Judaism: God

In Judaism, God is understood as the eternal, omnipotent, omniscient, and benevolent creator of the universe. This belief is foundational to Jewish theology and is expressed in the Shema prayer: 'Hear, O Israel: the Lord our God, the Lord is One' (Deuteronomy 6:4). The nature of God in Judaism is characterised by unity (monotheism), transcendence, and immanence. God is both beyond human comprehension yet actively involved in the world through covenant, revelation, and providence. Key attributes include justice (middat ha-din) and mercy (middat rachamim), which are central to understanding God's relationship with humanity.

For AQA A-Level Religious Studies, the topic 'Judaism: God' requires students to explore classical and modern Jewish perspectives on God's nature, including the problem of evil, free will, and the concept of tikkun olam (repairing the world). Students must engage with primary sources such as the Torah, Talmud, and writings of philosophers like Maimonides (Rambam) and modern thinkers like Rabbi Jonathan Sacks. Understanding God in Judaism also involves examining how beliefs shape Jewish practice, ethics, and identity. This topic is crucial for grasping the broader themes of covenant, revelation, and the purpose of human life within Judaism.

Mastery of this topic enables students to critically analyse theological debates, such as whether God's omniscience conflicts with human free will, and how Jewish responses to the Holocaust (Shoah) have redefined understandings of God's presence and power. By studying these ideas, students develop skills in evaluating religious arguments, interpreting sacred texts, and appreciating the diversity within Jewish thought, from Orthodox to Reform perspectives.