Plan and Monitor Animal Feeding — City & Guilds Limited Occupational Qualification Animal Care & Veterinary Revision

    This subtopic equips learners with the practical skills to design balanced, species-appropriate diets and structured feeding schedules, taking into account

    Topic Synopsis

    This subtopic equips learners with the practical skills to design balanced, species-appropriate diets and structured feeding schedules, taking into account nutritional requirements, life stage, health status, and husbandry considerations. It also covers the systematic monitoring of food intake, body condition, and behaviour to adjust feeding plans as needed, ensuring optimal welfare and performance. This competency is critical for maintaining animal health, preventing malnutrition, and supporting veterinary advice in professional animal care settings.

    Key Concepts & Core Principles

    Exam Tips & Revision Strategies

    Common Misconceptions & Mistakes to Avoid

    Examiner Marking Points

    Plan and Monitor Animal Feeding

    CITY & GUILDS LIMITED
    vocational

    This subtopic focuses on the design, implementation, and evaluation of scientifically sound feeding regimes for diverse animal species in a care or production setting. It requires learners to integrate knowledge of nutritional science, species-specific requirements, and practical constraints to formulate balanced diets and schedules, then monitor outcomes to adjust plans as needed. The practical application includes creating diet sheets, calculating rations, and observing animal health indicators to ensure optimal welfare and performance.

    38
    Learning Outcomes
    41
    Assessment Guidance
    45
    Key Skills
    38
    Key Terms
    47
    Assessment Criteria

    Assessment criteria

    City & Guilds Level 3 Certificate in Animal Management
    City & Guilds Level 3 Certificate in Horse Management
    City & Guilds Level 3 90-Credit Diploma in Horse Management
    City & Guilds Level 3 Diploma in Horse Management
    City & Guilds Level 3 Subsidiary Diploma in Horse Management
    City & Guilds Level 3 Extended Diploma in Animal Management
    City & Guilds Level 3 90-Credit Diploma in Animal Management
    City & Guilds Level 3 Diploma in Animal Management
    City & Guilds Level 3 Subsidiary Diploma in Animal Management
    City & Guilds Level 3 Extended Diploma in Horse Management

    Topic Overview

    The City & Guilds Level 3 Diploma in Animal Management is a comprehensive vocational qualification designed for students aspiring to work in the animal care industry. This diploma covers a wide range of topics including animal health, behaviour, nutrition, breeding, and the legal and ethical frameworks governing animal management. It is ideal for those seeking careers as veterinary nurses, animal welfare officers, zoo keepers, or kennel/cattery managers.

    This qualification is structured to provide both theoretical knowledge and practical skills. Students will learn to assess and maintain animal health, understand animal behaviour and handling, and manage animal accommodation and feeding regimes. The diploma also emphasises the importance of biosecurity, record-keeping, and communication within animal care settings. By the end of the course, students will be equipped to work confidently with a variety of domestic and exotic species.

    The Level 3 Diploma sits within the wider subject of Animal Care & Veterinary, bridging foundational knowledge from Level 2 with advanced concepts needed for higher education or employment. It is recognised by employers and universities alike, making it a versatile stepping stone for further study in veterinary science, animal behaviour, or conservation.

    Key Concepts

    Core ideas you must understand for this topic

    • →Animal Health and Disease Prevention: Understanding common diseases, vaccination protocols, and quarantine procedures to maintain optimal health in captive animals.
    • →Nutritional Requirements: Formulating balanced diets for different species, life stages, and health conditions, including the role of vitamins, minerals, and energy sources.
    • →Behaviour and Handling: Recognising normal and abnormal behaviours, and applying safe handling techniques for a range of animals, including those that are stressed or aggressive.
    • →Legal and Ethical Responsibilities: Complying with animal welfare legislation (e.g., Animal Welfare Act 2006), licensing requirements, and ethical considerations in breeding, housing, and euthanasia.
    • →Breeding and Genetics: Principles of selective breeding, reproductive cycles, pregnancy diagnosis, and neonatal care to ensure healthy offspring and genetic diversity.

