strategies to generate initial ideas and avoid design fixation

    This topic focuses on the strategies, techniques, and approaches used to generate initial design ideas while actively avoiding design fixation.

    0 objectives

    Develop, communicate, record and justify design ideas, applying suitable techniques

    This topic focuses on the techniques and media used to develop, communicate, record, and justify design ideas, ensuring they are presented clearly and effectively.

    0 objectives3 tips

    How the critical evaluation of new and emerging technologies informs design decisions

    This topic focuses on the critical evaluation of new and emerging technologies to inform design decisions, considering contemporary and future scenarios from ethical and environmental perspectives.

    0 objectives3 tips

    How energy is generated and stored in order to choose and use appropriate sources to make products and power systems

    This topic covers the generation and storage of energy, focusing on the sources of energy, methods of powering systems, and the factors involved in selecting appropriate energy sources for products and systems.

    0 objectives3 tips

    Developments in modern and smart materials, composite materials and technical textiles

    This topic covers the identification and understanding of modern, smart, and composite materials, as well as technical textiles. Students learn about specific examples within these categories and their applications in design and technology.

    0 objectives2 tips

    The functions of mechanical devices used to produce different sorts of movements, including changing of magnitude and direction of forces

    This topic covers the performance, principles, applications, and design influence of mechanical devices used to produce movement, including the classification of levers, linkages, cams, followers, pulleys, belts, cranks, sliders, and gear trains.

    0 objectives4 tips

    How electronic systems provide functionality to products and processes, including sensors, control devices and outputs

    This topic covers how electronic systems provide functionality to products and processes, focusing on the roles of sensors, control devices, and outputs within electronic systems.

    0 objectives

    The use of programmable components to embed functionality into products

    The use of programmable components to embed functionality into products in order to enhance and customise their operation.

    0 objectives

    The categorisation of the types, properties and structure of ferrous and non-ferrous metals

    This topic covers the classification, properties, and structure of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, requiring students to understand their working properties, characteristics, and applications to make informed material selections.

    0 objectives3 tips3 pitfalls

    The categorisation of the types, properties and structure of papers and boards

    The categorisation, properties, and structure of papers and boards, focusing on their working properties, characteristics, applications, advantages, and disadvantages to enable appropriate material selection.

    0 objectives3 tips3 pitfalls

    Metals: Design contexts

    This topic covers the design contexts for metals, requiring students to apply knowledge of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, their properties, sources, and manufacturing processes when designing or modifying products.

    0 objectives5 tips5 pitfalls

    Metals: The sources, origins, physical and working properties of ferrous and non-ferrous metals and their social and ecological footprint

    This topic covers the sources, origins, physical and working properties of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, along with their social and ecological footprints, to enable students to select appropriate materials for design applications.

    0 objectives4 tips4 pitfalls

    Metals: The way in which the selection of ferrous and non-ferrous metals is influenced

    This topic covers the various factors that influence the selection of ferrous and non-ferrous metals for specific applications, including aesthetic, environmental, availability, cost, social, and cultural/ethical considerations.

    0 objectives

    Metals: The impact of forces and stresses on ferrous and non-ferrous metals and how they can be reinforced and stiffened

    This topic covers the influence of various forces and stresses (compression, tension, shear, electrical, and magnetic) on metals and the specific techniques used to reinforce or stiffen them to improve structural integrity.

    0 objectives3 tips

    Metals: Stock forms, types and sizes in order to calculate and determine the quantity of ferrous and non-ferrous metals required

    This topic covers the identification and selection of stock forms, types, and sizes of ferrous and non-ferrous metals to enable accurate calculation and determination of material quantities required for design and manufacturing projects.

    0 objectives3 tips4 pitfalls

    Metals: Alternative processes that can be used to manufacture ferrous and non-ferrous metal products to different scales of production

    This topic covers the alternative manufacturing processes used for ferrous and non-ferrous metals, the different scales of production, and the techniques employed for quantity production.

    0 objectives3 tips

    Metals: Specialist techniques, tools, equipment and processes to shape, fabricate, construct and assemble a high-quality metal prototype

    This topic covers the specialist techniques, tools, equipment, and processes required to shape, fabricate, construct, and assemble high-quality metal prototypes, including the application, advantages, and disadvantages of these methods.

