The making of modern Russia, 1855–1991

This topic explores the dramatic transformation of Russia from a backward autocracy under Tsar Alexander II to a superpower under Soviet rule, culminating in the collapse of the USSR in 1991. It covers key political, economic, and social changes, including the emancipation of the serfs (1861), the 1905 Revolution, the February and October Revolutions of 1917, Stalin's industrialisation and terror, Khrushchev's Thaw, and Gorbachev's reforms. Understanding this period is crucial for grasping how Russia's identity shifted from a traditional monarchy to a communist state and then to a struggling post-Soviet nation.

The narrative is shaped by tensions between reform and repression, modernisation and tradition, and the role of ideology. Students will examine the impact of wars (Crimean, Russo-Japanese, WWI, WWII, Afghanistan), economic policies (War Communism, NEP, Five-Year Plans), and social upheaval (collectivisation, the Great Terror, dissident movements). The topic also highlights the importance of leadership, from Alexander II and Nicholas II to Lenin, Stalin, Khrushchev, Brezhnev, and Gorbachev, each leaving a distinct mark on Russia's trajectory.

Mastering this topic is essential for A-Level History as it develops skills in analysing change and continuity, causation, and historical interpretation. It also provides a foundation for understanding modern Russia's geopolitical stance and the legacy of communism. The Edexcel exam often requires students to evaluate the relative importance of factors such as war, ideology, and individual leadership, making a nuanced grasp of these themes vital for high marks.