Question 1

What is the difference between a concerto grosso and a solo concerto?

Accepted Answer

A concerto grosso features a small group of soloists (concertino) contrasted with the full orchestra (ripieno). A solo concerto features a single soloist. In the Baroque period, both types used ritornello form. By the Classical period, the solo concerto became dominant, and the concerto grosso fell out of use.

Question 2

How does the role of the soloist change from Baroque to Romantic?

Accepted Answer

In the Baroque, the soloist was often part of the ensemble, sometimes playing continuo. In the Classical period, the soloist became a protagonist in a dialogue with the orchestra, with more virtuosic passages. In the Romantic period, the soloist became a heroic, almost superhuman figure, with extreme technical demands and emotional expression, often in conflict with the orchestra.

Question 3

What is a cadenza and why is it important?

Accepted Answer

A cadenza is a virtuosic solo passage near the end of a movement, usually over a dominant pedal. In Baroque concertos, it was brief and improvised. In Classical concertos, it became longer and more elaborate, often improvised by the performer. In Romantic concertos, composers wrote out the cadenza to ensure it matched the movement's style. It showcases the soloist's technical skill and allows for dramatic expression.

Question 4

How did the orchestra change between the Baroque and Romantic periods?

Accepted Answer

The Baroque orchestra was small (strings, continuo, occasional woodwinds). The Classical orchestra standardised the string section and added clarinets, trumpets, and timpani. The Romantic orchestra expanded greatly, with more brass (including tuba), percussion, and larger string sections, allowing for a wider dynamic range and more colour. This supported the soloist's dramatic role.

Question 5

What is sonata form and how is it used in the Classical concerto?

Accepted Answer

Sonata form is a structure with three main sections: exposition (two contrasting themes), development (themes are varied and modulated), and recapitulation (themes return in tonic key). In the Classical concerto, the first movement often uses a double exposition: first by the orchestra, then by the soloist. The development and recapitulation allow for dialogue between soloist and orchestra, with a cadenza near the end.

Question 6

Why is Tchaikovsky's Violin Concerto considered a Romantic concerto?

Accepted Answer

Tchaikovsky's Violin Concerto exemplifies Romantic traits: a large orchestra, highly virtuosic solo part, emotional intensity, and lyrical melodies. The soloist's role is heroic and expressive, with dramatic contrasts. The orchestra is not just accompaniment but a symphonic partner, creating a rich, colourful backdrop. The form is more flexible than Classical, with a slower second movement and a fiery finale.

The Concerto Through Time (Baroque, Classical and Romantic concerto; development of orchestra and soloist role, 1650–1910)

Topic Overview

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