From colonialism to independence: The British Empire 1857–1965

This topic explores the transformation of the British Empire from its zenith in the mid-19th century to its dissolution in the mid-20th century, focusing on the period 1857–1965. It begins with the aftermath of the Indian Rebellion of 1857, which led to the end of Company rule and the start of the British Raj. Students will examine how the Empire expanded, faced challenges, and eventually gave way to independence movements across Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean. Key events include the Scramble for Africa, the impact of the two World Wars, and the rise of nationalist leaders like Gandhi and Nkrumah.

Understanding this topic is crucial because it explains the origins of many modern post-colonial states and the lasting legacies of imperialism. It also sheds light on debates about race, identity, and global inequality. For OCR A-Level, this topic requires students to analyse change and continuity, evaluate the motives behind imperial policies, and assess the role of key individuals and movements. The period ends with the independence of most British colonies by 1965, marking a decisive shift in global power structures.

This topic fits into the wider study of British and world history by connecting to themes of power, resistance, and decolonisation. It also links to contemporary issues such as migration, multiculturalism, and the Commonwealth. Students should be prepared to use primary sources, such as official documents and speeches, to support their arguments and to consider different historical interpretations, including those from colonised peoples.