Germany, 1871–1990: united, divided and reunited

This topic explores the dramatic and complex history of Germany from its unification in 1871 under Otto von Bismarck to its reunification in 1990. It covers the Second Reich, the Weimar Republic, Nazi Germany, division after WWII, and the Cold War era. Understanding this period is crucial because it explains how Germany transformed from a fragmented collection of states into a major European power, then descended into dictatorship and war, and eventually emerged as a democratic nation at the heart of a united Europe.

The narrative is shaped by key themes: nationalism, militarism, democracy versus dictatorship, economic instability, and the impact of war. Students will analyse how Bismarck's policies created a unified but authoritarian state, how the Weimar Republic struggled with democratic legitimacy, how Hitler's regime radicalised German society, and how post-war division reflected Cold War tensions. The final section examines the peaceful revolution of 1989 and the challenges of reunification, including economic and social integration.

This topic is essential for understanding modern European history. It connects to broader themes of state-building, totalitarianism, and the struggle for human rights. By studying Germany's journey, students gain insight into how nations can both unite and divide, and how historical forces shape contemporary politics. It also provides a foundation for understanding current issues such as European integration, nationalism, and the legacy of the Holocaust.