Ireland and the Union, c1774–1923

This topic explores the complex and often turbulent relationship between Ireland and Great Britain from the late 18th century to the early 20th century. It begins with the impact of the American and French Revolutions on Irish politics, leading to the 1798 Rebellion and the subsequent Act of Union in 1800, which created the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Students will examine the political, economic, and social consequences of the Union, including the rise of Daniel O'Connell's campaign for Catholic Emancipation and the Repeal movement.

The period also covers the Great Famine (1845–1852), a catastrophic event that reshaped Irish society and intensified demands for land reform and self-government. The later part of the topic focuses on the rise of constitutional nationalism (Home Rule) under Isaac Butt and Charles Stewart Parnell, alongside the emergence of cultural nationalism and the Gaelic Revival. The struggle for Home Rule culminated in the Government of Ireland Act 1920 and the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921, which partitioned Ireland and created the Irish Free State, while Northern Ireland remained part of the UK.

Understanding this topic is crucial for grasping the roots of modern Irish politics and the ongoing tensions in Northern Ireland. It also provides insight into broader themes of imperialism, nationalism, and the challenges of governing a diverse population. For A-Level students, this topic develops skills in analysing causation, evaluating historical interpretations, and understanding the interplay of political, economic, and cultural factors.