Provide Indian head massage
VTCT SKILLS
Vocational
This subtopic focuses on the practical application of Indian head massage techniques, including consultation, treatment planning, and execution. Learners must demonstrate safe, effective, and professional delivery of massage movements to the upper back, shoulders, neck, scalp, and face, while adapting to client needs and maintaining hygiene and wellbeing protocols.
38
Learning Outcomes
74
Assessment Guidance
82
Key Skills
35
Key Terms
88
Assessment Criteria
Assessment criteria
VTCT Skills (ITEC) Level 3 Award in Indian Head Massage
VTCT Skills (ITEC) Level 3 NVQ Diploma in Beauty Therapy Make-up
VTCT Skills (ITEC) Level 3 NVQ Diploma in Beauty Therapy Massage
VTCT Skills Level 3 NVQ Diploma in Beauty Therapy Make-Up
VTCT Skills Level 3 NVQ Diploma in Spa Therapy
VTCT Skills (ITEC) Level 3 NVQ Diploma in Beauty Therapy General
VTCT Skills (ITEC) Level 3 NVQ Diploma in Spa Therapy
VTCT Skills (ITEC) Level 3 Diploma in Advanced Beauty Therapy
VTCT Skills Level 3 NVQ Diploma in Beauty Therapy General
VTCT Skills Level 3 Diploma in Beauty Therapy Studies
VTCT Skills Level 3 NVQ Diploma in Beauty Therapy Massage
VTCT Skills Level 3 Certificate in Beauty Therapy
VTCT Skills Level 3 Diploma in Beauty Therapy Treatments
VTCT Skills (ITEC) Level 3 Diploma in Beauty Therapy Techniques
VTCT Skills Level 3 Certificate in Indian Head Massage
VTCT Skills (ITEC) Level 3 Diploma in Massage Therapies
VTCT Skills (ITEC) Level 3 Diploma in Beauty Therapy Treatments
VTCT Skills Level 3 Diploma in Massage Therapy
VTCT Skills Level 3 Certificate in Beauty Therapy Studies (Massage)
VTCT Skills Level 3 Diploma in Spa Therapy Studies
Topic Overview
The VTCT Skills Level 3 Certificate in Indian Head Massage is a vocational qualification designed to equip students with the essential knowledge and practical skills required to competently perform Indian Head Massage treatments. This ancient therapeutic practice, originating from Ayurvedic traditions, focuses on relieving tension and promoting well-being in the head, neck, shoulders, and upper arms. Students will delve into the historical and cultural context of IHM, understanding its holistic approach to health, which includes physical, mental, and emotional benefits for clients. The course goes beyond mere technique, integrating a deep understanding of relevant anatomy and physiology to ensure safe and effective practice.
This qualification is crucial for aspiring therapists looking to specialise in holistic treatments or expand their existing skill set within the beauty and complementary therapies industry. Mastery of Indian Head Massage not only provides a valuable service to clients seeking stress relief, improved hair and scalp condition, and enhanced relaxation, but also demonstrates a therapist's commitment to professional development. It fits into the wider Service Industries sector by providing a highly sought-after, client-focused therapy that requires excellent communication, client care, and adherence to health and safety protocols, all of which are fundamental to successful professional practice.
The curriculum covers a comprehensive range of topics, including client consultation, contraindications and contra-actions, treatment planning, practical application of various massage techniques, and aftercare advice. Students will learn to adapt treatments to individual client needs, ensuring a personalised and effective experience. Furthermore, a strong emphasis is placed on professional conduct, hygiene standards, and ethical practice, preparing graduates to work confidently and responsibly in a salon, spa, or as a self-employed therapist, contributing positively to client well-being and the reputation of the industry.
Key Concepts
Core ideas you must understand for this topic
- →**Anatomy and Physiology (A&P) of the Head, Neck, Shoulders, and Upper Arms:** Understanding the skeletal structure, major muscles, nerve pathways, and circulatory system in these areas is fundamental to performing safe and effective massage techniques and identifying contraindications.
- →**Contraindications and Contra-actions:** Identifying specific conditions (e.g., recent head injury, severe hypertension, skin infections) that prevent or restrict treatment, and understanding appropriate responses (contra-actions) during or after a massage, is critical for client safety and professional responsibility.
- →**Client Consultation and Communication:** Mastering the art of thorough client consultation, including medical history, lifestyle factors, and treatment objectives, to tailor the massage, gain informed consent, and establish rapport, is essential for successful outcomes.
- →**Indian Head Massage Techniques:** Proficiency in a range of specific massage movements such as effleurage, petrissage, friction, tapotement, and working with marma points (acupressure points), applied systematically to the scalp, face, neck, shoulders, and upper back.
- →**Health, Safety, and Hygiene:** Adherence to strict health and safety regulations, maintaining impeccable hygiene standards for equipment and personal presentation, and understanding emergency procedures to ensure a safe environment for both therapist and client.