    Learning Objectives

    What you need to know and understand

    • Be able to plan diets and feeding regimes for animals, Be able to monitor the feeding of animals, Understand the planning and monitoring of animal feeding regimes
    • Analyze the nutritional requirements of horses at different life stages, workloads, and health statuses.
    • Design a balanced ration for a specific horse using forage, concentrates, and supplements, justifying ingredient selection.
    • Evaluate the suitability of a feeding regime based on body condition scoring, faecal consistency, and behavioural indicators.
    • Monitor the feeding of horses, recording and interpreting data to inform adjustments to diets.
    • Explain the role of water, fibre, energy, protein, vitamins, and minerals in equine health and performance.
    • Assess the impact of common feeding-related disorders and recommend preventative dietary strategies.
    • Be able to plan diets and feeding regimes for animals, Be able to monitor the feeding of animals, Understand the planning and monitoring of animal feeding regimes
    • Evaluate the nutritional requirements of horses in relation to age, breed, workload, and physiological state.
    • Develop balanced feeding regimes that integrate forage, concentrates, and supplements based on nutritional analysis.
    • Apply techniques for assessing feed quality, including visual inspection and laboratory analysis, to inform ration adjustments.
    • Monitor and interpret changes in body condition score, weight, fecal consistency, and behaviour to refine feeding plans.
    • Identify and manage the risk factors and early signs of common feed-related disorders such as colic, laminitis, and gastric ulcers.
    • Evaluate the nutritional requirements of horses in different life stages and work intensities
    • Calculate daily rations using feed value charts and body weight estimates
    • Design a balanced feeding regime that incorporates forage, concentrates, and supplements
    • Assess feeding practices against current welfare legislation and industry codes
    • Monitor the effectiveness of a feeding programme by recording body condition scores and behavioural indicators
    • Identify and rectify common feeding-related disorders through adjustments to diet and management
    • Analyse the nutritional requirements of a given animal species considering life stage, activity level, and health status.
    • Formulate a balanced diet plan for a specific animal, including feed types, quantities, and feeding frequencies.
    • Evaluate the effectiveness of a feeding regime by interpreting body condition scores and weight changes over time.
    • Justify adjustments to a feeding plan based on monitoring data and welfare considerations.
    • Apply record-keeping techniques to document feeding schedules, consumption, and health observations.
    • Be able to plan diets and feeding regimes for animals, Be able to monitor the feeding of animals, Understand the planning and monitoring of animal feeding regimes
    • Be able to plan diets and feeding regimes for animals, Be able to monitor the feeding of animals, Understand the planning and monitoring of animal feeding regimes
    • Evaluate the nutritional requirements of a given animal species based on life stage, health status, and activity level.
    • Design a balanced and practical feeding plan that incorporates commercial and natural food sources.
    • Implement systematic monitoring procedures to assess feed intake, body condition, and overall health outcomes.
    • Analyse feeding records to identify trends and justify adjustments to feeding regimes.
    • Justify feeding decisions with reference to current legislation, welfare codes, and ethical frameworks.
    • Analyse the digestive physiology of the horse to justify feeding strategies.
    • Calculate nutrient requirements for horses at various life stages and activity levels.
    • Formulate cost-effective, balanced rations using a range of feedstuffs and forage.
    • Evaluate the nutritional value and hygienic quality of hay, haylage and concentrates.
    • Monitor body condition score and other health indicators to assess dietary adequacy.
    • Adjust feeding regimes in response to observed health or performance changes.
    • Maintain accurate feeding records and justify decisions with reference to legislation and good practice guidelines.

