Islam – Religious figures and sacred texts — Eduqas A-Level Religious Studies

This topic explores the foundational figures and sacred texts of Islam, focusing on the role of prophets (especially Muhammad) and the Qur'an as the ultimate revelation. Students examine how these figures and texts shape Islamic beliefs, practices, and law (Sharia). Understanding this area is crucial for grasping the core of Islamic theology and its application in daily life.

The WJEC A-Level specification requires analysis of the nature of prophethood (risala), the significance of key prophets like Ibrahim, Musa, and Isa, and the finality of Muhammad as the Seal of the Prophets. The Qur'an is studied as the verbatim word of Allah, its compilation, and its authority alongside the Hadith and Sunnah. This topic also links to debates about revelation, scripture, and the relationship between faith and reason.

Mastering this content enables students to evaluate claims about Islam's authenticity, compare it with other faiths, and engage with contemporary issues such as the role of scripture in modern society. It forms a bedrock for later topics on Islamic ethics, diversity (Sunni/Shia), and the relationship between religion and state.

• →Prophethood (Risala): The belief that Allah chose prophets to guide humanity; includes the concepts of infallibility (isma) and the finality of Muhammad.
• →The Qur'an: The uncreated, eternal word of Allah revealed to Muhammad via Jibril; its inimitability (i'jaz) and preservation as central doctrines.
• →Hadith and Sunnah: The sayings and actions of Muhammad, which complement the Qur'an as sources of Sharia and guidance.
• →Tawhid: The absolute oneness of Allah, which underpins all Islamic beliefs about revelation and prophethood.
• →Revelation (Wahy): The process by which Allah communicates with prophets, including direct speech, inspiration, and through angels.

• Significance of Muhammad's life in Makkah and Madinah
• Context of Jahiliyya and the Night of Power
• The Hijrah as a turning point
• Nature of the Qur'an as final revelation
• Compilation and treatment of the Qur'an
• Sources of Shari'a: Qur'an, Sunna, Hadith, Qiyas, Ijma
• Methodology of Fiqh and the work of Al-Shafi
• Understandings of Shari'a as civil, religious, and moral law
• Debates on Ijtihad and Taqlid
• Greater and Lesser Jihad

• 💡Ensure you can compare the approaches of Rashid Rida and Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na'im regarding Shari'a
• 💡Be prepared to evaluate the relevance of Lesser Jihad in modern warfare
• 💡Focus on the 'issues for analysis and evaluation' provided in the spec for each sub-section
• 💡Use precise terminology like 'Jahiliyya', 'Fiqh', and 'Mujtahid'
• 💡Structure arguments to address both the historical context and contemporary application
• 💡Use precise terminology: When discussing prophethood, use 'risala' and 'nabi' vs 'rasul' to show depth. For the Qur'an, refer to 'i'jaz' (inimitability) and 'tawatur' (multiple chains of transmission) to demonstrate detailed knowledge.
• 💡Link to wider themes: Connect the role of prophets to the concept of Tawhid and the purpose of revelation. Show how sacred texts shape Islamic ethics and law, not just belief.
• 💡Evaluate critically: Don't just describe; assess the significance of different views (e.g., Sunni vs Shia on the Imamate vs prophethood). Use scholars like Al-Ghazali or Ibn Taymiyyah to support arguments.

• Confusing the roles of Nabi, Rasul, and Nadir
• Misunderstanding the distinction between Greater and Lesser Jihad
• Over-simplifying Shari'a as purely civil law
• Failing to distinguish between the Makkan and Madinan periods of Muhammad's life
• Inaccurate application of the term 'translation' regarding the Qur'an
• Misconception: Muslims worship Muhammad. Correction: Muslims worship Allah alone; Muhammad is revered as the final prophet but is not divine.
• Misconception: The Qur'an was written by Muhammad. Correction: Muslims believe the Qur'an is the literal word of Allah, revealed to Muhammad; Muhammad was illiterate, which supports its divine origin.
• Misconception: All Muslims interpret the Qur'an literally. Correction: While the Qur'an is considered literal in its original Arabic, interpretation (tafsir) is necessary, and there are diverse schools of thought (e.g., Sunni, Shia, Sufi) with varying approaches.