    0 objectives3 tips3 pitfalls

    Metals: Appropriate surface treatments and finishes that can be applied to ferrous and non-ferrous metals for functional and aesthetic purposes

    This topic covers the application, advantages, and disadvantages of various surface finishing techniques and methods of preservation for ferrous and non-ferrous metals, used for both functional and aesthetic purposes.

    0 objectives2 tips

    Papers and Boards: Design contexts

    This topic focuses on the design contexts for papers and boards, requiring students to apply their knowledge and understanding of these materials, components, and manufacturing processes when designing or modifying a product.

    0 objectives

    Papers and Boards: The sources, origins, physical and working properties of papers and boards and their social and ecological footprint

    This topic covers the sources, origins, physical and working properties of papers and boards, including their social and ecological footprint, and how these factors influence material selection and manufacturing processes.

    0 objectives4 tips4 pitfalls

    Papers and Boards: The way in which the selection of papers and boards is influenced

    This topic covers the various factors that influence the selection of papers and boards for specific design applications, including aesthetic, environmental, availability, cost, social, and cultural/ethical considerations.

    0 objectives

    Papers and Boards: The impact of forces and stresses on papers and boards and how they can be reinforced and stiffened

    This topic covers the impact of various forces and stresses on papers and boards, and the specific techniques used to reinforce or stiffen these materials to improve their structural integrity.

    0 objectives

    Papers and Boards: Stock forms, types and sizes in order to calculate and determine the quantity of papers and boards required

    This topic covers the stock forms, types, and sizes of papers and boards, enabling students to calculate and determine the quantity of materials required for design and manufacturing projects.

    0 objectives3 tips3 pitfalls

    Papers and Boards: Alternative processes that can be used to manufacture paper and board products to different scales of production

    This topic covers the alternative manufacturing processes used for paper and board products across different scales of production, including printing, cutting, and various modelling techniques, alongside quantity production methods.

    0 objectives2 tips

    Papers and Boards: Specialist techniques, tools, equipment and processes to shape, fabricate, construct and assemble a high-quality paper and board prototype

    This topic covers the specialist techniques, tools, equipment, and processes required to shape, fabricate, construct, and assemble high-quality paper and board prototypes.

    0 objectives3 tips

    Papers and Boards: Appropriate surface treatments and finishes that can be applied to papers and boards for functional and aesthetic purposes

    This topic covers the application of various surface treatments and finishes to papers and boards to enhance their functional performance and aesthetic appeal.

    0 objectives2 tips

    Polymers: Design contexts

    This topic covers the design contexts for polymers, requiring students to apply their knowledge and understanding of thermoforming and thermosetting polymers, their components, and manufacturing processes when designing or modifying products.

    0 objectives

    Polymers: The sources, origins, physical and working properties of thermoforming and thermosetting polymers and their social and ecological footprint

    This topic covers the sources, origins, physical and working properties of thermoforming and thermosetting polymers, along with their social and ecological footprint, and the factors influencing their selection for design applications.

    0 objectives5 tips5 pitfalls

    Polymers: The way in which the selection of thermoforming and thermosetting polymers is influenced

    This topic covers the factors that influence the selection of thermoforming and thermosetting polymers for specific applications, including aesthetic, environmental, availability, cost, social, and cultural/ethical considerations.

    0 objectives

    Polymers: The impact of forces and stresses on thermoforming and thermosetting polymers and how they can be reinforced and stiffened

    This topic covers the impact of various forces and stresses on thermoforming and thermosetting polymers, and the methods used to reinforce and stiffen these materials.

    0 objectives

    Polymers: Stock forms, types and sizes in order to calculate and determine the quantity of thermoforming and thermosetting polymers required

    This topic covers the identification and understanding of stock forms, types, and sizes of thermoforming and thermosetting polymers to enable students to calculate and determine the required quantities for design and manufacturing projects.

    0 objectives4 tips4 pitfalls

    Polymers: Alternative processes that can be used to manufacture polymer products to different scales of production

    This topic covers alternative manufacturing processes for thermoforming and thermosetting polymers, including the application, advantages, and disadvantages of specific processes, scales of production, and techniques for quantity production.

    0 objectives2 tips

    Polymers: Specialist techniques, tools, equipment and processes to shape, fabricate, construct and assemble a high-quality polymer prototype

    This topic covers the specialist techniques, tools, equipment, and processes required to shape, fabricate, construct, and assemble high-quality prototypes using thermoforming and thermosetting polymers.

