Religious practices of Hinduism

    WJEC
    GCSE

    Analyze the orthopraxy of Hinduism, distinguishing between Nitya (daily) and Naimittika (occasional) duties. Focus on the theological underpinnings of Puja, the soteriological function of pilgrimage (Yatra), and the sociological impact of festivals. Evaluate the tension between ritualism (Karma Kanda) and internal devotion (Bhakti) across Vaishnava and Shaiva traditions, while assessing the adaptation of practices within the global diaspora.

    5
    Objectives
    4
    Exam Tips
    3
    Pitfalls
    3
    Key Terms
    4
    Mark Points

    Learning Objectives

    What you need to know and understand

    • The four distinct stages of the Ashramas (Brahmacharya, Grihastha, Vanaprastha, Sannyasa).
    • Specific items of the Puja tray: Bell (hearing), Lamp (sight), Incense (smell), Water (taste/touch).
    • The theological significance of Varanasi as a Tirtha (crossing place) for Moksha.
    • Bhagavad Gita 9:26: 'If one offers Me with love and devotion a leaf, a flower, a fruit or water, I will accept it.'
    • The distinction between Nitya (daily) and Naimittika (occasional) duties/rituals.

    Example Examiner Feedback

    Real feedback patterns examiners use when marking

    • "You have described the ritual accurately; now explain its function in accumulating good Karma."
    • "Integrate a specific reference from the Bhagavad Gita or Upanishads to support this point about worship."
    • "Your evaluation is one-sided; acknowledge how a reformist Hindu might view this practice differently."
    • "Differentiate clearly between cultural traditions and mandatory religious duties (Dharma)."

    Marking Points

    Key points examiners look for in your answers

    • Credit specific Sanskrit terminology (e.g., 'Murti', 'Arti', 'Darshan') over generic terms like 'statue' or 'prayer'.
    • Award marks for explicit connections between the physical act of Puja and the spiritual aim of Bhakti (devotion).
    • Responses must cite specific Sources of Wisdom and Authority (e.g., Bhagavad Gita 9:26 on offerings) to substantiate explanations.
    • In evaluation questions, candidates must analyse diverse perspectives (e.g., Vaishnavism vs. Shaivism) rather than offering a single narrative.

    Examiner Tips

    Expert advice for maximising your marks

    • 💡For 'Explain' questions, use the P.E.E. structure: Point, Evidence (Sacred Text), Explanation of theological impact.
    • 💡In 15-mark 'Discuss' questions, ensure the conclusion provides a valid judgment based on the weight of the arguments, not just a summary.
    • 💡Always identify whether the question refers to practices in the home (Mandir) or the temple, as the rituals differ significantly.
    • 💡Memorise short, versatile quotes from the Upanishads or Bhagavad Gita that can apply to multiple practices (e.g., worship, charity, festivals).

    Common Mistakes

    Pitfalls to avoid in your exam answers

    • Confusing the concept of 'idol worship' with the correct theological understanding of Murti as a focal point for the divine.
    • Failing to distinguish between the specific rituals of Holi and Diwali, often conflating the mythological origins (e.g., Prahlad/Holika vs. Rama/Sita).
    • Providing purely descriptive accounts of pilgrimage to the Ganges without explaining the soteriological significance of washing away Karma.

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    Key Terminology

    Essential terms to know

    Likely Command Words

    How questions on this topic are typically asked

    Describe
    Explain
    Discuss
    Evaluate
    Outline
    State

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