Changes over time in the economic characteristics of places

This topic examines how the economic characteristics of places—such as employment structure, income levels, and industrial composition—evolve over time. You'll explore the shift from primary and secondary industries to tertiary and quaternary sectors, driven by deindustrialisation, globalisation, and technological change. Understanding these changes is crucial for analysing regional disparities, urban regeneration, and the impacts of economic restructuring on communities.

The WJEC A-Level specification requires you to study specific places, often contrasting a UK location (e.g., South Wales or the North East) with a global example (e.g., Bangalore or Shenzhen). You'll use quantitative data (e.g., employment statistics, GVA per capita) and qualitative sources (e.g., interviews, photographs) to assess change. Key concepts include the multiplier effect, cumulative causation, and the cycle of poverty—all of which help explain why some places thrive while others decline.

This topic connects to broader themes like globalisation, inequality, and sustainability. By understanding economic change, you can evaluate policies such as enterprise zones, infrastructure investment, or retraining schemes. It also links to the 'Changing Places' module, where you consider how economic shifts shape people's perceptions and identities.