Epistemology

Epistemology, the theory of knowledge, is a foundational branch of philosophy that asks: What does it mean to know something? For AQA A-Level Philosophy, this topic explores the nature, sources, and limits of human knowledge. You'll examine key debates such as the tripartite definition of knowledge (justified true belief), the Gettier problem, and the differences between a priori and a posteriori knowledge. Understanding epistemology is crucial because it underpins all other philosophical inquiry—how can we claim to know anything about ethics, metaphysics, or science without first understanding what knowledge itself is?

The AQA specification divides epistemology into two main areas: the definition of knowledge and the sources of knowledge. You'll critically analyse rationalism (knowledge through reason) and empiricism (knowledge through experience), focusing on key figures like Plato, Descartes, Locke, Hume, and Kant. You'll also explore perception, including direct realism, indirect realism, and idealism. This topic sharpens your analytical skills, requiring you to evaluate arguments, identify weaknesses, and construct your own reasoned positions. Mastery of epistemology is essential for top marks in the A-Level exam, as it often appears in essay questions demanding precise use of philosophical terminology and critical evaluation.

Epistemology connects to other A-Level topics like moral philosophy (can we know right from wrong?) and metaphysics (what is the nature of reality?). It also has real-world relevance: in an age of misinformation, understanding how we justify beliefs and what counts as evidence is more important than ever. By studying epistemology, you'll learn to question assumptions, recognise the difference between opinion and knowledge, and develop a rigorous approach to thinking—skills that are invaluable for university and beyond.