    Assessment Criteria

    Key criteria assessors look for in your portfolio

    • Award credit for demonstrating accurate calculation of daily energy and nutrient requirements tailored to species, life stage, activity level, and health status.
    • Expect evidence of a feeding plan that includes feed type, quantity, frequency, and method of presentation, justified with reference to digestive anatomy and metabolic needs.
    • Learners must show effective monitoring strategies, such as body condition scoring, feed intake records, and faecal analysis, linked to corrective actions when targets are not met.
    • Award credit for accurate calculation of daily dry matter intake based on body weight and workload.
    • Credit demonstration of using body condition scoring (1-9 scale) to support monitoring and adjustments.
    • Expect explicit consideration of forage-to-concentrate ratios according to work intensity.
    • Look for evidence of tailoring rations to individual environmental and seasonal factors.
    • Assess ability to critically compare commercial feed labels and nutritional declarations.
    • Award credit for demonstrating accurate calculation of digestible energy and protein requirements based on the horse's body weight, activity level, and physiological state.
    • Credit given for constructing a detailed feeding plan that specifies forage type and quantity, concentrate composition, and any supplementary nutrients, with clear justifications.
    • Assessors should look for evidence of applying a recognised body condition scoring system (e.g., 1-9 scale) to monitor and adjust the diet over time.
    • Allocate marks for explaining the importance of water intake and ensuring constant access to clean, fresh water within the feeding regime.
    • Reward learners who integrate monitoring records (weight changes, condition scores, feed intake, behavioural observations) to evaluate and refine the feeding plan.
    • Award credit for demonstrating accurate calculation of digestible energy and crude protein requirements tailored to the individual horse.
    • Expect evidence of choosing feedstuffs with clear justification, referencing nutritional composition and the horse’s specific needs.
    • Look for detailed records of feeding schedules, including quantities, times, and adjustments made in response to monitoring data.
    • Credit application of multiple monitoring methods, such as weight tapes, body condition scoring, and observation of feed intake and manure.
    • Assess recognition of nutritional imbalance symptoms and the rationale for corrective actions, demonstrating clinical reasoning.
    • Award credit for demonstrating accurate calculation of digestible energy and protein needs based on NRC guidelines
    • Expect evidence of practical body condition scoring using a recognised scale (e.g., Henneke) with clear justification
    • Look for inclusion of forage analysis results when formulating rations, and explanation of how they influence concentrate choice
    • Assess ability to create a monitoring log that tracks feed intake, water consumption, and faecal consistency over time
    • Credit recognition of adverse reactions to feed changes and appropriate gradual introduction protocols
    • Award credit for accurate calculation of energy and nutrient requirements based on scientific guidelines.
    • Evidence of considering animal welfare legislation and five freedoms when planning feeding.
    • Demonstrate consistent use of body condition scoring systems (e.g., 1-5 or 1-9 scale) to assess changes.
    • Provide clear rationale for diet adjustments linked to monitoring data.
    • Show detailed, legible records with dates, quantities, and observations.
    • Award credit for detailed diet plans that clearly reference species-specific nutritional requirements, including macro- and micronutrient composition, energy density, and feeding frequency.
    • Look for evidence of monitoring protocols that include body condition scoring, weight tracking, faecal consistency assessment, and behavioural observations, with appropriate recording methods.
    • Assessor expects justification for any dietary adjustments based on monitoring data, demonstrating a cyclical approach to planning, evaluation, and refinement of feeding regimes.
    • Credit given for practical consideration of food storage, hygiene, preparation, and presentation methods that meet welfare standards and legal requirements.
    • Award credit for demonstrating the ability to calculate daily energy requirements and ration components using standard nutritional guidelines (e.g., NRC, FEDIAF) for a given species.
    • Look for evidence of creating a feeding plan that includes specific feeding times, portion sizes, presentation methods, and any special dietary modifications (e.g., for medical conditions or age).
    • Credit should be given for accurate recording and interpretation of monitoring data such as body condition scores, faecal consistency, and feed refusal rates, with clear recommendations for plan adjustments.
    • Award credit for demonstrating accurate calculation of energy, protein, and micronutrient requirements using validated references.
    • Expect evidence of weighing feed, measuring intake, and performing regular body condition scoring (BCS) or weight assessments.
    • Look for clear rationale linking diet choice to species-specific digestive anatomy and natural feeding behaviours.
    • Credit given for detailed monitoring logs that include refusals, faecal consistency, and corrective actions taken.
    • Require explanation of how environmental factors (e.g., temperature, enclosure size) modify energy demands and feeding schedules.
    • Assess ability to critically evaluate commercial feed labels and ingredient lists for suitability.
    • Award credit for demonstrating accurate calculation of digestible energy and protein needs based on NRC or industry tables.
    • Look for evidence of forage-first planning, with complements from concentrates justified by workload and BCS.
    • Credit should be given for detailed, dated monitoring logs capturing quantity fed, refusals, faecal consistency and behaviour.
    • When evaluating feed quality, mark for recognition of mould, dust, plant toxins and for interpretation of forage analysis reports.
    • High marks require clear links between monitoring data, subsequent diet adjustments and improved equine outcomes.
    • For exams, award credit for correct identification of colic, laminitis or choke risk factors associated with feeding errors.