    0 objectives3 tips

    Polymers: Appropriate surface treatments and finishes that can be applied to thermoforming and thermosetting polymers for functional and aesthetic purposes

    This topic covers the appropriate surface treatments and finishes that can be applied to thermoforming and thermosetting polymers to enhance their functional and aesthetic properties.

    0 objectives

    Systems: Design contexts

    This topic covers the design contexts for Systems, focusing on the application of knowledge regarding materials, components, and manufacturing processes when designing or modifying products within the Systems material category.

    0 objectives5 tips5 pitfalls

    Systems: The sources, origins, physical and working properties of components and systems and their social and ecological footprint

    This topic covers the sources, origins, physical and working properties of components and systems (sensors, control devices, outputs) and their social and ecological footprint, including material extraction, built-in obsolescence, and disposal.

    0 objectives4 tips4 pitfalls

    Systems: The way in which the selection of components and systems is influenced

    This topic covers the factors that influence the selection of components and systems for specific applications, including aesthetic, environmental, availability, cost, social, and cultural/ethical considerations.

    0 objectives

    Systems: The impact of forces and stresses on objects and how they can be reinforced and stiffened

    This topic covers the influence of forces and stresses on objects within systems and the methods used to reinforce and stiffen them to resist these forces.

    0 objectives

    Systems: Stock forms, types and sizes in order to calculate and determine the quantity of components required

    This topic covers the identification and selection of stock forms, types, and sizes of electronic components and systems to enable accurate calculation and determination of quantities required for design and manufacture.

    0 objectives4 tips4 pitfalls

    Systems: Alternative processes that can be used to manufacture components and systems to different scales of production

    This topic covers the alternative manufacturing processes used for systems components, including the specific techniques for PCB production and the various scales of production applicable to systems manufacturing.

    0 objectives3 tips

    Systems: Specialist techniques, tools, equipment and processes to shape, fabricate, construct and assemble a high-quality systems prototype

    This topic covers the specialist techniques, tools, equipment, and processes required to shape, fabricate, construct, and assemble high-quality systems prototypes, focusing on practical manufacturing skills for electronic and mechanical systems.

    0 objectives4 tips4 pitfalls

    Systems: Appropriate surface treatments and finishes that can be applied to components and systems for functional and aesthetic purposes

    This topic covers the application of appropriate surface treatments and finishes to components and systems within the Systems material category, focusing on both functional and aesthetic purposes.

    0 objectives2 tips

    Textiles: Design contexts

    This topic covers the design contexts for Textiles, requiring students to apply knowledge of textiles, components, and manufacturing processes when designing or modifying products.

    0 objectives

    Textiles: The sources, origins, physical and working properties of natural, synthetic, woven, non-woven, knitted, blended and mixed-fibre textiles and their social and ecological footprint

    This topic covers the sources, origins, physical and working properties of natural, synthetic, woven, non-woven, knitted, blended and mixed-fibre textiles, along with their social and ecological footprints.

    0 objectives4 tips4 pitfalls

    Textiles: The way in which the selection of natural, synthetic, blended and mixed-fibre textiles is influenced

    The factors influencing the selection of natural, synthetic, blended and mixed-fibre textiles for specific applications.

    0 objectives

    Textiles: The impact of forces and stresses on textiles and how they can be reinforced and stiffened

    This topic covers the influence of forces and stresses on natural, synthetic, woven, non-woven, knitted, blended, and mixed-fibre textiles, and the techniques used to reinforce and stiffen them.

    0 objectives

    Textiles: Typical stock forms, types and sizes used to calculate and determine the required quantity of textiles

    This topic covers the typical stock forms, types, and sizes of natural, synthetic, woven, non-woven, knitted, blended, and mixed-fibre textiles, and how this knowledge is used to calculate and determine the required quantity of materials for a project.

    0 objectives3 tips

    Textiles: Alternative processes that can be used to manufacture typical textile products to different scales of production

    This topic covers alternative manufacturing processes for textile products, focusing on cutting, shaping, and quantity production techniques across different scales of production.

