Basic physics — Eduqas A-Level Physics

Basic physics forms the foundation of the WJEC A-Level Physics course, covering essential concepts such as motion, forces, energy, and waves. This topic introduces students to the fundamental principles that govern the physical world, from the motion of objects to the behaviour of light and sound. Understanding these basics is crucial for tackling more advanced topics like quantum physics and electromagnetism later in the course.

The topic begins with kinematics, where students learn to describe motion using equations of motion and graphical analysis. It then progresses to dynamics, exploring Newton's laws of motion and their applications. Energy and work are introduced, leading to the principle of conservation of energy. Finally, wave properties and the wave equation are covered, linking to phenomena such as reflection, refraction, and diffraction.

Mastering basic physics is not just about passing exams; it develops analytical thinking and problem-solving skills. These concepts are directly applicable to real-world scenarios, from engineering to medicine. For WJEC A-Level students, a solid grasp of this topic ensures a strong start to the course and builds confidence for more complex material.

• →Equations of motion: v = u + at, s = ut + ½at², v² = u² + 2as, and s = ½(u+v)t, used to describe motion under constant acceleration.
• →Newton's laws: First law (inertia), second law (F=ma), and third law (action-reaction pairs).
• →Conservation of energy: Total energy in a closed system remains constant; energy can be transferred but not created or destroyed.
• →Wave properties: Wavelength (λ), frequency (f), amplitude, and wave speed (v = fλ).
• →Scalars vs vectors: Scalars have magnitude only (e.g., speed), while vectors have both magnitude and direction (e.g., velocity).

• Correct identification and use of the 6 base SI units (kg, m, s, A, mol, K)
• Correct representation of derived units and prefixes
• Demonstration of homogeneity in equations using units
• Correct distinction between scalar and vector quantities with appropriate examples
• Accurate addition, subtraction, and resolution of coplanar vectors
• Correct application of the density equation (ρ = m/V)
• Correct application of the principle of moments and understanding of equilibrium conditions
• Identification of the centre of gravity for uniform objects

• 💡Always check that units on both sides of an equation are consistent (homogeneity)
• 💡Use clear diagrams when resolving vectors into perpendicular components
• 💡Ensure the principle of moments is applied with forces perpendicular to the distance from the pivot
• 💡Practice converting between different unit prefixes (e.g., cm³ to m³)
• 💡When calculating density, ensure mass and volume are in consistent SI units
• 💡Always show your working in calculations, including units. Even if your final answer is wrong, you can gain method marks for correct steps.
• 💡When drawing graphs, label axes with quantities and units, and use a sharp pencil. For velocity-time graphs, the gradient gives acceleration and the area under the graph gives displacement.
• 💡For wave questions, remember that frequency remains constant when a wave passes from one medium to another, while wavelength and speed change.

• Confusing scalar and vector quantities
• Incorrectly resolving vectors into components
• Failing to check for homogeneity in equations
• Misapplying the principle of moments by not using perpendicular distances
• Incorrectly identifying the centre of gravity for non-uniform objects
• Misconception: An object moving at constant speed has no resultant force. Correction: This is true only if the motion is in a straight line; if the object is changing direction (e.g., circular motion), there is a resultant force (centripetal force).
• Misconception: Energy is 'used up' or 'lost'. Correction: Energy is conserved; it is transferred to other forms (e.g., heat, sound) and is often dissipated, not lost.
• Misconception: Heavier objects fall faster than lighter ones. Correction: In the absence of air resistance, all objects fall with the same acceleration due to gravity (g ≈ 9.81 m/s²), regardless of mass.