    Assessment Guidance

    Guidance for achieving higher grades

    • 💡When presenting feeding plans, always cross-reference with relevant codes of practice (e.g., Animal Welfare Act 2006) and industry nutritional standards (e.g., FEDIAF or NRC guidelines).
    • 💡In case studies, explicitly connect observed health issues (e.g., poor coat condition, weight loss) to specific nutrient deficiencies or feeding management failures to demonstrate analytical monitoring.
    • 💡Always base ration calculations on dry matter weights to ensure accurate nutrient comparisons.
    • 💡When designing a feeding regime, start with forage analysis and then supplement with concentrates to meet shortfalls.
    • 💡In monitoring tasks, prioritise body condition scoring and faecal consistency as primary indicators of dietary suitability.
    • 💡Cite relevant equine nutrition guidelines (e.g., NRC Nutrient Requirements of Horses) to support professional reasoning.
    • 💡For assignment evidence, include a log sheet that tracks feed amounts, body condition, and any adjustments made over time.
    • 💡Always start your planning by analysing the forage component, as it forms the foundation of any equine diet; refer to hay analysis results if provided.
    • 💡Use the latest National Research Council (NRC) guidelines or equivalent for equine nutrient requirements and show all calculations step-by-step to gain full marks.
    • 💡Include a structured monitoring schedule in your assignment, detailing when and how you will assess body condition, weight, and feed intake, and set thresholds for intervention.
    • 💡When discussing feed types, mention specific examples relevant to the UK market (e.g., high-fibre cubes, alfalfa chaff) and justify choices based on the horse's needs.
    • 💡Demonstrate understanding of the link between feeding and common disorders (e.g., colic, laminitis) by showing how your plan mitigates risks.
    • 💡Always anchor your answers to a specific case, referencing the horse’s age, breed, workload, and any health concerns.
    • 💡Demonstrate depth by using precise terminology such as ‘forage-first’, ‘digestible energy’, and ‘non-structural carbohydrates’.
    • 💡In practical exams, show methodical handling of feed, accurate measuring with scales, and clean record-keeping.
    • 💡Discuss seasonal variations in pasture quality and how they necessitate adjustments to supplementary feeding.
    • 💡Link feeding strategies explicitly to prevention of common disorders, e.g., explaining how small, frequent meals reduce ulcer risk.
    • 💡Always relate feeding plans to the specific horse profile given in the scenario—age, breed, workload, and health status
    • 💡Use industry-recognised terminology (e.g., ‘ad libitum’, ‘concentrate-to-forage ratio’) to demonstrate professional competence
    • 💡When monitoring, link physical signs (e.g., hoof quality, coat condition) directly back to nutritional adequacy or deficiencies
    • 💡In assignments, always link your diet plan to the specific animal's requirements using recognised references (e.g., NRC guidelines).
    • 💡When monitoring, present trend data (e.g., weight charts) rather than isolated measurements.
    • 💡Familiarise yourself with common feeding problems and their solutions to demonstrate applied knowledge.
    • 💡Use professional terminology (e.g., ad libitum, metabolic body weight, crude protein) accurately.
    • 💡In assignment tasks, always link feeding plans to the specific animal’s profile: species, breed, life stage, and any veterinary advice, rather than providing generic templates.
    • 💡When describing monitoring, use correct terminology such as ‘ad libitum’, ‘restricted feeding’, ‘body condition score (BCS)’, and ‘proximate analysis’ to demonstrate technical knowledge.
    • 💡Use case studies or real-life scenarios to illustrate how you would adjust a feeding regime based on monitoring outcomes; this shows higher-order application skills.
    • 💡Familiarise yourself with current industry guidelines (e.g., PFMA, WSAVA) and legislation relating to animal feed, as referencing these will strengthen your evidence.
    • 💡Always refer to species-specific nutritional standards and provide a rationale for dietary choices based on the animal's physiological state.
    • 💡When monitoring, ensure you include both quantitative measures (e.g., weight changes) and qualitative observations (e.g., demeanour, coat condition) to support your evaluation.
    • 💡Always relate your feeding plan to the species’ natural history and evolutionary adaptations to demonstrate deeper understanding.
    • 💡Use real-world case studies to illustrate problem-solving, such as managing an obese animal or transitioning to a new diet.
    • 💡Ensure monitoring includes both quantitative measures (weight, intake) and qualitative observations (coat condition, behaviour).
    • 💡Reference relevant welfare legislation (e.g., Animal Welfare Act) and industry codes of practice when justifying your decisions.
    • 💡Practice calculating rations from given nutrient targets—examiners frequently test applied maths in feeding scenarios.
    • 💡Structure coursework or written answers to show a clear cycle: assess → plan → implement → monitor → review → adjust.
    • 💡When planning diets, always start with forage analysis—this demonstrates systematic thinking and underpins all subsequent calculations.
    • 💡In monitoring scenarios, use both quantitative (weight change, feed refusals) and qualitative (BCS, coat condition) indicators for stronger evidence.
    • 💡Familiarise yourself with standardised scoring tools like the Henneke BCS system and be prepared to apply them to case studies.
    • 💡Cite relevant welfare legislation and codes of practice by name (e.g. Animal Welfare Act 2006, DEFRA codes) to strengthen argumentation.
    • 💡Double-check all unit conversions (kg to g, MJ to kcal) and show working clearly in exam calculations to gain method marks even if the final answer is wrong.
    • 💡Use specific examples from a range of species (mammals, birds, reptiles) in your answers to demonstrate breadth of knowledge. For instance, when discussing housing, compare the needs of a rabbit (hutch with run) to a bearded dragon (vivarium with basking spot).
    • 💡Always link practical procedures to underlying theory. If describing how to clean a kennel, explain why disinfectant contact time is important and how it relates to pathogen control.
    • 💡Pay attention to command words in exam questions: 'Describe' requires detail, 'Explain' needs reasons, and 'Evaluate' demands pros and cons with a justified conclusion.

