Knowledge of Removing and Replacing Light Vehicle Electrical Units and Components — The Institute of the Motor Industry End-Point Assessment Motor Vehicle & Transport Revision

    This subtopic equips learners with the fundamental knowledge required to safely remove, replace, and test light vehicle electrical units and components. It

    Topic Synopsis

    This subtopic equips learners with the fundamental knowledge required to safely remove, replace, and test light vehicle electrical units and components. It covers the principles of electricity, battery operation, starting and charging systems, and auxiliary circuits, ensuring technicians can diagnose and rectify common electrical faults. Mastery of these concepts is essential for maintaining vehicle reliability and meeting industry standards in a workshop environment.

    Key Concepts & Core Principles

    Exam Tips & Revision Strategies

    Common Misconceptions & Mistakes to Avoid

    Examiner Marking Points

    Knowledge of Removing and Replacing Light Vehicle Electrical Units and Components

    THE INSTITUTE OF THE MOTOR INDUSTRY
    vocational

    This subtopic equips learners with the fundamental knowledge required to safely remove, replace, and test light vehicle electrical units and components. It covers the principles of electricity, battery operation, starting and charging systems, and auxiliary circuits, ensuring technicians can diagnose and rectify common electrical faults. Mastery of these concepts is essential for maintaining vehicle reliability and meeting industry standards in a workshop environment.

    13
    Learning Outcomes
    32
    Assessment Guidance
    37
    Key Skills
    13
    Key Terms
    40
    Assessment Criteria

    Assessment criteria

    IMI Level 2 Diploma in Light Vehicle Maintenance and Repair Principles (VRQ)
    IMI Level 2 Extended Diploma in Light Vehicle Maintenance and Repair Principles (VRQ)
    IMI Level 2 Subsidiary Diploma in Light Vehicle Maintenance & Repair Technology (VRQ)
    IMI Level 2 Diploma in Auto Electrical and Mobile Electrical Competence
    IMI Level 2 Diploma in Light Vehicle Maintenance and Repair Competence
    IMI Level 1 Certificate in Light Vehicle Maintenance (VRQ)
    IMI Level 1 Diploma in Light Vehicle Maintenance (VRQ)
    IMI Level 2 Diploma in Auto Electrical and Mobile Electrical Principles (VRQ)

    Topic Overview

    The IMI Level 2 Diploma in Light Vehicle Maintenance and Repair Principles (VRQ) is a foundational qualification designed for students aspiring to become competent vehicle technicians. This diploma provides a comprehensive understanding of the theoretical principles and practical skills required to service, maintain, and repair light vehicles (cars and vans up to 3.5 tonnes). It covers essential areas such as engine systems, chassis systems (braking, steering, suspension), electrical and electronic systems, and health and safety in the workshop environment. The 'VRQ' (Vocationally-Related Qualification) aspect means it's heavily focused on the knowledge and understanding needed for real-world vocational roles, preparing you for immediate entry into the industry or further study.

    This qualification is crucial for anyone serious about a career in the automotive industry as it establishes a robust understanding of how modern vehicles operate and the systematic approaches to fault diagnosis and repair. It's not just about turning wrenches; it's about understanding the 'why' behind every procedure, ensuring safe, effective, and efficient work practices. Mastering these principles at Level 2 provides the essential groundwork for more advanced diagnostic and repair techniques encountered at Level 3 and beyond, making you a more versatile and valuable asset in any garage or dealership.

    The IMI Level 2 Diploma fits into the wider subject of motor vehicle maintenance by serving as the primary entry point for formal automotive education in the UK. It bridges the gap between basic interest and professional competence, providing the accredited knowledge and skills that employers demand. Successful completion not only demonstrates your capability to perform routine maintenance and basic repairs but also your commitment to professional development and adherence to industry standards, including critical health and safety regulations. This diploma is often a prerequisite for apprenticeships and further specialist training, making it a vital stepping stone in your automotive career progression.

    Key Concepts

    Core ideas you must understand for this topic

    • →**Health and Safety:** Understanding and strictly adhering to workshop safety procedures, including the use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), safe lifting practices, and handling hazardous materials.
    • →**Engine Systems:** Knowledge of internal combustion engine components, operating principles (e.g., four-stroke cycle), lubrication, cooling, fuel, and exhaust systems.
    • →**Chassis Systems:** Comprehension of braking systems (hydraulic, ABS), steering (manual, power-assisted), suspension (coil spring, leaf spring, shock absorbers), and wheel/tyre components.
    • →**Electrical and Electronic Systems:** Basic understanding of vehicle electrical circuits, components (batteries, alternators, starter motors), wiring diagrams, and common electronic control units (ECUs).
    • →**Diagnostic Principles:** Systematic fault-finding techniques, using diagnostic tools and equipment to identify vehicle malfunctions rather than relying on guesswork.