Learning Objectives
What you need to know and understand
- Be able to maintain safe and effective methods of working when providing Indian head Massage, Be able to consult, plan and prepare for treatments with clients, Be able to perform Indian head massage, Understand organisational and legal requirements for providing Indian head massage, Understand how to work safely and effectively when providing Indian Head Massage, Understand how to consult with clients, Understand how to prepare for providing Indian head massages, Understand anatomy and physiology related to Indian head massages, Understand contra-indications and contra-actions that affect or restrict body massage treatments, Understand different Indian head massage mediums, Understand the principles of Indian head massage, Understand how to provide aftercare advice
- Be able to maintain safe and effective methods of working when providing Indian head Massage, Be able to consult, plan and prepare for treatments with clients, Be able to perform Indian head massage, Understand organisational and legal requirements for providing Indian head massage, Understand how to work safely and effectively when providing Indian Head Massage, Understand how to consult with clients, Understand how to prepare for providing Indian head massages, Understand anatomy and physiology related to Indian head massages, Understand contra-indications and contra-actions that affect or restrict body massage treatments, Understand different Indian head massage mediums, Understand the principles of Indian head massage, Understand how to provide aftercare advice
- Be able to maintain safe and effective methods of working when providing Indian head Massage, Be able to consult, plan and prepare for treatments with clients, Be able to perform Indian head massage, Understand organisational and legal requirements for providing Indian head massage, Understand how to work safely and effectively when providing Indian Head Massage, Understand how to consult with clients, Understand how to prepare for providing Indian head massages, Understand anatomy and physiology related to Indian head massages, Understand contra-indications and contra-actions that affect or restrict body massage treatments, Understand different Indian head massage mediums, Understand the principles of Indian head massage, Understand how to provide aftercare advice
- Demonstrate thorough client consultation including medical history and lifestyle assessment
- Select appropriate massage medium based on skin type and client preference
- Apply classical Indian head massage movements with correct pressure and rhythm
- Identify key anatomical structures relevant to effective treatment
- Evaluate client’s physical and emotional response during treatment
- Justify choice of adapted techniques for specific client needs
- Provide clear homecare advice to prolong treatment benefits
- Be able to maintain safe and effective methods of working when providing Indian head Massage, Be able to consult, plan and prepare for treatments with clients, Be able to perform Indian head massage, Understand organisational and legal requirements for providing Indian head massage, Understand how to work safely and effectively when providing Indian Head Massage, Understand how to consult with clients, Understand how to prepare for providing Indian head massages, Understand anatomy and physiology related to Indian head massages, Understand contra-indications and contra-actions that affect or restrict body massage treatments, Understand different Indian head massage mediums, Understand the principles of Indian head massage, Understand how to provide aftercare advice
- Be able to maintain safe and effective methods of working when providing Indian head Massage, Be able to consult, plan and prepare for treatments with clients, Be able to perform Indian head massage, Understand organisational and legal requirements for providing Indian head massage, Understand how to work safely and effectively when providing Indian Head Massage, Understand how to consult with clients, Understand how to prepare for providing Indian head massages, Understand anatomy and physiology related to Indian head massages, Understand contra-indications and contra-actions that affect or restrict body massage treatments, Understand different Indian head massage mediums, Understand the principles of Indian head massage, Understand how to provide aftercare advice
- Be able to maintain safe and effective methods of working when providing Indian head Massage, Be able to consult, plan and prepare for treatments with clients, Be able to perform Indian head massage, Understand organisational and legal requirements for providing Indian head massage, Understand how to work safely and effectively when providing Indian Head Massage, Understand how to consult with clients, Understand how to prepare for providing Indian head massages, Understand anatomy and physiology related to Indian head massages, Understand contra-indications and contra-actions that affect or restrict body massage treatments, Understand different Indian head massage mediums, Understand the principles of Indian head massage, Understand how to provide aftercare advice
- Be able to prepare for Indian head massage, Be able to provide Indian head massage
- Be able to maintain safe and effective methods of working when providing Indian head Massage, Be able to consult, plan and prepare for treatments with clients, Be able to perform Indian head massage, Understand organisational and legal requirements for providing Indian head massage, Understand how to work safely and effectively when providing Indian Head Massage, Understand how to consult with clients, Understand how to prepare for providing Indian head massages, Understand anatomy and physiology related to Indian head massages, Understand contra-indications and contra-actions that affect or restrict body massage treatments, Understand different Indian head massage mediums, Understand the principles of Indian head massage, Understand how to provide aftercare advice
- Be able to prepare for Indian head massage, Be able to provide Indian head massage
- Assess client needs and identify any contraindications that may restrict or require adaptation of the treatment
- Prepare the treatment area, equipment, and client to ensure effective and safe delivery of Indian head massage
- Select and apply suitable massage mediums appropriate to the client’s skin type and treatment objectives
- Perform a logical and coherent sequence of classical Indian head massage movements including effleurage, petrissage, and friction
- Adapt the pressure, rhythm, and technique throughout the massage in response to client verbal and non-verbal feedback
- Evaluate the outcomes of the treatment and provide structured aftercare advice to maintain benefits
- Prepare the treatment area and therapist for Indian head massage in accordance with industry standards.
- Conduct a client consultation to identify contraindications and tailor the treatment.
- Perform a sequence of Indian head massage movements on the head, neck, and shoulders.
- Adapt the massage pressure and techniques to suit client preferences and needs.
- Provide appropriate aftercare advice to clients following the treatment.
- Describe the historical and cultural origins of Indian head massage
- Explain the physiological and psychological benefits of Indian head massage
- Identify contraindications and precautions for Indian head massage
- Perform a full Indian head massage treatment sequence
- Adapt the treatment to meet individual client needs
- Provide appropriate aftercare advice
- Evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment
- Maintain professional standards of hygiene and safety
- Be able to prepare for Indian head massage, Be able to provide Indian head massage
- Be able to prepare for Indian head massage, Be able to provide Indian head massage
- Be able to prepare for Indian head massage, Be able to provide Indian head massage
Assessment Criteria
Key criteria assessors look for in your portfolio
- Award credit for demonstrating a thorough client consultation, including contraindication checks, treatment objectives, and informed consent.
- Expect evidence of appropriate technique selection and sequencing, with correct hand placement, rhythm, and pressure adjustments throughout the session.
- Assess for professional conduct: maintaining draping, hygiene practices, client comfort, and providing clear aftercare advice post-treatment.
- Award credit for demonstrating thorough client consultation, including completion of a health questionnaire and identification of contra-indications such as skin infections, recent head or neck injuries, or high blood pressure.
- Award credit for correct selection and application of appropriate massage mediums (e.g., oils tailored to client’s skin type and preference), with justification for choice.
- Award credit for performing Indian head massage sequences with appropriate pressure, rhythm, and coverage of all areas (upper back, shoulders, neck, scalp, and face) while maintaining client modesty and comfort.
- Award credit for providing clear aftercare advice, including avoidance of heat, increased water intake, and recommendations for follow-up treatments, along with documentation in client records.
- Award credit for demonstrating correct posture and ergonomic positioning throughout the massage to prevent self-injury and ensure client comfort.
- Award credit for accurately identifying contraindications through a thorough client consultation and adapting the treatment plan or refusing treatment accordingly.
- Award credit for selecting and applying appropriate massage mediums based on the client's scalp condition, hair type, and any known sensitivities.
- Award credit for executing a logical massage sequence that covers all required areas (upper back, shoulders, neck, scalp, and face) with appropriate pressure and rhythm.
- Award credit for providing comprehensive aftercare advice, including post-treatment reactions, home care recommendations, and any necessary product guidance.
- Award credit for demonstrating a comprehensive consultation that systematically identifies contra-indications, obtains informed consent, and agrees a tailored treatment plan.
- Credit for correctly adapting massage pressure, speed, and sequence according to client feedback, tissue texture, and any areas of tension.
