Verse Set Text Group 3 (2025–26): Homer, Iliad 16, lines 20–47, 644–867

This prescribed passage from Homer's Iliad 16 (lines 20–47, 644–867) is a cornerstone of the OCR A-Level Greek Verse Set Text Group 3 for 2025–26. It focuses on two pivotal moments: Patroclus's emotional appeal to Achilles (20–47) and the death of Patroclus at the hands of Hector (644–867). The passage is rich in Homeric themes—heroism, fate, pity, and the brutal reality of war—and showcases key features of epic poetry such as similes, direct speech, and divine intervention. Students must analyse the Greek text closely, paying attention to Homer's language, metre, and narrative techniques.

The passage matters because it marks a turning point in the Iliad: Patroclus's death directly triggers Achilles's return to battle and sets the stage for the poem's climax. In lines 20–47, Patroclus rebukes Achilles for his stubborn anger, highlighting the tension between personal honour and communal responsibility. The later scene (644–867) is a masterclass in pathos, as Patroclus is stripped of his armour, taunted by Hector, and dies with a prophetic warning. Understanding this passage is essential for grasping the Iliad's exploration of mortality, kleos (glory), and the human cost of war.

Within the wider OCR A-Level course, this passage is studied alongside other set texts to develop skills in literary criticism, translation, and contextual analysis. Students are expected to comment on Homer's use of epithets, similes (e.g., the lion simile at 752–753), and the role of gods (Apollo's intervention at 788–793). The passage also connects to broader themes like the ethics of war and the hero's dilemma, making it a rich source for essays and unseen translation practice.