    Learning Objectives

    What you need to know and understand

    • Understand light vehicle electrical and electronic principles, Understand how light vehicle batteries, starting and charging systems operate, Understand how light vehicle auxiliary electrical systems operate, Understand how to check, replace and test light vehicle electrical systems and components
    • Understand light vehicle electrical and electronic principles, Understand how light vehicle batteries, starting and charging systems operate, Understand how light vehicle auxiliary electrical systems operate, Understand how to check, replace and test light vehicle electrical systems and components
    • Understand light vehicle electrical and electronic principles, Understand how light vehicle batteries, starting and charging systems operate, Understand how light vehicle auxiliary electrical systems operate, Understand how to check, replace and test light vehicle electrical systems and components
    • Understand light vehicle electrical and electronic principles, Understand how light vehicle batteries, starting and charging systems operate, Understand how light vehicle auxiliary electrical systems operate, Understand how to check, replace and test light vehicle electrical systems and components
    • Describe the procedure for safely isolating vehicle electrical systems prior to component removal
    • Identify common light vehicle electrical units and their functions using wiring diagrams
    • Explain the operating principles of vehicle batteries, starting, and charging systems
    • Perform resistance, voltage, and current tests on electrical circuits using a multimeter
    • Demonstrate the correct removal and replacement of electrical components in line with manufacturer guidelines
    • Evaluate test results to determine the serviceability of replaced electrical units
    • Understand light vehicle electrical and electronic principles, Understand how light vehicle batteries, starting and charging systems operate, Understand how light vehicle auxiliary electrical systems operate, Understand how to check, replace and test light vehicle electrical systems and components
    • Understand light vehicle electrical and electronic principles, Understand how light vehicle batteries, starting and charging systems operate, Understand how light vehicle auxiliary electrical systems operate, Understand how to check, replace and test light vehicle electrical systems and components
    • Understand light vehicle electrical and electronic principles, Understand how light vehicle batteries, starting and charging systems operate, Understand how light vehicle auxiliary electrical systems operate, Understand how to check, replace and test light vehicle electrical systems and components

