This subtopic examines the philosophical challenge posed by the existence of evil and suffering to the classical concept of God as omnipotent, omnibenevolent, and omniscient. Students explore the distinction between the logical problem (inconsistent triad) and the evidential problem (probabilistic argument from gratuitous suffering), alongside major theodicies such as those proposed by Augustine, Irenaeus, and Hick. Practical skills include critical evaluation of theological responses and construction of reasoned arguments for both atheistic and theistic positions, preparing learners for high-level philosophical debate.
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