Question 1

Is religion the main cause of conflict in the 21st century?

Accepted Answer

No, most 21st-century conflicts have multiple causes, including political power struggles, economic inequality, and ethnic tensions. Religion often becomes a marker of identity or a tool for mobilisation rather than the root cause. For example, the Syrian civil war began with protests against the government, not religious differences, though sectarian identities (Alawite vs. Sunni) later intensified the conflict.

Question 2

What is the difference between a just war and a holy war?

Accepted Answer

A just war is a war that meets specific moral criteria (e.g., just cause, legitimate authority, proportionality) and is considered permissible under certain conditions, mainly in Christian ethics. A holy war is fought for religious reasons, often seen as a divine command, and may promise spiritual rewards like martyrdom. Holy wars are typically total and lack the restrictions of just war theory. For example, the Crusades were considered holy wars, while the Falklands War was debated as a just war.

Question 3

How do religious groups promote peace in conflicts?

Accepted Answer

Religious groups promote peace through interfaith dialogue, mediation, and humanitarian aid. For instance, the Community of Sant'Egidio has mediated peace agreements in Mozambique and Algeria. Religious leaders can also use their moral authority to call for ceasefires, as Pope Francis did during the Ukraine conflict. Additionally, faith-based organisations often run reconciliation programmes that bring together divided communities.

Question 4

Does the Just War Theory still apply to modern warfare?

Accepted Answer

Yes, but it faces challenges. Modern warfare includes non-state actors (e.g., terrorist groups), drones, and cyberattacks, which complicate criteria like 'legitimate authority' and 'discrimination'. Some argue the theory needs updating, while others say its principles (e.g., proportionality) remain relevant. For example, the use of drones raises questions about whether they can discriminate between combatants and civilians.

Question 5

Why do some people think religion causes more harm than good in conflicts?

Accepted Answer

This view often stems from high-profile cases where religion is used to justify violence, such as 9/11 or the Islamic State. Critics argue that religious absolutism can lead to intolerance and conflict. However, this overlooks the many peacebuilding roles of religion and the fact that most religious people condemn violence. It's important to distinguish between the actions of extremists and the broader religious tradition.

Question 6

What role does secularism play in reducing religious conflict?

Accepted Answer

Secularism can reduce religious conflict by separating religion from state power, preventing any one faith from dominating. For example, India's secular constitution aims to protect religious minorities. However, secularism can also provoke backlash if seen as suppressing religious identity. In some cases, such as France's ban on religious symbols in schools, it has created new tensions. So, secularism is not a guaranteed solution.

Religion and belief in 21st century conflict

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