Urbanisation

Rapidly growing towns struggled with waste disposal, though town authorities actively attempted to maintain public health based on the belief that miasma caused disease.

The rapid expansion of cities as factories required large workforces, with urban centres like Chicago growing exponentially and often resulting in overcrowded tenements.

Rapid population growth in cities, driven by the Industrial Revolution, which led to overcrowded slums, increasing poverty and providing anonymity for criminals.

Shift of migration patterns towards major urban centres, caused by the combination of industrial growth and imperial expansion.

The rapid growth of major cities as people migrated to urban centres seeking factory work.