Component 1: Enterprise — Eduqas A-Level Business
Test yourself on Component 1: Enterprise with EDUQAS A-Level practice questions.
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Component 1: Enterprise explained
Enterprise is the willingness to take a calculated risk and combine land, labour and capital to supply something customers will pay for, while the small and medium sized category is a size band with legal thresholds in the United Kingdom: micro firms employ fewer than ten people, small firms fewer than fifty and medium firms fewer than two hundred and fifty, with turnover ceilings attached. Those definitions earn marks only when they are used. Smaller scale buys responsiveness and closeness to the customer, and it costs economies of scale, cheap bank finance and bargaining power over suppliers. So when a case study firm of thirty staff is squeezed by a national chain, its size band explains both the flexibility and the thin margin, and contribution per unit, selling price minus variable cost per unit, is usually where the squeeze shows first.
Explain how satisfying needs and wants can give opportunities to entrepreneurs
A need is something a household cannot do without, such as food, heating or shelter, and a want is a preference layered on top of it, so the same product can be sold as either depending on how it is marketed. The commercial point is that an unmet or badly met need is a gap a new firm can enter without buying share from an incumbent through price. Elasticity is the bridge between the two ideas. Price elasticity of demand is the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price, and necessities tend to be inelastic, so a firm meeting a need can hold its price when costs rise. Income elasticity of demand is the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in real income, and products serving wants tend to be highly income elastic, which is why they sell hard in a boom and fall first in a downturn.
Identify business opportunities
Opportunities come from change rather than from inspiration: a shift in technology, demographics, legislation, tastes or the cost of an input leaves a group of customers badly served, and the founder who spots it first can charge a premium before rivals arrive. Market mapping, which plots rival products on two axes such as price and quality, is the usual way of showing an empty space, and the Ansoff matrix classifies what the founder then does, running from market penetration through market development and product development to diversification, with risk rising across that order. Ansoff is blind to competitor reaction, to whether the firm has the capability to deliver, and to the cost of each route, which is exactly where evaluation marks sit. Deliveroo, founded in London in 2013, is the tidy example: no new food, only a gap in how it reached people.
Explain the role of the entrepreneur in creating, setting up, running and developing a business
The founder does four jobs that later get split between departments: spotting and testing the idea, organising the factors of production and raising the finance to pay for them, bearing the risk of unlimited liability or a personal guarantee, and taking the daily decisions that keep cash flowing. As the firm grows that job changes rather than merely expands, and the change is the examinable part. Greiner's growth model describes a business that grows through creativity until it meets a crisis of leadership, at which point the founder must delegate to professional managers or become the bottleneck. Greiner is blind to firms that deliberately stay small and assumes growth is continuous and sequential. A cash flow forecast, rather than the profit figure, is usually what tells a founder the start up phase has ended.
Explain the financial and non-financial motives of entrepreneurs
Motives matter because they decide which objective the founder optimises, and therefore which strategy counts as a good decision. The money reasons are profit, which is total revenue minus total costs, personal wealth from an eventual sale, and a return that beats leaving the capital in the bank. The other reasons are independence, the satisfaction of building something, a social or ethical purpose, hours that fit around a family, and status. Herzberg's two factor theory is the useful lens, because pay behaves as a hygiene factor while achievement, recognition and responsibility behave as motivators, which explains a founder who accepts a pay cut to start up. Herzberg tested accountants and engineers and says little about low paid work, so do not stretch him. Julie Deane began the Cambridge Satchel Company with six hundred pounds to pay school fees.
Explain the characteristics and skills of entrepreneurs
Split the two, because the split is the argument. Dispositions are what the founder brings, such as tolerance of risk, determination, initiative, resilience after a setback and self confidence, while abilities are learned and can be bought in, such as cash flow forecasting, negotiation, selling and managing people. A weak profile can therefore be fixed by hiring or training, whereas a mismatch of temperament usually cannot. Leadership models supply the evaluation: Blake and Mouton plot concern for people against concern for output, and Tannenbaum and Schmidt set out a continuum from telling to delegating. Both are blind to context, so the autocratic founder who is wrong in a stable firm may be exactly right in a cash crisis, and neither accounts for luck or for the fact that only survivors get studied.
Explain the importance of entrepreneurs and SMEs to the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors of the UK economy
Sectors first: primary firms extract, secondary firms manufacture and process, tertiary firms provide services, and the United Kingdom is overwhelmingly a service economy, with services close to four fifths of national output and manufacturing under a tenth. Smaller firms are about ninety nine per cent of private sector businesses, roughly three fifths of private sector employment and around half of private sector turnover, yet they are not spread evenly, because service markets need little capital to enter while extraction and heavy manufacturing need a great deal. Porter's five forces explains the pattern: low entry barriers in services mean a constant threat of new entrants and thin margins, while in manufacturing smaller firms usually survive as specialist suppliers inside a larger firm's supply chain rather than as rivals to it.
