Problems associated with extraction, transport and use of energy

This topic examines the environmental, social, and economic problems arising from the extraction, transport, and use of energy resources. It is a core component of WJEC A-Level Geography, focusing on the unsustainable nature of fossil fuel dependence and the challenges of transitioning to renewable energy. Students explore how energy extraction (e.g., mining, drilling) leads to habitat destruction, pollution, and resource depletion, while transport (e.g., pipelines, tankers) risks spills and geopolitical tensions. The use of energy, particularly combustion, contributes to climate change and air pollution, with uneven impacts across regions and communities.

Understanding these problems is crucial because energy is central to modern life, yet its current patterns of production and consumption are unsustainable. The topic links to broader themes of sustainability, climate change mitigation, and global inequality. For example, the extraction of oil in the Niger Delta has caused severe environmental degradation and social conflict, while the transport of natural gas via pipelines raises issues of energy security and international relations. Students must evaluate the trade-offs between energy access and environmental protection, and consider the role of technology, policy, and individual behaviour in addressing these challenges.

This topic also connects to other parts of the WJEC A-Level specification, such as 'Climate Change' and 'Global Governance'. It requires students to apply concepts like the 'energy trilemma' (balancing security, equity, and sustainability) and to analyse case studies from both developed and developing countries. By the end of this topic, students should be able to critically assess the full lifecycle impacts of different energy sources and propose realistic solutions to reduce negative consequences.