    Assessment Criteria

    Key criteria assessors look for in your portfolio

    • Award credit for accurately describing the procedure for safely disconnecting and reconnecting a vehicle battery, including memory saver use.
    • Expect evidence of correct multimeter usage when testing battery state-of-charge, charging system output, and voltage drop across circuits.
    • Look for demonstration of understanding starter motor and alternator removal and replacement, including belt tension and terminal tightness checks.
    • Require application of wiring diagram interpretation to trace auxiliary circuits such as lighting, wipers, and indicators during fault diagnosis.
    • Award credit for correctly identifying electrical principles (Ohm's and Watt's laws) and applying them to calculate voltage, current, resistance, and power in light vehicle circuits.
    • Demonstrate safe isolation of the vehicle’s electrical system before commencing work, including battery disconnection and handling precautions.
    • Accurately test a light vehicle battery using a digital multimeter and conductance tester, interpreting results against manufacturer specifications to determine serviceability.
    • Show systematic diagnosis of charging system faults, including alternator output testing and voltage drop checks on main power and ground circuits.
    • Effectively remove and replace a starter motor, following the correct torque settings for mounting bolts and ensuring proper alignment of the pinion gear.
    • Inspect and test auxiliary components (lights, wipers, heater blower) using wiring diagrams to trace circuits and identify open, short, or high-resistance faults.
    • Document all test results and work completed accurately on a job card or electronic service record, referencing technical data sources.
    • Award credit for demonstrating correct use of multimeters to measure voltage, current, and resistance in circuits, including interpretation of readings against manufacturer data.
    • Credit given for evidence of safely isolating the battery (disconnecting negative terminal first) and verifying zero electrical potential before component removal.
    • Expect adherence to manufacturer's torque settings and reconnection sequences when replacing starter motors or alternators.
    • Award credit for systematic fault-finding approaches using wiring diagrams to trace auxiliary system issues, such as non-functional lighting or wiper circuits.
    • Credit given for proper disposal of removed components (e.g., batteries, electronic modules) in line with environmental regulations and workshop procedures.
    • Award credit for demonstrating safe isolation of electrical systems before component removal, including battery disconnection and capacitor discharge procedures.
    • Credit for selecting correct tools and equipment as per vehicle manufacturer's workshop manual.
    • Expect identification and correct handling of sensitive electronic components (e.g., ECUs, SRS components) to prevent electrostatic damage.
    • Assessor should look for systematic functional testing post-installation, such as voltage drop tests, continuity checks, and system operation verification.
    • Award credit for correctly demonstrating the disconnection of the battery negative terminal before any work
    • Expect evidence of using vehicle wiring diagrams to identify component locations and pin assignments
    • Look for proper use of a multimeter to test circuit continuity and voltage drop
    • Assess the candidate’s method for securing and routing wiring during component replacement
    • Check that replaced components are tested after installation to verify correct operation
    • Credit given for referencing manufacturer’s torque settings and specifications
    • Award credit for correctly identifying and explaining the function of key electrical components such as the battery, alternator, and starter motor.
    • Award credit for demonstrating safe disconnection and reconnection of the vehicle battery in accordance with manufacturer procedures.
    • Award credit for accurately using a multimeter to measure voltage, resistance, and continuity in simple circuits.
    • Award credit for describing the basic principles of Ohm's law and its application in vehicle electrical systems.
    • Award credit for correctly removing and refitting a common light vehicle electrical unit (e.g., headlamp bulb) without damage and testing functionality.
    • Award credit for demonstrating a systematic approach to diagnosing electrical faults prior to component removal.
    • Look for evidence that the learner correctly interprets wiring diagrams to identify component locations and connections.
    • Expect the learner to explain the importance of battery disconnection and memory saving procedures before working on electrical systems.
    • Credit should be given for accurate description of testing procedures using a multimeter to verify component functionality before replacement.
    • Award credit for demonstrating a safe isolation of the vehicle’s electrical system (e.g., disconnecting battery negative terminal) before commencing work.
    • Credit given for correctly using a digital multimeter to perform voltage and continuity tests before and after component replacement, and recording results.
    • Evidence of following the correct removal sequence for the component, including noting the routing of wiring harnesses and securing fixings to avoid damage.
    • Assessor expects clear labelling or photographic evidence of electrical connectors and their positions to ensure correct reconnection.
    • Marks awarded for functional testing of the replaced component and related systems (e.g., charging voltage check after alternator replacement).

