The political, economic and social condition of England in 1154; the…

The idea

In 1154, England was recovering from 'The Anarchy' of Stephen's reign. Politically, royal authority was severely weakened by over-mighty barons holding adulterine castles. Economically, royal revenues had plummeted, and the coinage was debased, while socially, lawlessness prevailed and the Church had gained unprecedented independence. Henry II, characterised by his restless energy, formidable temper, and sharp intellect, aimed to restore the royal rights enjoyed by his grandfather, Henry I. At his accession, Henry's position had distinct strengths: his succession was undisputed following the 1153 Treaty of Winchester, and he possessed vast continental territories. However, his weaknesses included a depleted treasury, entrenched baronial power, and the challenge of managing a sprawling, disparate empire.

What earns the marks

• Assess the extent of political fragmentation in 1154, focusing on the proliferation of adulterine castles and the usurpation of royal rights by the baronage.
• Evaluate the economic impact of 'The Anarchy', noting the significant drop in royal income and the necessity of reforming the debased coinage.
• Analyse Henry II's character and primary aims, specifically his determination to restore the customs and royal authority of Henry I's reign.
• Weigh the strengths of Henry's accession, such as his undisputed claim and Angevin resources, against weaknesses like a depleted treasury and an empowered Church.

Common mistakes and how to put them right

• Assuming England was completely destroyed by 'The Anarchy'.

  Put it right: In reality, devastation was regional, and some areas remained economically stable.

• Confusing Henry II's aims with a desire for new, innovative tyranny.

  Put it right: His stated goal was always the conservative restoration of his grandfather's (Henry I) rights.

• Overlooking Henry's continental power; students often focus solely on England, forgetting that his vast Angevin empire provided crucial resources and security at his accession.

Exam tips

• Use specific examples of baronial power in 1154, such as the influence of William of Aumale, to illustrate the political challenges Henry faced.
• When discussing Henry's character, link his personal traits, like his restless energy, directly to his administrative and military actions.
• Contrast the theoretical strength of Henry's vast empire with the practical weakness of having to constantly travel to maintain authority across it.