Writing: producing clear and coherent text: writing effectively for different purposes and audiences: to describe, narrate, explain, instruct, give and respond to information, and argue; selecting vocabulary, grammar, form, and structural and organisational features judiciously to reflect audience, purpose and context; using language imaginatively and creatively; using information provided by others to write in different forms; maintaining a consistent point of view; maintaining coherence and consistency across a text

The idea

This covers the craft of shaping text for a reader. First, identify the purpose (to describe, narrate, explain, instruct, inform, respond or argue) and audience. Then, select a form, vocabulary, grammar and structure to match. For example, an instruction leaflet uses imperative verbs and numbered steps, while an argument uses connectives and rhetorical questions. You may need to transform source material into a new form, like turning an article into a letter. Maintaining a consistent point of view (e.g., first or third person) and coherence across paragraphs is crucial for clarity. Every choice, including imaginative language, must judiciously serve the purpose, audience and context, illuminating meaning rather than just decorating the text.

What earns the marks

• Identify the purpose and audience before writing, then select a matching form and register, for example a formal letter for a council rather than a chatty blog post.
• Use structural features deliberately: an opening that hooks, paragraphs grouped by idea, discourse markers such as 'however' and 'as a result', and a closing that resolves the piece.
• Select vocabulary and grammar judiciously, choosing precise verbs, varied sentence lengths and punctuation for effect rather than filling space with adjectives.
• When using information provided by others, select, reorganise and re-express it in the required form instead of copying chunks verbatim.
• Maintain a consistent point of view and tense so the reader is not jolted by unexplained shifts between 'I', 'you' and 'they'.
• Use imaginative and creative language, such as a sustained metaphor or sensory detail, only where it strengthens the purpose and audience fit.

Common mistakes and how to put them right

• Writing a generic piece that ignores the stated audience and purpose.

  Put it right: Annotate the task first and check every paragraph against those two words.

• Copying source sentences directly when asked to write in a different form.

  Put it right: Note key facts, close the source, and rebuild them in your own structure and voice.

• Switching point of view or tense mid-text, for example moving from 'I walked' to 'you walk'.

  Put it right: Decide the viewpoint before drafting and reread for consistency.

Exam tips

• Spend a few minutes planning purpose, audience, form and a paragraph-by-paragraph outline before you write, as this shapes every later choice.
• Leave time to proofread for coherence: check that each paragraph links to the last and that your opening and ending match the task.