    Assessment Guidance

    Guidance for achieving higher grades

    • 💡Always reference the vehicle's technical data for torque settings and test values when completing assignment write-ups.
    • 💡Include photographic evidence of safety precautions, such as using insulated tools and wearing PPE, to strengthen portfolio submissions.
    • 💡Practice using wiring diagrams to identify component locations and circuit paths; many assessment tasks require tracing faults from a diagram.
    • 💡When explaining fault-finding, structure your answer with a logical sequence: verify the complaint, conduct visual checks, test systematically, and confirm the repair.
    • 💡Always reference the vehicle’s technical data for torque settings, test specifications, and procedures—marks are awarded for using correct sources, not guessing.
    • 💡When answering diagnostic questions, structure your response: verify the customer concern, gather information, perform a systematic test sequence, interpret results, and confirm the repair.
    • 💡Practice using multimeters and oscilloscopes on live vehicles to become fluent in capturing and interpreting waveforms—this is frequently assessed in practical examinations.
    • 💡In written exams, use correct terminology: 'voltage drop' not 'power loss', 'relay control circuit' not 'remote switch', and always specify units (e.g., 12.6V, 5A).
    • 💡For removal and replacement tasks, highlight safety steps first: isolate battery, ensure vehicle is supported on stands if raised, and protect electrical connectors from contamination.
    • 💡During practical assessments, consistently follow the prescribed isolation procedure: disconnect the negative battery terminal first and reconnect it last to prevent short circuits.
    • 💡Always refer to the vehicle's technical data or workshop manual to confirm specified values (voltage drops, resistance) before condemning a component.
    • 💡When diagnosing non-starting faults, test the battery, starter circuit, and ignition switch in a logical sequence—don’t assume the starter motor is at fault without ruling out simpler causes.
    • 💡Remember that many modern auxiliary systems communicate via CAN bus; check for diagnostic trouble codes (DTCs) and network integrity before replacing seemingly faulty components.
    • 💡Always refer to the specific vehicle's technical data for removal and replacement procedures, not generic guidelines.
    • 💡When answering written or practical assessments, clearly outline the step-by-step safety and testing procedures before and after replacement to demonstrate comprehensive understanding.
    • 💡Always consult the vehicle service manual for specific removal and replacement procedures
    • 💡Practice using wiring diagrams to trace circuits and locate connectors before the assessment
    • 💡Prepare a systematic approach: isolate, test, remove, replace, re-test
    • 💡Familiarise yourself with typical multimeter settings and expected readings for common circuits
    • 💡Remember to report any additional faults found during component inspection to the assessor
    • 💡Double-check that all connections are secure and components are properly mounted after replacement
    • 💡In practical assessments, always visibly follow the correct isolation procedure (ignition off, key removed, battery disconnected) before touching electrical components.
    • 💡When asked to describe testing procedures, structure your answer: state the tool used, the expected reading, and the interpretation of results.
    • 💡For written exams on electrical principles, practice redrawing simple circuits and labelling voltage, current, and resistance values using Ohm's law.
    • 💡During component replacement tasks, narrate your checks (e.g., visual inspection of connectors, comparing old and new parts) to demonstrate thoroughness to the assessor.
    • 💡When describing removal and replacement procedures, always reference the manufacturer's manual and safe working practices.
    • 💡In practical assessments, demonstrate the use of a multimeter to test voltage drops and continuity before concluding a component is faulty.
    • 💡For written exams, memorize the key electrical symbols and be prepared to explain the flow of current in circuits for starting, charging, and lighting systems.
    • 💡Always consult the vehicle’s technical data or workshop manual for torque settings, component locations, and special removal tools before starting.
    • 💡Use a logical diagnostic approach: check fuses, relays, and wiring integrity before condemning a major component like a starter motor or alternator.
    • 💡For written assessment, memorise key electrical principles such as Ohm’s law and voltage drop, as they apply directly to fault-finding in starter and charging circuits.
    • 💡During practical assessments, verbalise your actions (e.g., ‘I am now setting the multimeter to 20V DC and checking battery voltage’) to demonstrate understanding to the assessor.
    • 💡**Demonstrate Your Reasoning:** In practical assessments and written answers, don't just state a solution; explain *how* you arrived at it. For example, when diagnosing a fault, describe the steps you took, the tools you used, and why each step was necessary. This shows a deeper understanding of diagnostic principles.
    • 💡**Master Technical Terminology:** Use accurate and appropriate automotive terminology consistently. Instead of saying 'the engine thingy', refer to it as the 'crankshaft' or 'camshaft'. This demonstrates professionalism and a clear understanding of components and systems, impressing examiners.
    • 💡**Prioritise Health and Safety:** Always make health and safety your top priority in practical tasks. Clearly verbalise your safety checks (e.g., 'vehicle safely supported on axle stands', 'PPE donned') and follow all workshop rules. Examiners are trained to observe and assess your adherence to safety protocols, and any lapse can be severely penalised.

