Challenge and transformation: Britain, c1851–1964

This topic explores the profound transformation of British society, politics, and economy from the height of the Victorian era through two world wars to the dawn of the 1960s. It covers key themes such as industrialisation, urbanisation, the expansion of democracy, the rise of the welfare state, and the decline of Britain's global power. Students will examine how Britain evolved from a largely rural, class-divided society into a modern, more egalitarian nation, while also grappling with the challenges of empire, war, and social change.

Understanding this period is crucial because it lays the foundation for modern Britain. The shifts in political power—from the dominance of the Liberal Party to the rise of Labour—the extension of the franchise, and the creation of the National Health Service are all rooted in this era. Moreover, the impact of the First and Second World Wars reshaped British society, accelerating social reforms and altering the role of women. By studying this topic, students gain insight into the forces that shaped contemporary Britain, including debates about immigration, national identity, and the role of the state.

Within the AQA A-Level specification, this topic is part of the broader study of 'Challenge and transformation' and requires students to analyse change and continuity over a long period. It connects to themes of protest, reform, and the shifting balance between individual liberty and state intervention. Students will need to evaluate the extent of transformation, considering both the pace of change and the persistence of traditional structures, such as the monarchy and the class system.