Question 1

What is the Cosmological Argument for the existence of God?

Accepted Answer

The Cosmological Argument states that everything that exists has a cause, and the universe itself must have a first cause, which is God. Thomas Aquinas proposed this as the 'First Cause' argument. However, critics like David Hume argue that we cannot apply cause-and-effect to the universe as a whole, and the Big Bang theory offers a scientific alternative.

Question 2

How does the Problem of Evil challenge belief in God?

Accepted Answer

The Problem of Evil argues that if God is all-powerful (omnipotent) and all-good (benevolent), He should be able and willing to prevent evil. Since evil exists, such a God cannot exist. This is known as Epicurus' trilemma. Theists respond with theodicies, such as the free will defence (evil results from human choices) or the soul-making theodicy (evil helps develop character).

Question 3

What is the Teleological Argument?

Accepted Answer

The Teleological Argument, or argument from design, claims that the universe's order and complexity suggest a designer. William Paley used the analogy of a watch: if you find a watch, you assume a watchmaker. Similarly, the intricate design of nature implies a divine creator. Critics like David Hume point out that the universe may be imperfect or the result of chance, and Richard Dawkins argues evolution explains apparent design.

Question 4

Can science and religion coexist on the question of God's existence?

Accepted Answer

Some argue they can, as science explains the 'how' (e.g., Big Bang, evolution) while religion addresses the 'why' (e.g., purpose, meaning). For example, theistic evolutionists accept evolution as God's method of creation. However, others see conflict, especially when scientific explanations (e.g., natural selection) seem to replace divine action. The key is understanding that science and religion operate in different domains.

Question 5

What is the Moral Argument for God's existence?

Accepted Answer

The Moral Argument suggests that objective moral laws (e.g., 'murder is wrong') require a moral lawgiver. Immanuel Kant argued that morality leads to a belief in God as the guarantor of justice. Critics like J.L. Mackie claim morality can be explained by evolution or social contract. However, the argument remains influential because it addresses the foundation of moral values.

Question 6

How should I structure an exam answer on arguments for God's existence?

Accepted Answer

Start with a clear introduction stating the argument you will discuss (e.g., the Cosmological Argument). Then explain the argument in detail, using key scholars and terminology. Next, present counterarguments (e.g., from Hume or Dawkins). Finally, give your own reasoned conclusion, weighing the strengths and weaknesses. Use PEEL (Point, Evidence, Explanation, Link) paragraphs to stay focused.

The existence of God, gods and the ultimate reality

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