Key topic 2: Henry VIII and Cromwell, 1529–40 - 3 Cromwell and government,…

The idea

Thomas Cromwell fundamentally changed the role of Parliament in English government. Previously, Parliament was called infrequently, primarily to grant taxes. Cromwell used the 'Reformation Parliament' (1529–1536) to pass complex legislation that enacted the Break with Rome, such as the Act of Supremacy. This established the principle of 'King-in-Parliament', meaning the highest authority in England was the monarch acting with the agreement of Parliament. Cromwell managed Parliament carefully by controlling elections, drafting bills himself, and using pamphlets to influence MPs. This transformed Parliament from a temporary advisory body into a permanent, essential partner in the legislative process, significantly increasing its power and importance.

What earns the marks

• Explain the traditional role of Parliament as a body primarily for granting taxation.
• Describe how Cromwell used Parliament to pass major religious and political changes, such as the Act of Supremacy.
• Define the concept of 'King-in-Parliament' and its significance for legislative authority.
• Identify methods Cromwell used to manage Parliament, including drafting legislation and influencing elections.
• Evaluate the long-term impact of Cromwell's use of Parliament on its power and status.

Common mistakes and how to put them right

• Believing Parliament had the power to defy Henry VIII during this period.

  Put it right: Parliament was largely compliant and managed by Cromwell to legalise the King's wishes, not to oppose him.

• Confusing the Reformation Parliament with the Privy Council.

  Put it right: Parliament was the legislative body of MPs and Lords, while the Privy Council was the executive body of royal advisors.

• Stating that Cromwell reduced the power of Parliament.

  Put it right: Cromwell actually increased Parliament's importance by using it to enact unprecedented religious and constitutional changes.

Exam tips

• Use the term 'King-in-Parliament' to demonstrate a high-level understanding of how legislative authority evolved.
• Give specific examples of legislation passed by Parliament under Cromwell, such as the Act of Supremacy or the Treason Act.
• Discuss Cromwell's management tactics, like drafting bills, to show how he ensured Parliament did what the King wanted.