Question 1

Why was the Germ Theory so important for medicine?

Accepted Answer

The Germ Theory, developed by Louis Pasteur in 1861, revolutionised medicine by proving that microorganisms cause disease, not miasma or bad air. This led to antiseptic surgery (Lister), improved hygiene in hospitals, and later the development of vaccines and antibiotics. It also encouraged governments to improve sanitation, as they now understood the link between dirt and disease.

Question 2

How did Joseph Lister improve surgery?

Accepted Answer

Joseph Lister introduced antiseptic surgery in 1865 using carbolic acid to sterilise wounds, instruments, and the air during operations. This dramatically reduced infection rates and made surgery safer. His methods were initially criticised but became standard practice after his ideas were linked to Pasteur's Germ Theory.

Question 3

What was the 1875 Public Health Act and why was it important?

Accepted Answer

The 1875 Public Health Act was a landmark law that made it compulsory for local authorities to provide clean water, proper sewers, and waste disposal. It also appointed Medical Officers of Health to enforce standards. Unlike the 1848 Act, it was enforced, leading to significant improvements in life expectancy and a reduction in diseases like cholera and typhoid.

Question 4

Did everyone support vaccination in the 19th century?

Accepted Answer

No, there was significant opposition. Some people objected on religious or moral grounds, while others feared the vaccine itself could cause disease. The 1853 Compulsory Vaccination Act led to protests and the formation of anti-vaccination leagues. However, vaccination gradually reduced smallpox deaths, and by the 20th century, it was widely accepted.

Question 5

How did John Snow contribute to the revolution in medicine?

Accepted Answer

John Snow is famous for his work on cholera. In 1854, he mapped cases in Soho and traced the outbreak to a contaminated water pump on Broad Street. By removing the pump handle, he stopped the spread. His work provided strong evidence that cholera was waterborne, supporting the Germ Theory and influencing public health reforms.

Question 6

What role did the government play in improving health in the 19th century?

Accepted Answer

The government became increasingly involved due to industrialisation and disease outbreaks. Key actions included the 1848 Public Health Act (after Chadwick's report), the 1853 Compulsory Vaccination Act, and the 1875 Public Health Act. These laws forced local authorities to improve sanitation, provide clean water, and enforce vaccination, showing a shift from laissez-faire to state intervention.

A revolution in medicine

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