- Expect evidence of maintaining an ergonomic posture and safe working environment, with effective client draping to ensure comfort and modesty.
- Reward clear and documented aftercare advice, including homecare recommendations and how to recognise and manage possible contra-actions.
- Award credit for performing a systematic skin and hair analysis before medium selection
- Award credit for maintaining correct posture and hand positions throughout the massage
- Award credit for checking client comfort and adjusting pressure accordingly
- Award credit for giving audible instructions when moving around the client
- Award credit for correctly identifying and explaining at least three contra-indications
- Award credit for completing accurate treatment records immediately after the session
- Award credit for demonstrating thorough client consultation including medical history, lifestyle factors, and informed consent, documented in accordance with GDPR and salon policies.
- Expect evidence of correct application of massage techniques (e.g., effleurage, petrissage, friction) tailored to the client's condition, with clear rationale for choice of mediums and adaptation for contraindications.
- Look for comprehensive aftercare advice provided to the client, covering post-treatment sensations, homecare recommendations, and clearly documented in the client record.
- Award credit for demonstrating a comprehensive client consultation that includes medical history review, contra-indication identification, and informed consent documentation.
- Award credit for consistent application of appropriate massage techniques (e.g., effleurage, petrissage, friction) with controlled pressure, rhythm, and flow, adapting to client feedback.
- Award credit for maintaining safe working practices, such as hand hygiene, correct posture, and client modesty throughout the treatment.
- Award credit for providing clear, personalised aftercare advice covering hydration, rest, and any potential contra-actions.
- Demonstrate a comprehensive verbal and written consultation, identifying contraindications (e.g., recent head injury, scalp infections, migraines) and obtaining informed consent.
- Show correct posture and ergonomics during the massage to avoid self-injury, maintaining fluid movements with appropriate pressure for each area (effleurage, petrissage, friction, tapotement).
- Ensure strict hygiene procedures: clean hands, appropriate draping, and safe disposal of single-use items, while positioning the client comfortably and maintaining dignity.
- Evidence of aftercare advice tailored to the client's response, including hydration, rest, and any post-treatment restrictions.
- Award credit for demonstrating a comprehensive consultation that systematically checks medical history, identifies contraindications, gains informed consent, and customizes the treatment plan.
- Award credit for maintaining strict hygiene and safety protocols, including sanitizing hands, using clean draping, ensuring client modesty, and adapting techniques to client comfort and feedback.
- Award credit for executing a fluid, rhythmic Indian head massage routine covering upper back, neck, shoulders, and scalp, with appropriate pressure and pace, while incorporating relevant mediums.
- Award credit for demonstrating a thorough consultation, including medical history, lifestyle factors, and specific client preferences, with signed consent obtained before treatment.
- Accurately identify and act upon contraindications (e.g., recent injuries, skin conditions, migraines) by modifying or declining treatment as per protocol.
- Exhibit correct and consistent massage techniques (e.g., effleurage, petrissage, friction) with appropriate pressure, rhythm, and flow adapted to client feedback.
- Maintain professional client modesty and comfort through appropriate draping, positioning, and communication throughout the treatment.
- Provide clear and accurate aftercare advice, including potential contra-actions, post-treatment recommendations, and product usage guidance.
- Award credit for demonstrating a thorough consultation that identifies contraindications (e.g., recent head injury, infectious conditions) and adapts the treatment plan accordingly.
- Award credit for applying Indian head massage techniques with appropriate pressure, rhythm, and sequence, as per recognised protocols, while maintaining client comfort.
- Award credit for evidencing knowledge of anatomy and physiology by explaining the effect of specific movements on the scalp, neck, and shoulder structures.
- Award credit for demonstrating a comprehensive client consultation, including lifestyle, medical history, and identification of contraindications specific to Indian head massage.
- Award credit for meticulous preparation of the treatment area, ensuring optimal temperature, lighting, soothing ambiance, and correct positioning of the client with appropriate draping and support.
- Award credit for selecting and using a suitable massage medium, conducting a patch test if necessary, and warming the product before application.
- Award credit for performing a systematic and flowing sequence of massage movements (effleurage, petrissage, friction, tapotement, and nerve strokes) across back, shoulders, neck, scalp, and face, with correct hand positions and rhythmic pace.
- Award credit for continuously monitoring client comfort, adapting pressure and technique in response to verbal and non-verbal feedback, and maintaining therapist posture to avoid self-injury.
- Award credit for concluding the treatment sensitively, allowing the client time to rest, and delivering thorough aftercare advice including hydration, avoidance of heat/stimulants, and recommendation of future treatments.
- Award credit for a comprehensive consultation that records medical history, lifestyle factors, and treatment expectations
- Observe correct hand positioning, fluidity of movement, and maintenance of contact throughout the massage sequence
- Check for appropriate adaptation of pressure and technique when client indicates discomfort or preference
- Verify that the treatment area is set up according to health and safety guidelines, including clean linen and proper lighting
- Evidence of accurate record keeping post-treatment, including any reactions and aftercare recommendations
- Award credit for demonstrating a detailed client consultation that includes medical history, contraindications, lifestyle factors, and informed consent prior to treatment.
- Expect clear evidence of correct and safe set-up of the work area, including appropriate chair positioning, clean towels, and selection of suitable oil or medium.
- Look for application of a recognised Indian head massage routine covering shoulders, upper arms, neck, and scalp with appropriate pressure, speed, and rhythm tailored to client feedback.
- Assess the learner's ability to maintain supportive contact and adapt hand positions for client comfort, particularly when working around the hairline and ears.
- Require demonstration of effective post-treatment advice, including aftercare recommendations, water intake, and possible contra-actions.
- Award credit for demonstrating correct posture and positioning of the therapist to avoid strain.
- Award credit for the correct identification of contraindications during the consultation.
- Award credit for the smooth and rhythmic flow of massage movements.
- Award credit for the appropriate use of massage mediums and hygiene practices.
- Award credit for the provision of clear and relevant aftercare advice.
- Award credit for demonstrating correct posture and ergonomics during the massage
- Award credit for identifying and responding to contraindications during consultation
- Award credit for using appropriate pressure and rhythm throughout the massage
- Award credit for providing clear and relevant aftercare advice
- Award credit for maintaining client modesty and comfort throughout the treatment
- Award credit for demonstrating correct posture and ergonomics during the massage to prevent self-injury and ensure longevity of practice.