    Common Mistakes

    Common errors to avoid in your coursework

    • Students often fail to isolate the battery and wait for capacitor discharge before working on airbag or restraint system components.
    • Incorrectly connecting test leads in series to measure current, which can blow the multimeter fuse.
    • Confusing the symptoms of a faulty starter motor with a weak battery or poor earth connection.
    • Overtightening alternator drive belts, leading to premature bearing failure.
    • Confusing series and parallel circuit behaviour, leading to incorrect diagnosis when a component fails—assuming a series circuit shares current equally when it shares voltage.
    • Misinterpreting a voltage drop test as a simple continuity check, resulting in overlooked high-resistance connections that cause intermittent faults.
    • Using an inappropriate tool (e.g., test light on sensitive electronic circuits) or incorrect meter setting, risking damage to modern ECUs or obtaining invalid readings.
    • Neglecting to verify all electrical consumers are switched off before conducting a battery drain test, leading to a false parasitic draw diagnosis.
    • Failing to consult wiring diagrams during auxiliary system diagnosis, resulting in unnecessary replacement of components when the root cause is a corroded connector or broken wire.
    • Omitting the final functional test after replacing an electrical unit, thus potentially returning a vehicle with an unresolved or new fault.
    • Confusing series and parallel circuit configurations when testing lighting circuits, leading to incorrect voltage or resistance readings.
    • Assuming a battery is fully charged based solely on a 12.6V open-circuit voltage reading without performing a load test.
    • Incorrectly reconnecting alternator wiring (e.g., swapping field and sense wires), resulting in charging system malfunction.
    • Overlooking the need to reset electronic control units or recalibrate systems (e.g., window anti-trap) after battery disconnection and replacement.
    • Not wearing appropriate PPE (goggles, gloves) when handling batteries, risking acid burns or injury from explosive gases.
    • Forgetting to disconnect the battery negative terminal before removing alternator or starter motor, leading to short circuits or airbag deployment.
    • Using incorrect torque specifications when refitting terminal connections, causing high resistance or component damage.
    • Overlooking the need to reset vehicle electronic control modules after battery replacement or component swap, resulting in inoperative systems.
    • Forgetting to disconnect the battery before starting work, risking short circuits or airbag deployment
    • Failing to record radio codes or personal settings before battery removal
    • Misidentifying terminals or connectors leading to incorrect refitting
    • Using a test light on sensitive electronic circuits, potentially causing damage
    • Overlooking the need to clear fault codes after replacing certain components
    • Installing a new battery without verifying the charge state or compatible specifications
    • Confusing series and parallel circuits when diagnosing faults in lighting or auxiliary systems.
    • Forgetting to disconnect the negative battery terminal before starting any electrical removal, risking short circuits or airbag deployment.
    • Misinterpreting a voltage drop as a component failure when it could be caused by poor connections or corrosion.
    • Applying excessive force when removing connectors, leading to broken locking tabs or damaged terminals.
    • Neglecting to verify the replacement part matches the original specification (e.g., bulb wattage) which can cause circuit overloads.
    • Failing to disconnect the battery before removing components, leading to potential short circuits or airbag deployment risks.
    • Misdiagnosing a faulty alternator due to a weak battery, without performing a proper charging system test.
    • Incorrectly assuming all auxiliary systems are independent; overlooking how one component failure can affect others (e.g., a faulty brake light switch affecting shift lock).
    • Forgetting to disconnect the battery before removing or replacing electrical components, risking short circuits or ECU damage.
    • Misdiagnosing a component as faulty when the real issue is a corroded connector or poor earth connection, leading to unnecessary replacement.
    • Failing to secure wiring harnesses correctly after replacement, causing chafing or interference with moving parts.
    • Installing a battery with reversed polarity, which can permanently damage electronic control units.
    • Neglecting to reset or re-adapt electronic systems (e.g., battery management system) after component replacement as per manufacturer procedures.
    • **Misconception:** Practical skill is all that matters; theoretical knowledge is secondary. **Correction:** The VRQ component of this diploma heavily emphasises understanding the 'principles' behind repairs. Without a solid grasp of theory, practical work can be inefficient, incorrect, or even dangerous. Examiners look for evidence of understanding *why* a procedure is performed, not just *how* to do it.
    • **Misconception:** Health and safety is just a formality or a 'tick-box' exercise. **Correction:** Health and safety is paramount in the automotive industry. It's integrated into every practical assessment and theoretical question. Failing to demonstrate safe working practices can lead to immediate failure in practical tasks and significant mark deductions in theory. It protects you, your colleagues, and the customer.
    • **Misconception:** You can learn everything you need to know just by watching videos or working on your own car. **Correction:** While external learning is valuable, the IMI Level 2 Diploma provides structured, accredited training with access to industry-standard equipment and expert instructors. It ensures you learn correct procedures, current regulations, and systematic diagnostic approaches that are essential for professional competence and safety.

    Revision Plan

    How to revise this topic in 1–2 weeks

    1. 1**Week 1: Theoretical Foundations & Terminology:** Dedicate time to reviewing core textbook chapters on engine operating principles, chassis systems, and basic electrical theory. Create flashcards for key components, functions, and technical terms. Focus on understanding the 'what' and 'how' of each system.
    2. 2**Week 1: Workshop Safety & Tool Identification:** Thoroughly revise all health and safety regulations, including COSHH, risk assessments, and correct PPE usage. Spend time in the workshop (if accessible) or use diagrams to identify common hand tools, power tools, and workshop equipment, understanding their correct applications and safe handling.
    3. 3**Week 2: System Interconnections & Diagnostics:** Move beyond individual components to understand how different systems interact (e.g., engine management and electrical systems). Practice interpreting wiring diagrams and diagnostic flowcharts. Review common fault symptoms and their likely causes for each major system.
    4. 4**Week 2: Practical Application & Scenario Practice:** Utilise workshop sessions to apply theoretical knowledge to practical tasks. Focus on following correct procedures for servicing, component removal/refitting, and basic fault finding. Work through scenario-based questions, mentally or physically walking through diagnostic steps.
    5. 5**Ongoing: Active Learning & Revision:** Throughout the 1-2 weeks, actively engage with the material. Ask questions in class, discuss concepts with peers, and seek clarification on anything unclear. Regularly test yourself using practice questions and past papers to identify areas needing further attention. Don't just read; actively recall and explain concepts.