Evaluate the impact of entrepreneurs and SMEs on businesses and the economy
The credit side is jobs, innovation, competitive pressure that holds prices down, wider consumer choice, tax revenue, a local multiplier as wages are spent nearby, and supply chains that larger firms depend on. The debit side is failure and its cost, since only about two fifths of new United Kingdom businesses survive five years, and weak productivity, because a long tail of very small firms drags output per worker down. Labour productivity is total output divided by the number of employees over a period, and it is where the strongest evaluation lives. Weigh the sides rather than listing them: ask whether new entrants create sales or merely displace them from existing firms, whether the jobs are secure or low paid, and over what period, since the innovation benefit is long run while the cost of failure is immediate.
Identify the various stakeholders who are affected by a business
Group them before you list them: internal, meaning owners, managers and employees; connected, meaning shareholders, customers, suppliers and lenders; and external, meaning government, the local community and pressure groups. Each holds a different claim, so a decision that pleases one harms another, and that conflict is what the paper actually tests, as when a supermarket squeezing supplier prices protects its own dividends and threatens the supplier's contribution per unit. Mendelow's matrix ranks the groups by power and interest, telling the firm to manage the powerful and interested closely and to keep the powerful but uninterested satisfied. It is blind to how fast power shifts, since a pressure group with none on Monday has plenty once a story goes national, and it treats each group as a single bloc.
Your focus
- Explain the meaning of enterprise and SMEs
- Explain how satisfying needs and wants can give opportunities to entrepreneurs
- Identify business opportunities
Show all 9 objectives
- Explain the role of the entrepreneur in creating, setting up, running and developing a business
- Explain the financial and non-financial motives of entrepreneurs
- Explain the characteristics and skills of entrepreneurs
- Explain the importance of entrepreneurs and SMEs to the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors of the UK economy
- Evaluate the impact of entrepreneurs and SMEs on businesses and the economy
- Identify the various stakeholders who are affected by a business
Component 1: Enterprise exam tips
Marking Points
- Defines enterprise as risk taking that organises the factors of production to meet an unmet customer need, not simply as the act of opening a shop.
- Uses the size thresholds for a small or medium sized firm, employee numbers and turnover, rather than calling any small business an SME by feel.
- Applies the size band to the named firm in the case study, saying what being that size lets it do and what it stops it doing.
- Links small scale to a financial consequence such as higher unit costs, weaker buying power or dearer borrowing, and quantifies it where the data allow.
- Separates a need from a want using the product in the case study rather than a generic list of examples.
- Explains that an unmet need is a gap in the market, and that a gap is an opportunity only if enough buyers will pay a price above unit cost.
- Uses price elasticity of demand or income elasticity of demand to judge how secure the revenue from that need or want would be.
- Refers to the market research evidence in the stem when arguing that the need is real rather than assumed.
- Names a specific source of change, such as new regulation or an ageing population, and traces it to a customer group left underserved.
- Uses market mapping or the Ansoff matrix to structure the search rather than listing ideas at random.
- Tests the opportunity against the firm's resources, finance and skills, not only against demand.
- Says what the first mover gains and how long that advantage is likely to last before imitation.
- Distinguishes the setting up tasks, such as registering the business and raising start up capital, from the running tasks, such as managing cash and staff.
- Explains risk bearing in terms of liability, naming unlimited liability for a sole trader or a personal guarantee on a bank loan.
- Uses Greiner or a similar growth framework to show why the founder's role must change as the business develops.
- Applies the stages to the named entrepreneur, using dates or figures given in the case study.
- Names at least one money motive and one other motive, and ties each to a decision the founder actually took.
- Explains that a founder chasing independence may refuse outside equity, accepting slower growth in order to keep control.
- Uses Herzberg or Maslow to explain why pay alone does not account for the behaviour described in the case study.
- Recognises that motives change over time, so an early aim of survival becomes a later aim of profit or sale.
- Separates innate qualities from learnable abilities and says why the distinction changes what the business should do next.
- Links one named quality to one decision in the case study, such as resilience after losing a major customer.
- Argues that a gap in ability can be closed by recruitment, training or outsourcing, with a cost attached to the remedy.
- Uses a leadership model and states its limitation rather than simply naming the model.
- Defines the three sectors and gives a United Kingdom example of each rather than a generic one.
- Quotes a figure for the share of businesses, employment or output that smaller firms account for.
- Explains why smaller firms cluster in services, using capital requirements or barriers to entry.
- Describes the supplier role smaller firms play within the supply chains of large primary and secondary producers.
- Presents benefits and costs and then reaches a supported judgement rather than stopping at a list.
- Uses a survival or productivity figure and explains what it implies for the economy instead of quoting it alone.
- Raises displacement, the possibility that a new firm's sales come from an incumbent, so net job creation is smaller than it appears.
- Qualifies the judgement by sector, time frame or the state of the economy.