- Evidence of thorough client consultation including medical history, lifestyle, and informed consent, with clear adaptation for contraindications or restrictions.
- Application of a consistent, flowing sequence of massage movements (e.g., effleurage, petrissage, friction) with appropriate pressure and rhythm, using a suitable medium.
- Provision of tailored aftercare advice, including hydration, rest, and potential contra-actions, with recommendations for future sessions.
- Award credit for demonstrating a comprehensive pre-treatment consultation including completion of client record cards, identification of contraindications (e.g., skin conditions, recent injuries), and obtaining informed consent.
- Award credit for correctly preparing the work area, ensuring appropriate lighting, ventilation, and hygiene practices (e.g., sanitising hands, using clean towels/couch roll).
- Award credit for systematically applying Indian head massage techniques (e.g., effleurage, petrissage, friction, nerve strokes) on the scalp, neck, shoulders, and upper back in a logical sequence.
- Award credit for maintaining appropriate pressure and rhythm throughout the treatment, adjusting to client feedback and comfort.
- Award credit for providing effective aftercare advice, including recommendations for hydration, rest, and avoidance of alcohol or heavy meals post-treatment.
- Award credit for demonstrating a comprehensive client consultation, including a detailed medical history, lifestyle enquiry, and identification of contraindications specific to Indian head massage (e.g., recent head or neck injuries, skin infections, severe migraines).
- Expect evidence of correct preparation: clean work area, appropriate linen, selection of blended or pre-blended oils suited to client's scalp and hair condition, and client positioned with adequate support and comfort.
- Assessor looks for proficient execution of Indian head massage techniques (effleurage, petrissage, friction, tapotement) over upper back, shoulders, neck, scalp, and face, with fluid, rhythmic sequences and consistent pressure adapted to client feedback.
- Credit demonstration of effective communication throughout the treatment, including checking comfort, pressure, and temperature, and providing aftercare advice (e.g., avoidance of heat styling, increased water intake, and use of recommended home-care products).
- Expect evidence of safe and hygienic working: hand washing before and after treatment, proper positioning of towels, safe disposal of waste, and appropriate cleaning and sterilisation of equipment.
- Award credit for demonstrating a thorough client consultation, including a review of medical history, lifestyle factors, and identification of contra-indications that may restrict or adapt the treatment.
- Award credit for selecting appropriate massage mediums (e.g., oil, cream) based on client skin type and preference, and for performing a sensitivity test prior to full application.
- Award credit for executing a logical sequence of massage movements (effleurage, petrissage, frictions, tapotement) with consistent rhythm, appropriate pressure, and full coverage of upper back, shoulders, neck, and scalp.
- Award credit for maintaining professional conduct and effective communication throughout the treatment, checking client comfort, and providing a suitable aftercare advice including home care recommendations and future treatment plans.
Assessment Guidance
Guidance for achieving higher grades
- 💡Practice a full consultation routine until it becomes second nature, ensuring all legal and ethical requirements are met before touching the client.
- 💡Record video of your practice sessions to self-assess flow, hand positions, and client interaction, then refine under tutor guidance.
- 💡Memorize aftercare advice and be ready to explain benefits and potential reactions clearly and professionally during assessment.
- 💡During practical assessments, verbalise your actions to demonstrate understanding of adaptations—for example, explain why you are reducing pressure over a client’s recent injury site.
- 💡Ensure all consultation forms are fully completed and signed, as assessors often check for consent and record-keeping as critical evidence of professional practice.
- 💡Revise the specific anatomy of muscles and nerves in the head, neck, and shoulders, as questions often test knowledge of trigger points and their referral patterns.
- 💡Practice your timing to ensure all massage sequences fit within the allocated treatment duration, as incomplete treatments can result in lost marks.
- 💡During practical assessments, verbally explain each step of the consultation, including open and closed questioning techniques, to demonstrate thorough client care.
- 💡Use a systematic approach to the massage sequence, clearly referencing marma points or energy pathways to show underpinning knowledge.
- 💡In written assignments, explicitly link anatomical structures (e.g., trapezius, occipitalis, cervical nerves) to specific massage movements and their physiological effects.
- 💡Review and be prepared to discuss relevant health and safety legislation, such as COSHH for products and the importance of risk assessments in the treatment environment.
- 💡Always verbalise each step during practical assessment to demonstrate underpinning knowledge, such as explaining why you are using a particular stroke.
- 💡Rehearse your treatment sequence until it becomes second nature; a confident, flowing routine impresses assessors and ensures client comfort.
- 💡Prepare to discuss the anatomical structures you are working on (e.g., trapezius, sternocleidomastoid) and the physiological effects of massage.
- 💡Always explain the purpose of each massage movement as you perform it to demonstrate underpinning knowledge
- 💡Use open-ended questioning during consultation to gather comprehensive client information
- 💡Link aftercare advice to the client’s individual lifestyle and treatment goals
- 💡In recorded assessments, verbalise your health and safety checks (e.g., client positioning, hand washing) to ensure they are credited
- 💡Ensure your consultation form captures all required fields (e.g., medical history, contraindications, client expectations) and that treatment plans are documented with specific adaptations, as assessors will scrutinise paperwork for completeness and legal compliance.
- 💡During practical assessment, verbalise your actions and rationale (e.g., “I am using light effleurage to warm the tissue and assess muscle tension before deeper work”) to demonstrate underpinning knowledge and safe practice, even if the client is silent.
- 💡Always verbalise your actions during the practical assessment, explaining the rationale for each technique and how it relates to anatomy and physiology.
- 💡Use correct anatomical terminology when referencing muscles (e.g., trapezius, sternocleidomastoid) and bones (e.g., occipital bone, cervical vertebrae) to demonstrate underpinning knowledge.
- 💡Document all client records meticulously, including consultation notes, treatment plans, and evaluations, as assessors will scrutinise these for compliance with organisational and legal requirements.
- 💡In practical assessments, narrate your actions as you work to demonstrate underpinning knowledge (e.g., naming muscles, explaining benefits of each technique).
- 💡Practice timing your session to cover all required areas within the allocated slot without rushing, ensuring a professional finish.
- 💡Use the consultation form thoroughly to justify any adaptations made, and cross-reference with the treatment plan to show client-centered rationale.
- 💡In practical assessments, use a 'talk-through' method to articulate your clinical reasoning, such as explaining why you select a particular medium or modify pressure based on the client’s stress patterns.