    Common Mistakes

    Common errors to avoid in your coursework

    • Assuming all individuals within a species have identical dietary needs, ignoring variables like age, reproductive status, or medical conditions.
    • Overlooking the importance of water quality and constant availability as an integral part of the feeding regime.
    • Failing to consider practical implementation, such as storage conditions for feed, potential for competition in group-housed animals, or the impact of environmental temperature on intake.
    • Neglecting to factor in pasture or hay quality when calculating total nutrient intake.
    • Over-reliance on concentrates without sufficient forage intake, risking colic or gastric ulcers.
    • Ignoring the need for regular dental checks, which can undermine feeding efficiency.
    • Failing to monitor water intake and assuming automatic hydration from soaked feeds or pasture.
    • Using a one-size-fits-all feeding plan without considering individual metabolic differences (e.g., easy keepers vs. hard keepers).
    • Confusing volume-based measurements with weight-based measurements when portioning concentrates, leading to over- or underfeeding.
    • Failing to account for forage quality and dry matter content, which significantly alters the nutritional contribution of the diet.
    • Overlooking individual variations such as metabolic rate, dental health, or social dynamics within a group feeding situation.
    • Neglecting to adjust feeding plans in response to seasonal changes in pasture availability or workload fluctuations.
    • Assuming that all commercial feeds have the same energy density without checking the manufacturer's specifications.
    • Neglecting to base the diet on adequate forage, leading to digestive issues and stereotypic behaviours.
    • Applying generic feeding guidelines without tailoring to individual metabolism, workload, or health conditions.
    • Relying solely on visual assessment of body condition, omitting objective measures like weight and body condition scoring.
    • Changing feed types or amounts abruptly, which risks colic and other digestive disturbances.
    • Assuming all commercial feeds are complete and balanced, without checking labels for specific nutrient levels and suitability.
    • Over-reliance on concentrates without adequate forage, leading to digestive disturbances
    • Confusing body weight estimation with visual guesswork rather than using weigh tapes or formulae
    • Ignoring individual variations such as metabolism, dental health, or pecking order in group-fed horses
    • Failing to adjust rations when workload or season changes, resulting in obesity or loss of condition
    • Failing to adjust diets for life stage changes (e.g., growth, pregnancy, senior) leading to nutritional imbalances.
    • Overlooking individual variation within a species, assuming all animals have identical needs.
    • Poor record-keeping that lacks detail or is inconsistent, making monitoring ineffective.
    • Misinterpreting body condition scores without considering breed or species standards.
    • Using unsubstantiated sources (e.g., non-veterinary websites) for nutritional information.
    • Assuming all animals within a species have identical dietary needs, ignoring factors such as age, activity level, reproductive status, or health conditions.
    • Failing to consider the nutritional analysis of commercial feeds versus homemade diets, leading to imbalances in vitamins or minerals.
    • Monitoring only food intake without assessing animal outcomes like weight change or stool quality, resulting in missed signs of malnutrition or digestive disorders.
    • Overlooking the importance of water provision, or treating it as separate from the feeding regime rather than integral to nutritional monitoring.
    • Confusing maintenance energy requirements with those for growth, lactation, or work, leading to under- or overfeeding.
    • Failing to account for water content when comparing wet and dry diets, resulting in inaccurate dry matter intake calculations.
    • Overlooking environmental and social factors (e.g., competition, temperature) that affect individual food intake within a group-housed setting.
    • Confusing maintenance diets with growth, lactation, or production diets without appropriate nutrient adjustments.
    • Overlooking water quality, availability, and intake as critical components of the feeding regime.
    • Failing to adjust feeding amounts in response to seasonal temperature changes or observed body condition trends.
    • Not recording or acting upon uneaten food, which can mask early signs of illness or palatability issues.
    • Assuming all animals within a group enclosure receive equal nutrition without monitoring individual intake.
    • Selecting feeds based solely on cost or brand reputation rather than nutrient profile and species suitability.
    • Confusing dry-matter intake with as-fed intake, leading to over- or under-feeding forage.
    • Relying solely on volume (e.g. scoops) instead of weight when measuring concentrates, causing nutrient imbalances.
    • Failing to account for forage quality variability, resulting in unintended energy excesses or deficiencies.
    • Overlooking water intake as a key monitoring parameter when assessing gut health and hydration.
    • Applying one-size-fits-all rations, ignoring individual differences in metabolism, dentition or behaviour.
    • Misconception: 'All animals need the same basic care.' Correction: Different species have vastly different requirements for temperature, humidity, diet, and social interaction. For example, reptiles require specific UVB lighting and temperature gradients, while rabbits need high-fibre diets and companionship.
    • Misconception: 'If an animal is eating and drinking, it must be healthy.' Correction: Many animals hide signs of illness until they are severely ill. Regular health checks, weight monitoring, and faecal analysis are essential to detect subclinical disease.
    • Misconception: 'Handling is just about restraint.' Correction: Proper handling minimises stress and injury. It involves reading body language, using appropriate equipment (e.g., nets, gloves), and knowing when not to handle (e.g., during moulting or after feeding).

