England 1377–1455

This period covers the reigns of Richard II (1377–1399), Henry IV (1399–1413), Henry V (1413–1422), and Henry VI (1422–1455), focusing on the political, social, and economic challenges that shaped late medieval England. Key themes include the Hundred Years' War, the Peasants' Revolt of 1381, the rise of the House of Lancaster, and the early stages of the Wars of the Roses. Understanding this era is crucial because it reveals the fragility of royal authority, the power of the nobility, and the origins of the dynastic conflict that would dominate the next century.

The period begins with the minority of Richard II, whose authoritarian tendencies led to his deposition by Henry Bolingbroke. Henry IV faced rebellions and financial instability, while Henry V's military successes in France temporarily united the country. However, Henry VI's weak rule and mental health issues allowed factionalism to flourish, culminating in the First Battle of St Albans in 1455. This topic is central to OCR A-Level History as it examines the interplay between monarchy, nobility, and parliament, and the causes of political instability.

Students should focus on the changing nature of kingship, the role of patronage and faction, and the impact of war on domestic politics. The period also highlights the importance of legitimacy and succession, as well as the economic and social pressures that could undermine royal authority. By studying these years, students gain insight into the transition from medieval to early modern governance.