Global governance of the Earth's oceans

The global governance of the Earth's oceans refers to the international legal frameworks, institutions, and agreements that regulate human activities in the oceans, which cover over 70% of the planet's surface. Central to this is the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), often called the 'constitution for the oceans'. UNCLOS establishes rules for maritime zones (territorial seas, exclusive economic zones, and the high seas), navigational rights, resource exploitation, and environmental protection. This topic is crucial because oceans are vital for climate regulation, biodiversity, food security, and global trade, yet they face threats like overfishing, pollution, and climate change.

In the WJEC A-Level Geography syllabus, this topic sits within the 'Global Governance' theme, linking to concepts of sovereignty, territoriality, and international cooperation. Students explore how governance structures attempt to manage common-pool resources, prevent conflict (e.g., over fishing grounds or oil reserves), and address transboundary issues like marine plastic pollution. The effectiveness of governance is assessed through case studies such as the governance of the Southern Ocean (Antarctic Treaty System) or the management of tuna stocks in the Pacific. Understanding this topic helps students critically evaluate the tension between national interests and global commons, a key theme in political geography.

Mastering this content requires students to engage with real-world examples and evaluate the successes and failures of governance mechanisms. For instance, while UNCLOS has reduced some conflicts, illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing remains a major challenge, highlighting enforcement gaps. Students should also consider the role of non-state actors like NGOs (e.g., Greenpeace) and multinational corporations in shaping ocean governance. This topic not only prepares students for exams but also fosters awareness of pressing global environmental issues and the complexities of international law.