- 💡Demonstrate your underpinning knowledge by referencing relevant anatomy (e.g., sternocleidomastoid release, occipital ridge techniques) and contraindication management during the observed session.
- 💡Showcase professional aftercare by providing a clear, actionable aftercare leaflet and verbal guidance, emphasizing self-care, hydration, and the expected sensory or emotional responses, which assessors value highly.
- 💡Verbally explain your actions during the practical assessment, linking each technique to its purpose, to demonstrate underpinning knowledge.
- 💡Practice timing and flow to ensure you cover the full sequence within the allocated assessment period without rushing.
- 💡Rehearse the consultation and aftercare advice as if in a real setting, using open questions to engage the client and show client-centered care.
- 💡Be prepared to adapt your treatment plan on the spot if a contra-action occurs, showcasing your ability to handle emergencies professionally.
- 💡In practical assessments, continuously communicate with the client to ensure their comfort and adjust techniques based on feedback, demonstrating a client-centred approach.
- 💡For written assignments, integrate your understanding of physiological effects—such as increased blood circulation and muscle relaxation—directly with each massage routine step.
- 💡Prepare for oral questioning by rehearsing how you would handle common scenarios, like recognizing a contra-action (e.g., headache) and providing immediate remedial action.
- 💡Verbally check in with the client at each stage and record adjustments made, as communication is heavily weighted in assessment criteria.
- 💡Use a mirror to self-correct your posture during practice sessions; assessors look for your spine alignment and use of body weight rather than just arm strength.
- 💡Rehearse the full routine until the sequence is automatic, allowing you to focus on client interaction and flow rather than remembering steps.
- 💡When demonstrating shiatsu-style pressure on acupoints, clearly explain to the client what you are doing and why, to evidence underpinning knowledge.
- 💡After the treatment, let the client sit quietly with a glass of water and a cover in place for at least 5 minutes to demonstrate professional aftercare and holistic respect.
- 💡In practical assessments, verbally describe each step and the rationale behind your technique to demonstrate underpinning knowledge
- 💡Maintain continuous, even pressure and seamless transitions between movements to showcase professional competence
- 💡Refer explicitly to the client’s consultation form and ask for feedback during the treatment to evidence client-centered practice
- 💡During practical assessments, verbalise your actions and explain why you adjust pressure or technique based on palpation findings and client feedback.
- 💡Rehearse the full sequence until it becomes second nature, ensuring smooth transitions between areas without hesitation.
- 💡Always double-check your workstation set-up: tuck draping neatly, have hair clips ready, and warm the oil in your hands before application.
- 💡Anticipate examiner questions by reviewing common contraindications and required modifications, e.g., adapting for a client with tension headaches or shoulder pain.
- 💡Practice the full massage sequence repeatedly to ensure fluidity and confidence.
- 💡Always verbalise your actions during practical assessments to demonstrate knowledge.
- 💡Memorise the key contraindications and be prepared to explain their relevance.
- 💡Ensure you know the aftercare advice thoroughly, as it is a common assessment question.
- 💡Practice the full sequence repeatedly to build muscle memory and confidence
- 💡Memorise the key benefits and contraindications to answer theory questions accurately
- 💡During practical assessments, talk through your actions to demonstrate understanding
- 💡Always perform a thorough consultation and record findings clearly
- 💡Review the VTCT marking criteria to ensure you meet all evidence requirements
- 💡During practical observations, verbalize each step, including your rationale, to demonstrate deep understanding and professional competence.
- 💡Rehearse the consultation process meticulously, ensuring you can identify contraindications quickly and confidently explain necessary adaptations.
- 💡Study the historical and cultural origins of Indian head massage; theory exam questions often test this background knowledge.
- 💡For assignment tasks, ensure all supporting evidence (photos, reflective journals, client feedback) clearly links assessment criteria to your practice.
- 💡Always start with a verbal consultation to confirm the client’s health status and any contraindications, documenting findings clearly on a consultation form—this is often a key assessment criterion.
- 💡Practice the full massage sequence repeatedly to build flow and confidence; assessors look for smooth transitions and consistent technique.
- 💡Use open-ended questions during and after the treatment to gather client feedback, demonstrating client-centred care.
- 💡Record all details legibly in client notes immediately after the treatment, including areas worked, products used, and aftercare advice given, as this evidences holistic practice.
- 💡Begin your practical assessment with a clear, professional consultation—voice-record or document every question and client response; this reinforces your competency in client care and medical history taking.
- 💡Demonstrate adaptability by modifying your massage sequence if the client reports ticklishness on the neck or sensitivity on the scalp; examiners value client-centred adjustments.
- 💡Incorporate a visual check of the client's posture and range of motion before starting; this not only personalises the treatment but also shows a higher-level understanding of anatomy and ergonomics.
- 💡When providing aftercare advice, be specific—recommend a suitable hair oil or scalp treatment and explain why, linking it to the client's individual needs discussed during consultation.
- 💡Maintain a calm, confident flow throughout; avoid stopping abruptly or breaking contact unnecessarily, as continuity of touch is a key assessment criterion for holistic treatments.
- 💡In practical assessments, narrate your actions to demonstrate underpinning knowledge, e.g., explain why you are avoiding a specific area due to a contra-indication.
- 💡Practice the full sequence repeatedly to achieve a fluid, meditative rhythm; assessors value a seamless, confident flow over mechanical accuracy.
- 💡Prepare a model client with specific contra-indications or preferences in mock assessments to show adaptability and client-centred care.
- 💡Review the VTCT assessment grading criteria for merit and distinction, focusing on higher-order skills like incorporating advanced massage techniques or customising the treatment based on a detailed consultation.
- 💡**Demonstrate Comprehensive Client Care:** Examiners look for a holistic approach. Ensure your consultation is thorough, you explain the treatment clearly, maintain client comfort throughout (e.g., appropriate draping, asking about pressure), and provide detailed aftercare advice. This shows you understand the full client journey, not just the practical techniques.
- 💡**Precision in Practical Application:** Focus on the flow, rhythm, and appropriate pressure of your massage techniques. Each movement should be purposeful and executed with confidence. Pay close attention to the specific areas covered in the curriculum, ensuring you don't neglect the neck, shoulders, or upper back, and transition smoothly between areas. Practice your routine until it feels natural.
- 💡**Articulate Your Knowledge of Contraindications:** During your practical assessment, be prepared to verbally identify and explain relevant contraindications and how you would adapt or refer a client. This demonstrates your theoretical understanding and ability to apply it safely in a real-world scenario. Don't just list them; explain their significance and your professional response.
