What are the main stages of the research process?

The research process in sociology is a systematic framework that guides sociologists from initial curiosity to final conclusions. It ensures that research is rigorous, ethical, and capable of producing valid and reliable findings. Understanding this process is essential for A-Level students because it underpins all sociological studies you will analyse and evaluate in exams. The process typically includes stages such as defining a research topic, reviewing literature, formulating a hypothesis or research question, choosing a research method, collecting data, analysing data, and drawing conclusions.

This topic is central to the 'Research Methods' component of OCR A-Level Sociology. It connects to broader themes like the relationship between theory and methods, the practical and ethical considerations of research, and the ability to critically assess studies. Mastering the stages of the research process enables you to design your own research (for the Methods in Context section) and to evaluate the strengths and limitations of existing studies. It also helps you understand why sociologists choose different methods for different questions, linking to positivist and interpretivist approaches.

In your exam, you will be expected to apply this knowledge to specific contexts, such as researching educational achievement or crime. You might be asked to explain how a researcher would operationalise a concept like 'social class' or to discuss the ethical issues involved in studying a sensitive topic. A clear grasp of the research process allows you to structure your answers logically and demonstrate higher-order thinking, which is key to achieving top marks.