Question 1

How do I analyse a character's portrayal in an exam answer?

Accepted Answer

Start by identifying the character's key traits (e.g., cunning, pride, loyalty). Then, find specific evidence from the text—a quotation or a description of an action. Explain what technique the author uses (e.g., direct speech, epithet, dramatic irony) and how it creates an effect on the audience. Finally, link this to the wider themes or context. For example, 'Homer uses Odysseus' lie about his name to the Cyclops to show his cunning, which also reflects the Greek value of cleverness over brute strength.'

Question 2

What is the difference between direct and indirect characterisation?

Accepted Answer

Direct characterisation is when the author or narrator tells you explicitly what a character is like, e.g., 'Achilles was the bravest of the Greeks.' Indirect characterisation shows you through actions, speech, thoughts, and how others react. For example, when Achilles refuses to fight, we infer his pride and anger. In exams, you should identify both types and explain how they work together to create a rounded portrayal.

Question 3

How do I compare the portrayal of two characters from different sources?

Accepted Answer

First, choose a clear basis for comparison, such as their role as a hero or their relationship with the gods. Then, analyse each character separately using evidence. Use comparative language: 'Similarly, both Odysseus and Aeneas show cunning, but Odysseus uses it for personal gain while Aeneas uses it for a greater purpose.' Always explain the effect of the portrayal on the audience and consider the different contexts (e.g., Greek vs Roman values).

Question 4

Why do examiners want me to consider the audience's reaction?

Accepted Answer

Because the purpose of literature and drama is to affect an audience. By considering how an ancient audience would have reacted, you show empathy and understanding of the cultural context. For example, in Medea, the original Greek audience would have been shocked by her killing her children, but also sympathetic to her plight as a foreign woman. This adds depth to your analysis and shows you are thinking beyond the text.

Question 5

What are some common techniques used to portray characters in Greek tragedy?

Accepted Answer

Key techniques include: (1) Monologues and soliloquies, which reveal inner thoughts and emotions (e.g., Medea's speech about the pains of being a woman). (2) Stichomythia (rapid dialogue) to show conflict or tension. (3) The chorus, which comments on characters' actions and guides audience sympathy. (4) Dramatic irony, where the audience knows more than the character, creating tension or pity. (5) Physical appearance and costume, which can indicate status or state of mind.

Question 6

How can I remember all the details about character portrayal for the exam?

Accepted Answer

Create a character profile for each key figure: list their main traits, key scenes, important quotations, and the techniques used to portray them. Use flashcards with the character on one side and analysis on the other. Practice writing short paragraphs analysing a character from memory. Also, link characters to themes (e.g., Odysseus and cunning, Medea and revenge) to help recall details in the exam.

The portrayal of key characters

Topic Overview

Key Concepts

What You Need to Demonstrate

Marking Points

Examiner Tips

Common Mistakes

Frequently Asked Questions

Before You Start

Likely Command Words

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