- Names stakeholders specific to the business in the stem rather than reciting a generic list.
- States what each group wants from the decision, so identification becomes explanation.
- Shows one clear conflict of interest and says who gains and who loses from it.
- Uses Mendelow's power and interest matrix to argue whose view should carry most weight.
Examiner Tips
- 💡Definitions carry at most a mark or two, so spend one clause on the meaning and the rest of the paragraph on the named business.
- 💡Where the stem gives staff numbers or turnover, say which band the firm sits in and use that to predict its access to finance.
- 💡In an assess or evaluate question, finish with a judgement on whether the firm should stay at its current size.
- 💡Questions here usually hang on a short piece of market research data, so quote the figure and say what it implies about demand.
- 💡If the case mentions a recession or falling real incomes, income elasticity of demand is almost always the intended tool.
- 💡An analyse question wants a chain: unmet need, therefore demand, therefore revenue, therefore the entrepreneur's decision.
- 💡Identify questions are worth few marks, so answer in a phrase and save the writing for the analyse or evaluate part that follows.
- 💡Use the stem's own evidence, a sales trend or a competitor leaving the market, as the trigger for the opportunity.
- 💡Where two opportunities are offered, recommend one and justify it against a stated criterion such as payback or risk.
- 💡The stem usually gives a turning point, a new contract or a second site, so anchor the change of role to that moment.
- 💡Longer questions expect one developed chain for each role rather than four brief mentions.
- 💡Where the paper offers a choice between hiring a manager and keeping control, evaluate it against the founder's own objectives.
- 💡When the stem quotes the founder speaking, that quotation is the evidence the marker expects you to use for motive.
- 💡In an evaluate question, judge the decision against the founder's stated objective rather than against profit by default.
- 💡The strongest answers take two qualities and develop them fully rather than mentioning six in passing.
- 💡If asked to assess which quality mattered most, rank them openly and justify the ranking with evidence from the case.
- 💡Learn one usable statistic for each sector so that a knowledge mark is available immediately.
- 💡Where the case study firm supplies a larger manufacturer, say so and use it as your secondary sector evidence.
- 💡The command word carries the marks here, so plan two supporting points, two counter points and a conclusion before writing.
- 💡A conclusion that names the condition under which your judgement would flip scores higher than a confident absolute.
- 💡An identify question wants the group named in a few words, so do not write a paragraph for one mark.
- 💡When a decision is proposed, structure the answer group by group and conclude on the one with most power.
- 💡Use the case study's own detail, a named supplier or the local council, to turn a list into application.
Common Mistakes
- Treating enterprise and entrepreneur as the same word, so the answer describes a person when the question asks about an activity.
- Claiming every small firm is nimble and every large firm is slow, with no evidence from the case study and no counter example.
- Quoting the size thresholds and then never returning to them, which leaves knowledge marks with no application marks attached.
- Asserting there is a gap in the market without checking whether there is a market in the gap, which loses every evaluation mark.
- Confusing price elasticity with income elasticity, so the answer predicts the wrong effect when the case study mentions a recession.
- Defining needs and wants and never connecting either to the named entrepreneur's product or customers.
- Describing an idea rather than an opportunity, so nothing in the answer explains why customers would switch supplier.
- Using the Ansoff matrix as a label and never saying what it ignores, which caps the answer below the top band.
- Assuming a new opportunity must be profitable when the case study shows low margins or a powerful buyer.
- Writing a list of everything a boss does, with no distinction between the stages the question names.
- Saying the entrepreneur takes risks without ever saying what is at risk, which is usually their own capital or their home.
- Treating a refusal to delegate as a personality flaw rather than as a structural problem created by growth.
- Assuming every entrepreneur maximises profit, which contradicts most case studies about social enterprises or lifestyle firms.
- Listing motives with no consequence attached, so the answer never explains why the objective changes the strategy.
- Confusing profit with cash, and then claiming that a profitable firm cannot fail.
- Producing a shopping list of adjectives with no evidence, which reads as a description of every founder ever born.
- Claiming risk taking is always a virtue when the case study shows an over ambitious expansion that drained cash.
- Naming Blake and Mouton or Tannenbaum and Schmidt without saying what the model cannot see.
- Placing a firm in the wrong sector, for example calling a bakery that sells over its own counter purely secondary.
- Quoting the share of businesses as though it were the share of output, which overstates the economic weight of small firms.
- Describing the sectors at length and never mentioning smaller firms, which answers a different question.
- Writing a one sided answer about how vital small firms are, with no cost and therefore no evaluation.
- Confusing profitability with productivity, so the answer cites profit when the question is about output per worker.
- Ending with the words it depends and never saying what it depends on.
- Confusing shareholders with stakeholders, so the answer discusses ownership when asked about the wider affected groups.
- Listing groups with no interest attached, which earns identification marks and nothing above them.
- Assuming every stakeholder loses from a cost cut, when customers gaining lower prices or equipment suppliers may gain.