Russia in the Age of Absolutism and Enlightenment, 1682–1796 (A-level only)

This topic covers the transformative period of Russian history from the accession of Peter the Great in 1682 to the death of Catherine the Great in 1796. It explores how Russia emerged from a medieval, isolated state to become a major European power through a series of radical reforms, territorial expansion, and cultural westernisation. The period is defined by the tension between autocratic rule and Enlightenment ideas, as rulers like Peter I and Catherine II sought to modernise Russia while maintaining absolute control. Key themes include military reform, administrative centralisation, economic development, and the impact of Western thought on Russian society.

Understanding this period is crucial for A-level students because it provides a case study of how Enlightenment ideals were adapted (or rejected) in an absolutist context. It also explains the origins of many features of modern Russia, such as its bureaucratic state, serfdom, and geopolitical ambitions. The topic connects to broader themes in European history, including the rise of Russia as a great power, the nature of enlightened despotism, and the limits of reform in a deeply traditional society. Students will analyse primary sources such as Peter's 'Table of Ranks' and Catherine's 'Nakaz' to evaluate the extent of change and continuity.

This topic fits within the AQA A-level specification as part of the 'Russia in the Age of Absolutism and Enlightenment' depth study. It requires students to assess the effectiveness of reform, the role of war in driving change, and the social and economic consequences of modernisation. By the end, students should be able to debate whether Russia was truly 'enlightened' or merely an absolutist state with a veneer of Western culture.