Question 1

What is the difference between modernisation theory and dependency theory?

Accepted Answer

Modernisation theory sees development as a linear process where traditional societies become modern by adopting Western values and institutions. It blames internal factors like culture for underdevelopment. Dependency theory, in contrast, argues that underdevelopment is caused by external exploitation by core capitalist countries. It sees the global economy as structured to keep peripheral nations poor. For example, modernisation might praise foreign investment, while dependency theory would criticise it for extracting profits.

Question 2

How do transnational corporations (TNCs) affect global development?

Accepted Answer

TNCs can have both positive and negative effects. Positively, they bring jobs, technology, and investment to developing countries. For instance, Nike's factories in Vietnam provide employment. However, critics argue TNCs exploit cheap labour, avoid taxes, and damage the environment. They also create a 'race to the bottom' where countries compete to offer the lowest wages and weakest regulations. Dependency theorists see TNCs as a tool of neocolonialism, keeping developing nations dependent on foreign capital.

Question 3

What are the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?

Accepted Answer

The SDGs are a set of 17 global goals adopted by the UN in 2015 to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure prosperity for all by 2030. They include targets like no poverty, zero hunger, quality education, gender equality, and climate action. Unlike the earlier Millennium Development Goals, the SDGs apply to all countries, not just developing ones. They are important for A-Level Sociology because they represent a global consensus on development priorities, but critics say they are too ambitious and lack enforcement mechanisms.

Question 4

Is globalisation making development more equal or more unequal?

Accepted Answer

There is debate. Some argue globalisation has lifted millions out of poverty, especially in countries like China and India, by integrating them into global markets. However, others point out that inequality within and between countries has risen. The richest 1% own more than the bottom 50%, and many developing countries remain trapped in low-value production. World systems theory suggests globalisation reinforces the dominance of core countries. Overall, globalisation has created winners and losers, and its impact depends on a country's position in the global economy.

Question 5

What role do international organisations like the IMF and World Bank play in development?

Accepted Answer

The IMF and World Bank provide loans and advice to developing countries, often with conditions like privatisation, deregulation, and austerity (structural adjustment programmes). Supporters say these policies stabilise economies and promote growth. Critics, however, argue they harm the poor by cutting public services and increasing inequality. For example, in the 1980s, SAPs in Africa led to reduced spending on health and education. Today, these organisations face calls for reform to prioritise human development over debt repayment.

Question 6

How can I evaluate different theories of development in my exam?

Accepted Answer

To evaluate theories, consider their strengths, weaknesses, and evidence. For modernisation theory, note its ethnocentrism and failure to explain persistent poverty. For dependency theory, acknowledge its deterministic view and inability to account for successful NICs like South Korea. Use examples: South Korea's development challenges dependency theory, while Sub-Saharan Africa's struggles support it. Also, consider feminist critiques that both theories ignore gender. Finally, link to contemporary issues like the debt crisis or climate change to show critical thinking.

Global Development

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Related Topics in AQA A-Level Sociology

Beliefs in Society

Crime and Deviance

Culture and Identity

Education

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