Question 1

What is the PIES model in health and social care?

Accepted Answer

PIES stands for Physical, Intellectual, Emotional, and Social – the four key dimensions of holistic health. Physical refers to bodily health and fitness; intellectual involves cognitive abilities and learning; emotional covers feelings and mental health; social relates to relationships and community. In CCEA A-Level, you must explain how these interact, e.g., chronic pain (physical) can lead to depression (emotional) and isolation (social).

Question 2

How do social determinants affect health outcomes?

Accepted Answer

Social determinants are conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age. They include income, education, housing, and access to healthcare. For example, low income limits access to nutritious food and safe housing, increasing risk of chronic diseases. In the UK, the Marmot Review highlighted that people in deprived areas live shorter lives and have more disability. Understanding these helps care practitioners address root causes, not just symptoms.

Question 3

What is the difference between primary, secondary, and tertiary health promotion?

Accepted Answer

Primary promotion prevents disease before it occurs (e.g., vaccination, health education). Secondary promotion detects and treats early (e.g., cancer screening, blood pressure checks). Tertiary promotion manages established disease to reduce complications (e.g., cardiac rehabilitation, diabetes management). In exams, use examples like the NHS Health Check (secondary) or 'Stop Smoking' services (tertiary) to illustrate each level.

Question 4

Why is person-centred care important for well-being?

Accepted Answer

Person-centred care respects individual preferences, values, and needs, empowering service users to make informed decisions. This approach improves satisfaction, adherence to treatment, and emotional well-being. For example, involving a patient in their care plan can reduce anxiety and increase motivation. In CCEA, you should link this to the PIES model – it enhances social and emotional health by fostering autonomy and dignity.

Question 5

How can health inequalities be reduced in the UK?

Accepted Answer

Reducing inequalities requires multi-level action: government policies (e.g., minimum wage, housing investment), community programmes (e.g., food banks, exercise groups), and individual support (e.g., health coaching). The NHS's 'Core20PLUS5' approach targets the most deprived 20% of the population. Success depends on addressing social determinants, not just healthcare. For exams, evaluate initiatives like 'Healthy Start' vouchers for low-income families.

Question 6

What is the wellness-illness continuum?

Accepted Answer

It's a model showing health as a spectrum from high-level wellness (optimal health) to severe illness (disability or death). Individuals move along it based on lifestyle, environment, and healthcare. For example, regular exercise can shift someone toward wellness, while smoking moves them toward illness. This model helps practitioners assess where a person is and plan interventions to improve their position. It's often contrasted with the traditional binary view of health.

Health and Well-Being

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