Prose Set Text Group 1 (2027–28): Herodotus, Book 7, 207–226

This section of Herodotus' Histories (Book 7, chapters 207–226) covers the period just before and during the Battle of Thermopylae in 480 BCE. It includes the Greek war council at the pass, the Persian king Xerxes' advance, the skirmishes over three days, and the final stand of the 300 Spartans and their allies. Herodotus presents key themes such as Greek unity (and disunity), the contrast between Greek freedom and Persian despotism, and the role of divine prophecy (the oracle of Delphi). The narrative is a cornerstone of Greek self-identity and a set text for OCR A-Level Classical Civilisation, requiring close analysis of Herodotus' methods as a historian and storyteller.

For students, this passage is vital because it showcases Herodotus' blend of historical fact, oral tradition, and moral lesson. You'll need to analyse how he constructs the 'noble defeat' of Leonidas and the Spartans, using speeches (e.g., Demaratus to Xerxes, Leonidas to his men) and vivid battle descriptions. The text also raises questions about historical accuracy versus literary embellishment—a key debate in studying Herodotus. Understanding this section helps you grasp the broader narrative of the Persian Wars and the values of 5th-century Athens, where Herodotus wrote.

In the wider A-Level course, this passage connects to themes of leadership, religion, and cultural identity. You'll compare Herodotus' account with other sources (e.g., Diodorus Siculus, modern historians) and evaluate his reliability. The set text also requires you to comment on language, structure, and Herodotus' use of direct speech. Mastering this section will prepare you for essay questions on Herodotus' historical methods and the portrayal of the Persian Wars.