    Exam Question Types

    How this topic typically appears in the exam

    • 📋**Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs):** These test your theoretical knowledge of vehicle systems, principles, and safety regulations. Advice: Read each question carefully, eliminate obviously incorrect answers, and consider all options before selecting. Pay attention to keywords like 'most appropriate' or 'best describes'.
    • 📋**Short Answer Questions:** These require you to explain concepts, procedures, or reasons in a concise manner. Advice: Use clear, technical language. Structure your answers logically, perhaps using bullet points for clarity. Ensure you directly answer the question asked, providing specific details rather than vague statements.
    • 📋**Practical Assessments (Workshop Tasks):** These evaluate your ability to perform maintenance, repair, or diagnostic tasks safely and competently within a workshop environment. Advice: Follow all health and safety protocols meticulously. Work systematically, verbalise your checks and decisions, and use tools correctly. Ensure the finished task meets industry standards.
    • 📋**Scenario-Based Questions:** These present a simulated workshop situation (e.g., 'a customer reports X fault, what are your diagnostic steps?'). Advice: Apply your theoretical knowledge to the practical scenario. Outline a logical, step-by-step approach, considering safety, diagnostic tools, potential causes, and repair strategies.

    Frequently Asked Questions

    Common questions students ask about this topic

    Before You Start

    Prior knowledge that will help with this topic

    • •**Basic Science and Maths:** A foundational understanding of physics (e.g., forces, electricity, simple machines) and basic numeracy (measurements, calculations) will significantly aid comprehension of vehicle systems.
    • •**Literacy and Communication Skills:** The ability to read technical manuals, understand instructions, and clearly communicate findings (both verbally and in writing) is essential for both study and practical work.
    • •**Genuine Interest in Motor Vehicles:** While not a formal prerequisite, a strong passion for how vehicles work and a desire to learn about their maintenance and repair will make the challenging aspects of the course much more engaging and rewarding.

    Key Terminology

    Essential terms to know

    • Understand light vehicle electrical and electronic principles, Understand how light vehicle batteries, starting and charging systems operate, Understand how light vehicle auxiliary electrical systems operate, Understand how to check, replace and test light vehicle electrical systems and components
    • Understand light vehicle electrical and electronic principles, Understand how light vehicle batteries, starting and charging systems operate, Understand how light vehicle auxiliary electrical systems operate, Understand how to check, replace and test light vehicle electrical systems and components
    • Understand light vehicle electrical and electronic principles, Understand how light vehicle batteries, starting and charging systems operate, Understand how light vehicle auxiliary electrical systems operate, Understand how to check, replace and test light vehicle electrical systems and components
    • Understand light vehicle electrical and electronic principles, Understand how light vehicle batteries, starting and charging systems operate, Understand how light vehicle auxiliary electrical systems operate, Understand how to check, replace and test light vehicle electrical systems and components
    • Safe isolation procedures
    • Component location and identification
    • Wiring diagram interpretation
    • Testing and diagnostic techniques
    • Removal and replacement protocols
    • Compliance with vehicle specifications
    • Understand light vehicle electrical and electronic principles, Understand how light vehicle batteries, starting and charging systems operate, Understand how light vehicle auxiliary electrical systems operate, Understand how to check, replace and test light vehicle electrical systems and components
    • Understand light vehicle electrical and electronic principles, Understand how light vehicle batteries, starting and charging systems operate, Understand how light vehicle auxiliary electrical systems operate, Understand how to check, replace and test light vehicle electrical systems and components
    • Understand light vehicle electrical and electronic principles, Understand how light vehicle batteries, starting and charging systems operate, Understand how light vehicle auxiliary electrical systems operate, Understand how to check, replace and test light vehicle electrical systems and components

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