Regulation (Livingstone and Lunt)

Livingstone and Lunt's regulation theory examines how media industries are governed and controlled, particularly in the context of public service broadcasting and commercial media. Their work focuses on the shift from 'public service' to 'market-driven' regulation, arguing that deregulation and privatization have led to a decline in the quality and diversity of media content. They highlight the tension between consumer choice and citizen rights, suggesting that regulatory frameworks often prioritize economic interests over democratic and cultural needs.

This theory is crucial for understanding the balance between media freedom and accountability. Livingstone and Lunt critique the 'light-touch' regulation adopted by bodies like Ofcom in the UK, arguing that it fails to protect vulnerable audiences or ensure plurality. Their work is particularly relevant to debates about media ownership, concentration, and the impact of digital platforms. By studying this theory, students can critically evaluate how regulation shapes media content and access, linking it to broader issues of power, democracy, and citizenship.

In the WJEC A-Level Media Studies specification, Livingstone and Lunt's ideas are applied to case studies such as the regulation of television, radio, and online content. Students are expected to analyze how regulatory bodies operate, the effectiveness of current policies, and the implications for audiences. This theory connects to other key concepts like media ownership, representation, and ideology, providing a framework for understanding the political and economic forces that shape the media landscape.