Common Mistakes
Common errors to avoid in your coursework
- Failing to adapt pressure and pace to client feedback, leading to discomfort or ineffective treatment.
- Neglecting to check for contraindications or failing to modify treatment accordingly, e.g., avoiding inflamed areas or adjusting for medical conditions.
- Poor practitioner posture and ergonomics, resulting in strain or fatigue, and inconsistent technique quality.
- Failing to conduct a patch test prior to treatment when using nut-based oils, leading to risk of allergic reaction.
- Applying excessive pressure on the temples or eyes without adjusting for client feedback, causing discomfort or bruising.
- Neglecting to drape the client appropriately, resulting in oil stains on clothing or exposure of sensitive areas.
- Omitting confirmation of client’s medical history updates at each visit, potentially overlooking new contra-indications like pregnancy or recent medication changes.
- Failing to check for contraindications such as scalp infections, recent head or neck injuries, or skin conditions that could be exacerbated by the treatment.
- Applying excessive or insufficient pressure, especially on sensitive areas like the temples or neck, leading to client discomfort or ineffective treatment.
- Neglecting to adapt massage techniques for clients with long hair, hair extensions, or thinning hair, resulting in pulling or discomfort.
- Omitting or rushing aftercare advice, particularly regarding possible side effects like mild headache, drowsiness, or the importance of hydration.
- Failing to check for contra-indications such as recent neck injuries, skin infections, or scalp conditions before treatment.
- Applying excessive pressure without regularly checking client comfort or overlooking the client's non-verbal cues.
- Neglecting hygiene protocols, such as removing jewellery and tying back hair, which compromises professionalism and safety.
- Insufficient adaptation of pressure for sensitive or bony areas
- Omitting to remove jewellery or tie back long hair before treatment
- Using an oil without performing a prior patch test
- Incorrect draping that exposes client unnecessarily
- Failing to check for contra-indications specific to the head and scalp, such as recent injury or infection
- Rushing the consultation and missing key medical history details
- Misidentifying contraindications such as distinguishing between a contraindication that prevents treatment (e.g., severe hypertension) versus one that requires adaptation (e.g., localized skin conditions), leading to unsafe practice.
- Applying incorrect pressure or rhythm, often using excessive force on sensitive areas like temples or not maintaining consistent flow, which can cause discomfort or diminish therapeutic effect.
- Insufficient pressure control, leading to either ineffective treatment or client discomfort.
- Overlooking contra-indications like scalp infections, recent injuries, or migraines, risking client harm.
- Failing to adapt the sequence or depth of massage to client’s specific needs or preferences.
- Neglecting to provide thorough aftercare advice, which may result in client confusion or adverse reactions.
- Applying excessive pressure on the neck or spine without adapting to client feedback, leading to discomfort or injury.
- Omitting necessary contraindication checks, such as failing to ask about recent Botox, undiagnosed lumps, or uncontrolled high blood pressure.
- Neglecting to warm up the muscles gradually, starting with deep techniques too early in the sequence, which can cause strain.
- Poor hand hygiene or not securing long hair/clothing, risking cross-contamination or distracting the client.
- Failing to thoroughly inspect the scalp and skin for undiagnosed conditions, infections, or recent injuries before commencing massage, which may lead to contra-actions or cross-infection.
- Overlooking the individual’s pain threshold by using a generic pressure, particularly on sensitive zones such as the temporalis muscle, mastoid process, or crown of the head.
- Not providing structured aftercare advice, omitting key guidance like increased water intake, refraining from alcohol or heavy meals, and reporting any adverse reactions within a specified timeframe.
- Insufficient checking for contraindications, such as overlooking recent head injuries or skin infections, leading to an unsafe treatment.
- Applying excessive or uneven pressure without adjusting to client feedback, causing discomfort or ineffective results.
- Poor therapist posture and hand positions, resulting in self-injury or client discomfort and reducing treatment efficacy.
- Neglecting to protect client clothing and hair with appropriate coverings, leading to oil stains or dissatisfaction.
- Omitting key steps in the massage sequence, such as lymphatic drainage or specific scalp techniques, compromising the holistic benefits.
- Confusing the order of massage sequences or applying excessive pressure over sensitive areas such as the temples or spine.
- Omitting to check for contraindications like high blood pressure, fever, or fungal infections during the consultation phase.
- Neglecting aftercare advice, including the importance of hydration and avoiding intense activity post-treatment, which can lead to adverse reactions.
- Overlooking mild contraindications such as recent scar tissue or low blood pressure that require modified treatment, rather than full refusal.
- Using uniformly strong pressure without assessing muscle tension areas, leading to client discomfort or inadequate relief.
- Neglecting proper therapist posture and hand mechanics, resulting in repetitive strain injury over time.
- Skipping the consultation or failing to update it at each session, which may miss new conditions or medications.
- Rushing through the neck and shoulder sequence, which are key tension zones, diminishing therapeutic benefit.
- Applying excessive pressure on the temples or scalp without gauging client comfort, leading to discomfort or pain
- Failing to support the client’s head adequately during forward-leaning positions, causing neck strain
- Omitting warm-up effleurage movements before deeper petrissage or friction techniques, increasing risk of tissue trauma
- Neglecting to check the client’s comfort regarding room temperature, music volume, or drape throughout the session
- Insufficient client consultation leading to overlooked contraindications such as recent head injuries, skin conditions, or high blood pressure.
- Using excessive massage oil resulting in greasy hair and discomfort, or failing to protect client’s clothing.
- Applying inconsistent pressure, especially too much force on the neck or too little on the muscular shoulders, due to lack of client communication.
- Poor therapist posture and body mechanics causing strain, with hands flying off the body rather than maintaining continuous, flowing contact.
- Neglecting to secure hair away from the face or remove jewellery, which can interfere with smooth massage strokes and client relaxation.
- Failing to conduct a thorough consultation, leading to missed contraindications.
- Using excessive pressure that causes client discomfort.
- Neglecting to maintain a hygienic environment and clean equipment.
- Performing massage movements in an uncoordinated or jerky manner.
- Applying too much pressure, causing client discomfort
- Failing to adapt the treatment for clients with long hair or sensitive scalps
- Neglecting to check for contraindications before starting the treatment
- Using incorrect posture, leading to therapist fatigue or injury
- Omitting aftercare advice or providing generic advice not tailored to the client
- Confusing Indian head massage with other massage modalities (e.g., Swedish) and applying deep pressure without adapting to client tolerance or scalp sensitivity.
