Combined Science GCSE
Lone pairs
What Lone pairs means in Combined Science GCSE, as defined for AQA.
Definition of Lone pairs
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Reference: AQA
Outer-shell electrons not used in bonding, such as the three lone pairs on each chlorine atom or the two lone pairs on oxygen.
Topics that use Lone pairs
- Covalent bonding (AQA GCSE)
Related terms
- Ball and stick models
- Counting atoms in models
- Covalent bonding as shared pairs of electrons
- Displayed formulae
- Dot-and-cross diagrams
- Electrical conductivity
- Fragments of giant covalent structures
- Full outer shells
Using Lone pairs in the exam
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