    0 objectives2 tips

    Textiles: Specialist techniques, tools, equipment and processes to shape, fabricate, construct and assemble a high-quality textile prototype

    This topic covers the specialist techniques, tools, equipment, and processes required to shape, fabricate, construct, and assemble high-quality textile prototypes, including natural, synthetic, woven, non-woven, knitted, blended, and mixed-fibre textiles.

    0 objectives3 tips

    Textiles: Appropriate surface treatments and finishes that can be applied to textiles for functional and aesthetic purposes

    This topic covers the application of various surface treatments and finishes to natural, synthetic, woven, non-woven, knitted, blended, and mixed-fibre textiles to enhance their functional and aesthetic properties.

    0 objectives

    Timbers: Design contexts

    This topic covers the design contexts for timbers, requiring students to apply knowledge and understanding of natural and manufactured timbers, components, and manufacturing processes when designing or modifying products.

    0 objectives5 tips5 pitfalls

    Timbers: The sources, origins, physical and working properties of each natural and manufactured timber and their social and ecological footprint

    This topic covers the sources, origins, physical and working properties of natural and manufactured timbers, alongside their social and ecological footprints. It requires students to understand how to select appropriate timbers for specific applications based on these factors, as well as the impact of forces and stresses on timber and methods for reinforcement.

    0 objectives5 tips5 pitfalls

    Timbers: The way in which the selection of each natural and manufactured timber is influenced

    This topic covers the various factors that influence the selection of natural and manufactured timbers for specific design applications, including aesthetic, environmental, availability, cost, social, and cultural/ethical considerations.

    0 objectives

    Timbers: The impact of forces and stresses on each natural and manufactured timber and how they can be reinforced and stiffened

    This topic covers the influence of forces and stresses on natural and manufactured timbers and the methods used to reinforce and stiffen them to improve structural integrity.

    0 objectives

    Timbers: Typical stock forms, types and sizes used to calculate and determine the required quantity of each natural and manufactured timber

    This topic covers the identification and selection of typical stock forms, types, and sizes of natural and manufactured timbers to enable accurate calculation and determination of material quantities required for design and manufacturing projects.

    0 objectives4 tips4 pitfalls

    Timbers: Alternative processes that can be used to manufacture typical timber products to different scales of production

    This topic covers alternative manufacturing processes for natural and manufactured timbers, including cutting, shaping, and joining techniques, as well as the application of these processes across different scales of production (one-off, batch, mass, and continuous).

    0 objectives3 tips

    Timbers: Specialist techniques, tools, equipment and processes to shape, fabricate, construct and assemble a high-quality timber prototype

    This topic covers the specialist techniques, tools, equipment, and processes required to shape, fabricate, construct, and assemble high-quality timber prototypes, including the use of hand tools, machinery, and digital design/manufacture.

    0 objectives3 tips

    Timbers: Appropriate surface treatments and finishes that can be applied to each natural and manufactured timber for functional and aesthetic purposes

    This topic covers the appropriate surface treatments and finishes that can be applied to natural and manufactured timbers for both functional and aesthetic purposes, requiring students to understand the application, advantages, and disadvantages of each method.

    0 objectives2 tips

    Component 2: Non-examined assessment (NEA) - Investigate

    The 'Evaluate' stage of the Component 2 Non-examined assessment (NEA) requires students to test their prototype against the product specification and conduct a life cycle assessment (LCA) to determine its environmental impact and overall fitness for purpose.

    0 objectives4 tips4 pitfalls

    Component 2: Non-examined assessment (NEA) - Design

    The 'Evaluate' stage of the Component 2 Non-examined assessment (NEA) requires students to test their prototype against the product specification and conduct a life cycle assessment (LCA) to determine its environmental impact and overall fitness for purpose.

    0 objectives4 tips4 pitfalls

    Component 2: Non-examined assessment (NEA) - Evaluate

    The 'Evaluate' stage of the Component 2 Non-examined assessment (NEA) requires students to test their prototype against the product specification and conduct a life cycle assessment (LCA) to determine its environmental impact and overall fitness for purpose.

    0 objectives4 tips4 pitfalls

    Component 2: Non-examined assessment (NEA) - Make

    The 'Evaluate' stage of the Component 2 Non-examined assessment (NEA) requires students to test their prototype against the product specification and conduct a life cycle assessment (LCA) to determine its environmental impact and overall fitness for purpose.

    0 objectives4 tips4 pitfalls

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