- Omitting to check for contraindications such as recent head injuries, undiagnosed lumps, acute migraine, or skin infections, leading to potential harm.
- Neglecting the holistic and energetic aspects (e.g., balancing chakras or Marma points), treating the treatment as a purely mechanical process without considering the client's emotional state.
- Using excessive oil on the hair and scalp, causing client discomfort post-treatment or failing to protect clothing adequately.
- Failing to thoroughly check for contraindications such as head lice, skin infections, or blood clotting disorders before commencing massage.
- Applying excessive pressure on sensitive areas like the temples or over bony prominences, causing discomfort.
- Using insufficient or excessive oil/lubrication, leading to either tugging of hair or greasy residue.
- Neglecting to maintain correct posture and body mechanics, which can lead to therapist fatigue or injury over time.
- Omitting the importance of draping the client appropriately to ensure comfort and modesty.
- Neglecting to check for contraindications that specifically affect Indian head massage, such as pre-existing neck or shoulder injuries, recent whiplash, or scalp conditions like psoriasis, leading to potential discomfort or harm.
- Using excessive or insufficient pressure without adapting to the client's verbal and non-verbal cues, resulting in either discomfort or a lack of therapeutic effect.
- Applying oil too liberally, causing dripping onto clothing or face, or using the wrong type of oil (e.g., too heavy, comedogenic) that may aggravate the client's skin or hair type.
- Rushing through the massage sequence or omitting key areas such as the temples or upper back, which undermines the holistic benefit of the treatment.
- Failing to support the client's head adequately during the neck massage, causing strain or inappropriate tipping of the head.
- Failing to adapt pressure and technique for clients with neck or shoulder tension, leading to discomfort or inadequate therapeutic benefit.
- Overlooking the need to secure hair away from the face and neck, resulting in product transfer to clothing and an unprofessional finish.
- Neglecting to adjust the client’s seated position or support, causing poor therapist ergonomics and potential strain during the treatment.
- Insufficient post-treatment scalp or hair cleansing, leaving residues that may cause client dissatisfaction or irritation.
- **Misconception:** Indian Head Massage is only about rubbing the scalp. **Correction:** While the scalp is a primary focus, a comprehensive Indian Head Massage treatment extends to the neck, shoulders, upper back, and sometimes the upper arms. These areas are crucial for releasing tension that often contributes to headaches, neck stiffness, and overall stress.
- **Misconception:** You don't need much anatomy knowledge for IHM, it's just relaxation. **Correction:** This is incorrect and potentially dangerous. A solid understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the head, neck, and shoulders is vital to apply techniques safely, avoid sensitive areas, identify contraindications, and understand the therapeutic effects on muscles, nerves, and circulation.
- **Misconception:** A quick chat with the client is enough before starting the massage. **Correction:** A thorough client consultation, including a detailed medical history and lifestyle assessment, is paramount. Skipping this step can lead to performing a massage on someone with a contraindication, potentially causing harm or exacerbating a condition. It's also essential for tailoring the treatment to their specific needs and gaining informed consent.
Revision Plan
How to revise this topic in 1–2 weeks
- 1**Week 1: Theoretical Foundations & A&P Deep Dive:** Dedicate the first few days to thoroughly reviewing the anatomy and physiology of the head, neck, shoulders, and upper back. Create flashcards for muscles, bones, and nerve pathways. Simultaneously, study contraindications, contra-actions, and the consultation process. Practice answering short-answer questions related to these theoretical aspects.
- 2**Week 1-2: Master Practical Techniques & Flow:** Begin hands-on practice, focusing on individual massage techniques (effleurage, petrissage, friction, tapotement, marma points) on a willing volunteer. Concentrate on correct hand positioning, pressure, and rhythm. Gradually link these techniques together to create a smooth, continuous flow for the entire treatment sequence. Video record yourself to identify areas for improvement.
- 3**Week 2: Full Treatment Integration & Client Care:** Practice performing full Indian Head Massage treatments, from initial client greeting and thorough consultation to the practical application of techniques and providing aftercare advice. Focus on maintaining a professional demeanor, ensuring client comfort, and managing your time effectively. Use a checklist to ensure all curriculum requirements are met.
- 4**Ongoing: Scenario Practice & Mock Assessments:** Regularly review your notes and create hypothetical client scenarios. How would you adapt a treatment for someone with specific conditions (e.g., mild tension headaches, scalp sensitivity)? Practice explaining contraindications and aftercare. If possible, arrange for a peer or tutor to conduct a mock practical assessment and provide constructive feedback.
- 5**Final Review & Self-Assessment:** Before your actual assessment, conduct a comprehensive review of all theory and practical elements. Revisit any areas you found challenging. Perform a final self-assessment of a full treatment, ensuring you can confidently articulate the benefits, contraindications, and techniques involved. Focus on presenting a calm, professional, and knowledgeable approach.
Exam Question Types
How this topic typically appears in the exam
- 📋**Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs):** These questions assess your knowledge of theoretical concepts such as anatomy and physiology, contraindications, health and safety regulations, and the benefits of IHM. Advice: Read each question and all options carefully. Eliminate obviously incorrect answers first. If unsure, use your understanding of core principles to deduce the most likely correct option.
- 📋**Short Answer Questions:** You'll be asked to define terms, explain procedures, list benefits, or describe how to manage specific situations (e.g., 'Describe three benefits of Indian Head Massage' or 'Explain the importance of aftercare advice'). Advice: Provide concise, accurate, and specific details. Use correct terminology and ensure your answers directly address the question asked, demonstrating your understanding.
- 📋**Case Study Questions:** You'll be presented with a client scenario and asked to identify contraindications, suggest treatment adaptations, or outline a consultation plan. Advice: Read the case study thoroughly, highlighting key information. Apply your knowledge of contraindications and client care. Justify your decisions with clear reasoning based on curriculum content.
- 📋**Practical Observation/Assessment:** This is the core component where you will perform a full Indian Head Massage treatment on a client (often a peer or model) under examination conditions. Advice: Focus on demonstrating a professional consultation, correct application of all techniques with appropriate pressure and flow, maintaining client comfort and modesty, adherence to health and safety, and providing clear aftercare. Practice your routine until it's smooth and confident.
