Psychology in context — AQA A-Level Psychology Revision
The 'Psychology in context' topic covers the foundational approaches in psychology, the biological basis of behaviour (biopsychology), and the comprehensiv
Topic Synopsis
The 'Psychology in context' topic covers the foundational approaches in psychology, the biological basis of behaviour (biopsychology), and the comprehensive study of research methods, scientific processes, and data analysis techniques required for psychological investigation.
Key Concepts & Core Principles
- Types of conformity: internalisation, identification, and compliance – understanding the difference between genuinely accepting a group norm (internalisation) versus going along with it publicly but not privately (compliance).
- Milgram's obedience study: participants were willing to administer apparently lethal shocks to a learner when instructed by an authority figure, demonstrating the power of situational factors over personal morality.
- The multi-store model of memory (Atkinson & Shiffrin): describes memory as a linear flow from sensory register to short-term memory (STM) to long-term memory (LTM), with rehearsal as a key process.
- Ainsworth's Strange Situation: a procedure to assess attachment types (secure, insecure-avoidant, insecure-resistant) based on behaviours like separation anxiety and reunion responses.
- The cognitive approach to explaining depression: focuses on faulty thinking patterns, such as Beck's negative triad (negative views of self, world, and future) and Ellis's ABC model (Activating event, Beliefs, Consequences).
Exam Tips & Revision Strategies
- Ensure you can define and distinguish between all research methods (e.g., lab vs. field experiments).
- Practice calculating and interpreting descriptive statistics like standard deviation.
- Be prepared to apply knowledge of scientific processes (e.g., peer review, falsifiability) to unseen scenarios.
- Use the provided mathematical skills annex to practice calculations for inferential tests.
- When evaluating, always link your point back to the specific theory or study mentioned in the question.
Common Misconceptions & Mistakes to Avoid
- Confusing independent and dependent variables.
- Failure to correctly identify the appropriate statistical test based on level of measurement and experimental design.
- Inaccurate application of ethical guidelines in research scenarios.
- Misinterpreting the difference between correlation and causation.
- Confusing Type I and Type II errors.
Examiner Marking Points
- Knowledge and understanding of psychological concepts, theories, research studies, and ethical issues.
- Application of psychological knowledge in a range of contexts.
- Analysis, interpretation, and evaluation of psychological concepts, theories, research, and methods.
- Evaluation of therapies and treatments regarding appropriateness and effectiveness.
- Demonstration of mathematical skills (at least 10% of total marks).
- Understanding of research design, conduct, and data analysis.