Students must be able to give examples of embedded and non-embedded systems.

The idea

An embedded system is a computer built into another device to perform a dedicated control function, such as a washing machine controller, a car engine management unit or a microwave timer. A non-embedded system is a general-purpose computer that runs many different programs and can be used for varied tasks, such as a desktop PC, laptop or tablet. To answer, classify each device by asking whether the computer is fixed inside a product to do one job (embedded) or is a standalone machine the user can reprogram and use for many jobs (non-embedded). Give a clear example for each category and justify the choice by naming the dedicated function or the general-purpose use.

What earns the marks

• Identifies an embedded system as a computer built into a larger device to carry out a dedicated function, for example a washing machine controller or a car engine management unit.
• Identifies a non-embedded system as a general-purpose computer used for many different tasks, for example a desktop PC, laptop or tablet.
• Justifies the classification by referring to whether the computer is dedicated to one function or is general-purpose and user-programmable.
• Gives at least one correct example of each type and does not confuse a device that merely contains a microcontroller with a general-purpose computer.

Common mistakes and how to put them right

• Calling a smartphone a purely embedded system.

  Put it right: A smartphone is general-purpose and runs many apps, so it is non-embedded, whereas a dedicated controller inside a car is embedded.

• Assuming any device with a chip is embedded.

  Put it right: Embedded means the computer is built in to perform a dedicated function, not merely that electronics are present.

• Giving only one example when asked for both types.

  Put it right: Supply a distinct embedded example and a distinct non-embedded example.

Exam tips

• Read the question to check whether it asks for one example or one of each type before writing.
• Name the device and state the dedicated function or general-purpose use to justify the classification.
• Avoid vague answers such as 'a computer in a machine'; specify the product and its job.