Question 1

What are the main barriers to participation in sport for different social groups?

Accepted Answer

Barriers vary by group. For women, common barriers include lack of time due to childcare, body image concerns, and limited media coverage. For ethnic minorities, cultural norms, language barriers, and lack of role models can be obstacles. Disabled individuals often face physical access issues, lack of adaptive equipment, and negative attitudes. Socio-economic barriers include cost of membership, equipment, and travel. Strategies to overcome these include targeted campaigns, subsidised programmes, and inclusive facility design.

Question 2

How does commercialisation affect sport positively and negatively?

Accepted Answer

Positively, commercialisation brings funding through sponsorship and media rights, which can improve facilities, athlete salaries, and grassroots development. It also increases exposure and popularity of sports. Negatively, it can lead to over-commercialisation, where sport becomes too focused on profit, resulting in higher ticket prices, exploitation of athletes, and prioritisation of entertainment over fair play. It may also widen the gap between wealthy and less popular sports.

Question 3

What is the difference between gamesmanship and sportsmanship?

Accepted Answer

Sportsmanship involves playing fairly, respecting opponents and officials, and accepting victory or defeat gracefully. Gamesmanship is the use of dubious methods to gain an advantage without actually breaking the rules, such as time-wasting, distracting an opponent, or feigning injury. While gamesmanship is not illegal, it is considered unethical and undermines the spirit of sport. In exams, you should be able to give examples of each and explain why gamesmanship is problematic.

Question 4

Why is there a gender gap in sports participation and how can it be reduced?

Accepted Answer

The gender gap exists due to historical stereotypes, less media coverage of women's sport, lack of role models, and societal expectations around femininity. To reduce it, schools and organisations can offer a wider range of activities, promote female role models, provide equal funding and facilities, and challenge stereotypes through campaigns like 'This Girl Can'. Creating a supportive environment where girls feel confident and valued is key.

Question 5

How does the media influence our perception of sport?

Accepted Answer

The media shapes which sports are seen as important by giving more coverage to certain sports (e.g., football, rugby) while ignoring others. It can reinforce stereotypes by focusing on male athletes and portraying female athletes in a sexualised way. Media also influences public opinion on issues like doping or violence. However, it can also promote lesser-known sports and inspire participation. Students should be able to discuss both positive and negative effects.

Question 6

What strategies can increase participation in sport among disabled individuals?

Accepted Answer

Strategies include improving accessibility of facilities (ramps, adapted equipment), offering inclusive programmes and trained coaches, raising awareness through campaigns like 'ParalympicsGB', and providing financial support for adaptive sports. Schools can integrate disabled and non-disabled students in PE lessons. Role models like Paralympic athletes also help challenge stereotypes and inspire participation.

Socio-cultural issues in physical activity and sport

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