This unit covers the history of the Mughal Empire in India from its foundation by Babur in 1526 to the decline of the empire and the sack of Delhi by Nadir Shah in 1739. It examines the reigns of key emperors, administrative developments, religious policies, military achievements, and the factors contributing to the empire's eventual decline.
The Mughal Empire, founded by Babur in 1526 after his victory at Panipat, dominated the Indian subcontinent for over two centuries. This topic examines the empire's rise under Akbar (1556–1605), who consolidated power through military conquest, administrative reforms (mansabdari system), and religious tolerance (Sulh-i-kul). The empire reached its zenith under Shah Jahan (1628–1658), marked by architectural splendour (Taj Mahal) and economic prosperity, but also sowed seeds of decline through excessive expenditure and centralisation.
Decline accelerated under Aurangzeb (1658–1707), whose policies—including religious orthodoxy, the jizya tax, and prolonged Deccan wars—alienated Hindu allies and drained resources. After his death, the empire fragmented due to weak successors, Maratha expansion, and invasions by Nadir Shah (1739). This topic is crucial for understanding early modern state-building, the interplay of religion and politics, and the origins of British colonial dominance in India.
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