How to Revise Gender — AQA A-Level Psychology
The psychological study of gender examines the complex interplay between biological imperatives, cognitive structures, and socio-cultural influences that shape gender identity and roles. It encompasses the transition from psychoanalytic and biological determinism to contemporary cognitive-developmental and social learning frameworks. This area of study is critical for understanding the mechanisms of gender acquisition, the impact of atypical development, and the validity of cross-cultural generalizations regarding masculine and feminine behaviors.
Examiner Tips for Gender
- Ensure you can clearly define androgyny and explain how the BSRI measures it
- When discussing biological explanations, be specific about the role of hormones versus chromosomes
- Use specific terminology for Kohlberg’s stages (identity, stability, constancy)
- When evaluating psychodynamic explanations, focus on the lack of empirical evidence and the outdated nature of the theory
- For atypical gender development, ensure you address both biological and social explanations as required by the specification
Common Mistakes in Gender
- Confusing sex (biological) with gender (social/psychological)
- Failing to distinguish between the three stages of Kohlberg’s theory
- Confusing the Oedipus complex with the Electra complex
- Over-generalising the influence of media without referencing specific social learning processes
- Misinterpreting the difference between Klinefelter’s (XXY) and Turner’s (XO) syndromes
Key Marking Points
- Distinction between sex and gender
- Understanding of sex-role stereotypes
- Concept of androgyny and the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI)
- Role of chromosomes and hormones (testosterone, oestrogen, oxytocin)
- Atypical sex chromosome patterns (Klinefelter’s and Turner’s syndromes)
- Kohlberg’s theory of gender development (identity, stability, constancy)