    Frequently Asked Questions

    Common questions students ask about this topic

    Before You Start

    Prior knowledge that will help with this topic

    • •Level 2 Diploma in Animal Care or equivalent knowledge of basic animal handling, health, and husbandry.
    • •Understanding of basic biology, including cell structure, organ systems, and nutrition.
    • •Familiarity with health and safety practices in an animal environment.

    Key Terminology

    Essential terms to know

    • Be able to plan diets and feeding regimes for animals, Be able to monitor the feeding of animals, Understand the planning and monitoring of animal feeding regimes
    • Equine Digestive Anatomy and Physiology
    • Nutritional Requirements by Life Stage and Workload
    • Ration Formulation and Feedstuff Evaluation
    • Body Condition Scoring and Weight Monitoring
    • Feeding Schedule and Management Practices
    • Monitoring and Adjusting Feeding Regimes
    • Be able to plan diets and feeding regimes for animals, Be able to monitor the feeding of animals, Understand the planning and monitoring of animal feeding regimes
    • Equine digestive physiology
    • Nutritional requirements
    • Ration formulation
    • Feed quality analysis
    • Health monitoring
    • Feed-related disorders
    • Equine nutritional science
    • Ration formulation and calculation
    • Feeding management practices
    • Monitoring body condition and health
    • Feed quality and storage assessment
    • Species-specific nutritional requirements
    • Diet formulation and balancing
    • Feeding regime design and scheduling
    • Body condition scoring and weight monitoring
    • Record keeping and documentation
    • Be able to plan diets and feeding regimes for animals, Be able to monitor the feeding of animals, Understand the planning and monitoring of animal feeding regimes
    • Be able to plan diets and feeding regimes for animals, Be able to monitor the feeding of animals, Understand the planning and monitoring of animal feeding regimes
    • Nutritional Requirements Assessment
    • Diet Formulation and Modification
    • Feeding Schedule Management
    • Monitoring Animal Health and Condition
    • Record Keeping and Reporting
    • Ethical and Welfare Considerations
    • Equine nutritional science
    • Ration formulation and diet planning
    • Feedstuff quality assessment
    • Body condition monitoring
    • Regime adjustment and record keeping
    • Welfare and regulatory compliance

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