Frequently Asked Questions
Common questions students ask about this topic
Pass / Merit / Distinction Evidence Checklist
How your portfolio evidence is graded for VTCT SKILLS Provide Indian head massage
Every vocational unit is marked against named criteria rather than an exam percentage. Your tutor's brief lists the exact codes for this unit — here is what each band is asking you to do.
Pass (P)
Demonstrate baseline knowledge, accurate terminology, and core practical application.
Merit (M)
Provide detailed analysis, structured explanations, and clear workplace reasoning.
Distinction (D)
Deliver thorough evaluation, original problem solving, and fully justified recommendations.
Before You Start
Prior knowledge that will help with this topic
- •**Basic Understanding of Human Anatomy and Physiology:** While the course covers specific A&P, a foundational knowledge of the body's systems, particularly the muscular and skeletal systems, will provide a strong base.
- •**Good Communication and Interpersonal Skills:** The ability to listen actively, ask appropriate questions, and explain procedures clearly is essential for effective client consultation and rapport building.
- •**Awareness of Health, Safety, and Hygiene Practices:** A general understanding of maintaining a clean and safe working environment, including personal hygiene and infection control, will be beneficial.
Coursework AI Review
Paste your assignment brief and check your draft against its P/M/D criteria
Key Terminology
Essential terms to know
- Be able to maintain safe and effective methods of working when providing Indian head Massage, Be able to consult, plan and prepare for treatments with clients, Be able to perform Indian head massage, Understand organisational and legal requirements for providing Indian head massage, Understand how to work safely and effectively when providing Indian Head Massage, Understand how to consult with clients, Understand how to prepare for providing Indian head massages, Understand anatomy and physiology related to Indian head massages, Understand contra-indications and contra-actions that affect or restrict body massage treatments, Understand different Indian head massage mediums, Understand the principles of Indian head massage, Understand how to provide aftercare advice
- Be able to maintain safe and effective methods of working when providing Indian head Massage, Be able to consult, plan and prepare for treatments with clients, Be able to perform Indian head massage, Understand organisational and legal requirements for providing Indian head massage, Understand how to work safely and effectively when providing Indian Head Massage, Understand how to consult with clients, Understand how to prepare for providing Indian head massages, Understand anatomy and physiology related to Indian head massages, Understand contra-indications and contra-actions that affect or restrict body massage treatments, Understand different Indian head massage mediums, Understand the principles of Indian head massage, Understand how to provide aftercare advice
- Be able to maintain safe and effective methods of working when providing Indian head Massage, Be able to consult, plan and prepare for treatments with clients, Be able to perform Indian head massage, Understand organisational and legal requirements for providing Indian head massage, Understand how to work safely and effectively when providing Indian Head Massage, Understand how to consult with clients, Understand how to prepare for providing Indian head massages, Understand anatomy and physiology related to Indian head massages, Understand contra-indications and contra-actions that affect or restrict body massage treatments, Understand different Indian head massage mediums, Understand the principles of Indian head massage, Understand how to provide aftercare advice
- Health, safety and hygiene protocols
- Client consultation and treatment planning
- Indian head massage techniques and sequences
- Anatomy and physiology of head, neck and shoulders
- Contra-indications and contra-actions management
- Aftercare advice and client feedback
- Be able to maintain safe and effective methods of working when providing Indian head Massage, Be able to consult, plan and prepare for treatments with clients, Be able to perform Indian head massage, Understand organisational and legal requirements for providing Indian head massage, Understand how to work safely and effectively when providing Indian Head Massage, Understand how to consult with clients, Understand how to prepare for providing Indian head massages, Understand anatomy and physiology related to Indian head massages, Understand contra-indications and contra-actions that affect or restrict body massage treatments, Understand different Indian head massage mediums, Understand the principles of Indian head massage, Understand how to provide aftercare advice
- Be able to maintain safe and effective methods of working when providing Indian head Massage, Be able to consult, plan and prepare for treatments with clients, Be able to perform Indian head massage, Understand organisational and legal requirements for providing Indian head massage, Understand how to work safely and effectively when providing Indian Head Massage, Understand how to consult with clients, Understand how to prepare for providing Indian head massages, Understand anatomy and physiology related to Indian head massages, Understand contra-indications and contra-actions that affect or restrict body massage treatments, Understand different Indian head massage mediums, Understand the principles of Indian head massage, Understand how to provide aftercare advice
- Be able to maintain safe and effective methods of working when providing Indian head Massage, Be able to consult, plan and prepare for treatments with clients, Be able to perform Indian head massage, Understand organisational and legal requirements for providing Indian head massage, Understand how to work safely and effectively when providing Indian Head Massage, Understand how to consult with clients, Understand how to prepare for providing Indian head massages, Understand anatomy and physiology related to Indian head massages, Understand contra-indications and contra-actions that affect or restrict body massage treatments, Understand different Indian head massage mediums, Understand the principles of Indian head massage, Understand how to provide aftercare advice
- Be able to prepare for Indian head massage, Be able to provide Indian head massage
- Be able to maintain safe and effective methods of working when providing Indian head Massage, Be able to consult, plan and prepare for treatments with clients, Be able to perform Indian head massage, Understand organisational and legal requirements for providing Indian head massage, Understand how to work safely and effectively when providing Indian Head Massage, Understand how to consult with clients, Understand how to prepare for providing Indian head massages, Understand anatomy and physiology related to Indian head massages, Understand contra-indications and contra-actions that affect or restrict body massage treatments, Understand different Indian head massage mediums, Understand the principles of Indian head massage, Understand how to provide aftercare advice
- Be able to prepare for Indian head massage, Be able to provide Indian head massage
- Client consultation and contraindications
- Massage mediums and equipment selection
- Indian head massage techniques and sequence
- Contraindications and adaptations
- Health, safety, and hygiene in practice
- Aftercare and client feedback
- Client consultation and aftercare
- Preparation of treatment area and therapist
- Massage techniques and sequence
- Health, safety, and hygiene
- Adaptation of treatment to client needs
- Ayurvedic origins and holistic principles
- Client consultation and contraindications
- Massage techniques and sequence
- Health, safety, and hygiene
- Adaptation and aftercare
- Professional conduct and communication
- Be able to prepare for Indian head massage, Be able to provide Indian head massage
- Be able to prepare for Indian head massage, Be able to provide Indian head massage
- Be able to prepare for Indian head massage, Be able to provide Indian head massage
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