Bentham and Kant

This topic explores two contrasting ethical theories: Jeremy Bentham's Act Utilitarianism and Immanuel Kant's Deontological Ethics. Bentham, a 18th-century philosopher, argued that morality is determined by the consequences of actions, specifically their ability to produce pleasure and avoid pain. His principle of utility states that we should always act to maximise happiness for the greatest number of people. This is a teleological (outcome-based) and consequentialist approach, where the end justifies the means. For AQA A-Level Religious Studies, understanding Bentham's hedonic calculus—a method for measuring pleasure and pain—is crucial, as it provides a systematic way to evaluate moral decisions.

In contrast, Kant's deontological ethics is non-consequentialist, focusing on duty and moral rules rather than outcomes. Kant argued that morality is based on reason and the categorical imperative, which commands actions that are universally applicable and treat humanity as an end in itself, never merely as a means. For Kant, the only thing good without qualification is a good will, and actions have moral worth only if done from duty. This topic is significant because it highlights a fundamental debate in ethics: should we judge actions by their consequences or by their adherence to moral principles? It also connects to broader themes in the AQA syllabus, such as ethical theories, applied ethics, and the relationship between religion and morality.

Mastering Bentham and Kant is essential for A-Level success, as these theories frequently appear in exam questions on normative ethics. Students must be able to compare and contrast them, apply them to ethical dilemmas (e.g., lying, euthanasia, or animal rights), and evaluate their strengths and weaknesses. This topic also lays the groundwork for understanding later developments, such as Mill's rule utilitarianism and modern Kantian ethics. By engaging with these thinkers, students develop critical thinking skills and a deeper appreciation of moral philosophy.